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• 1. [Article] Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching

  The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching Author: Hornsby, Kristofer Tyler Year: 2017 The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 km long Meers Fault is interpreted to be Holocene-active. The ~17 km-long northwestern section is considered to be Quaternary-active (pre-Holocene); however, its low-relief geomorphic expression and anthropogenic alteration have presented difficulties in evaluating the fault length and style of Holocene deformation. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwestern portion of the Meers Fault to improve fault characterization, earthquake rupture models, and seismic hazard evaluations based on fault length. We use a combination of airborne lidar (0.5--2 m-resolution), historical aerial photos, and new balloon-based photogrammetric (Structure from Motion) topography (0.25--0.5 m-resolution) collected in this study to analyze and characterize the fault scarp and local fault zone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, a left step, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike The fault is evident in the landscape as linear escarpments, incised channels on the up-thrown side of the scarp, and closed depressions on the downthrown side. I use topographic profiles, measured perpendicular to the fault scarp to show that the northwest scarp is characterized by decimeter surface offsets. Where the fault traverses the Post Oak Conglomerate the fault zone width rarely exceeds 25 m, in the Hennessey Shale I document an increase in fault zone width with deformation occurring over 20 m to 115 m. I further examined the northwest section of the fault in a paleoseismic excavation where weathered Permian Hennessey Shale and a ~1--2 m-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits have been folded and warped during three surface-folding earthquakes. In an adjacent stream exposure these units are also faulted near the ground surface. Paleoearthquake age modeling (Oxcal) constrained by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of detrital charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sandy alluvial beds indicates two earthquakes occurred since ~6152-5550 cal. years BP and one possibly older event along the erosional unconformity along the Hennessey Shale bedrock. This analysis lengthens the Holocene extent of the Meers Fault by ~6 km, to ~43 km, and extends the paleoseismic record of the Meers Fault to ~9598 cal. years BP. These data will improve fault-rupture and earthquake recurrence models used for seismic hazard analysis of the Meers Fault. Title: Constraining the Holocene Extent of the Northwest Meers Fault, Oklahoma Using High-Resolution Topography and Paleoseismic Trenching Author: Hornsby, Kristofer Tyler Year: 2017 The Meers Fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with Holocene surface expression in the stable continental region of North America. Only the ~37 km-long southeastern section of the ~55 km long Meers Fault is interpreted to be Holocene-active. The ~17 km-long northwestern section is considered to be Quaternary-active (pre-Holocene); however, its low-relief geomorphic expression and anthropogenic alteration have presented difficulties in evaluating the fault length and style of Holocene deformation. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwestern portion of the Meers Fault to improve fault characterization, earthquake rupture models, and seismic hazard evaluations based on fault length. We use a combination of airborne lidar (0.5--2 m-resolution), historical aerial photos, and new balloon-based photogrammetric (Structure from Motion) topography (0.25--0.5 m-resolution) collected in this study to analyze and characterize the fault scarp and local fault zone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, a left step, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike The fault is evident in the landscape as linear escarpments, incised channels on the up-thrown side of the scarp, and closed depressions on the downthrown side. I use topographic profiles, measured perpendicular to the fault scarp to show that the northwest scarp is characterized by decimeter surface offsets. Where the fault traverses the Post Oak Conglomerate the fault zone width rarely exceeds 25 m, in the Hennessey Shale I document an increase in fault zone width with deformation occurring over 20 m to 115 m. I further examined the northwest section of the fault in a paleoseismic excavation where weathered Permian Hennessey Shale and a ~1--2 m-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits have been folded and warped during three surface-folding earthquakes. In an adjacent stream exposure these units are also faulted near the ground surface. Paleoearthquake age modeling (Oxcal) constrained by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of detrital charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sandy alluvial beds indicates two earthquakes occurred since ~6152-5550 cal. years BP and one possibly older event along the erosional unconformity along the Hennessey Shale bedrock. This analysis lengthens the Holocene extent of the Meers Fault by ~6 km, to ~43 km, and extends the paleoseismic record of the Meers Fault to ~9598 cal. years BP. These data will improve fault-rupture and earthquake recurrence models used for seismic hazard analysis of the Meers Fault. Close

• 2. [Article] Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon

  While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon Author: Wilkinson, Lindsey, Kelly, Maura Year: 2017 While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were white men; in 2015, this number was 70% (Figure 1). These changes are due in part to recruitment efforts and training offered by pre-apprenticeship programs, which are designed to help individuals build the necessary skills to meet the minimum entry qualifications to enter a trade or apprenticeship program. Pre-apprenticeships can reach not only women and people of color, but also people without family or friends in the trades, which is a common conduit for employment in this sector. Pre-apprenticeship programs also offer ongoing mentoring and support for graduates, through apprenticeship and beyond. Two such pre-apprenticeship programs in Portland are Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI), which targets women, and Constructing Hope (CH), which primarily serves people of color and those previously incarcerated, providing a second chance in the workforce. These programs work to diversify the pipeline of potential applicants entering registered apprenticeships in Oregon. Pre-apprenticeships are supported in part by funds from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Bureau of Labor Industries (BOLI) initiative to diversify the skilled highway construction workforce, the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program. This report assesses the effectiveness of pre-apprenticeship programs in 1) preparing preapprentices for entry into the trades or an apprenticeship in the trades; 2) increasing the entry of women and minorities into highway construction trades apprenticeships and 3) increasing the likelihood that women and minority apprentices will complete apprenticeships in the highway construction trades. In order to assess the impact of pre-apprenticeship programs on the skills, perceptions, and career outcomes of women and minorities, PSU researchers designed a longitudinal study of individuals participating in a pre-apprenticeship program through Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI) or Constructing Hope (CH). PSU also relied on aggregate data from the Oregon Apprenticeship System (OAS) data base to identify OTI or CH graduates entering a registered apprenticeship. This report reflects the findings from three waves of survey data collection (2016-2017) and OAS data from the 2005-2017 cohorts of new apprentices in the state of Oregon. Title: Evaluation of Pre-Apprenticeship and Retention Services in the Construction Trades in Oregon Author: Wilkinson, Lindsey, Kelly, Maura Year: 2017 While white men have historically dominated the highway construction trades in Oregon, this trend is changing: of those enrolled in apprenticeships in the highway construction trades in 2005, 81% were white men; in 2015, this number was 70% (Figure 1). These changes are due in part to recruitment efforts and training offered by pre-apprenticeship programs, which are designed to help individuals build the necessary skills to meet the minimum entry qualifications to enter a trade or apprenticeship program. Pre-apprenticeships can reach not only women and people of color, but also people without family or friends in the trades, which is a common conduit for employment in this sector. Pre-apprenticeship programs also offer ongoing mentoring and support for graduates, through apprenticeship and beyond. Two such pre-apprenticeship programs in Portland are Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI), which targets women, and Constructing Hope (CH), which primarily serves people of color and those previously incarcerated, providing a second chance in the workforce. These programs work to diversify the pipeline of potential applicants entering registered apprenticeships in Oregon. Pre-apprenticeships are supported in part by funds from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Bureau of Labor Industries (BOLI) initiative to diversify the skilled highway construction workforce, the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program. This report assesses the effectiveness of pre-apprenticeship programs in 1) preparing preapprentices for entry into the trades or an apprenticeship in the trades; 2) increasing the entry of women and minorities into highway construction trades apprenticeships and 3) increasing the likelihood that women and minority apprentices will complete apprenticeships in the highway construction trades. In order to assess the impact of pre-apprenticeship programs on the skills, perceptions, and career outcomes of women and minorities, PSU researchers designed a longitudinal study of individuals participating in a pre-apprenticeship program through Oregon Tradeswomen Inc. (OTI) or Constructing Hope (CH). PSU also relied on aggregate data from the Oregon Apprenticeship System (OAS) data base to identify OTI or CH graduates entering a registered apprenticeship. This report reflects the findings from three waves of survey data collection (2016-2017) and OAS data from the 2005-2017 cohorts of new apprentices in the state of Oregon. Close

• 3. [Article] LiDAR Business Analysis

  LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LiDAR Business Analysis Author: Xiao, Liyan, Yacoub, Mufeed, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Groth, Tyler, Akhter, Tanzila, Lally, Wendy Year: 2017 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively new concept in the rapidly advancing remote sensing & 3D imaging industry. As such, profitability data is either not released by similar business organizations, or there is simply not enough historical data to accurately predict revenue streams with either business model. To assess the feasibility of business models, market research and literature review were performed by our research team. Economic analysis methods were used to determine the most advantageous business plan strategy for the LiDAR business opportunities. Since the success of either business model will rely heavily on the company’s sales ability. Since the focus of this report is on economic analysis to make the best business decision, we have made our valuation calculations based conservative sales forecasts. The startup business plan identifies and critiques two business models identified by the founder entrepreneurs: 1. A service oriented model in which data is collected, processed, and delivered by an operations team to the customer. 2. A product oriented model in which LiDAR UAS is constructed, tested, and sold as a unit that includes training as an entire product for the customer’s own use. Based on these two models, three decision options were evaluated and compared with each other: 1. Invest in the Service only model 2. Invest in the Product only model 3. Do not invest, utilize the stock market for investment gains A 5-year cash flow analysis was conducted to give the founders a recommended strategy to optimize their investment. Through conducting a benefit cost analysis and calculating the internal rate of return of each opportunity, it was determined that both business models may be profitable and worthy investments. The expected IRR of service model and product model are 56% and 136% respectively. They are both much higher than the stock market option, which has an estimated MARR of 8% on average. Much of the risk in this analysis was the uncertainty in the sales revenue projections. The team endeavored to determine the sensitivity of the data by performing sensitivity analysis on these sales projections. Expected values were calculated taking into consideration of the most likely, optimistic and pessimistic cases. The sensitivity analysis result shows both business models are profitable under all conditions. The economic analysis has shown that while both business models are likely to be profitable, the Product Business Model has the potential for a higher return on investment. Therefore the research team recommends that the investors proceed with the Product Business Model outlined in the report. Title: LiDAR Business Analysis Author: Xiao, Liyan, Yacoub, Mufeed, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Groth, Tyler, Akhter, Tanzila, Lally, Wendy Year: 2017 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a laser pulses to create 3D images. LiDAR technology’s use on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) is a relatively new concept in the rapidly advancing remote sensing & 3D imaging industry. As such, profitability data is either not released by similar business organizations, or there is simply not enough historical data to accurately predict revenue streams with either business model. To assess the feasibility of business models, market research and literature review were performed by our research team. Economic analysis methods were used to determine the most advantageous business plan strategy for the LiDAR business opportunities. Since the success of either business model will rely heavily on the company’s sales ability. Since the focus of this report is on economic analysis to make the best business decision, we have made our valuation calculations based conservative sales forecasts. The startup business plan identifies and critiques two business models identified by the founder entrepreneurs: 1. A service oriented model in which data is collected, processed, and delivered by an operations team to the customer. 2. A product oriented model in which LiDAR UAS is constructed, tested, and sold as a unit that includes training as an entire product for the customer’s own use. Based on these two models, three decision options were evaluated and compared with each other: 1. Invest in the Service only model 2. Invest in the Product only model 3. Do not invest, utilize the stock market for investment gains A 5-year cash flow analysis was conducted to give the founders a recommended strategy to optimize their investment. Through conducting a benefit cost analysis and calculating the internal rate of return of each opportunity, it was determined that both business models may be profitable and worthy investments. The expected IRR of service model and product model are 56% and 136% respectively. They are both much higher than the stock market option, which has an estimated MARR of 8% on average. Much of the risk in this analysis was the uncertainty in the sales revenue projections. The team endeavored to determine the sensitivity of the data by performing sensitivity analysis on these sales projections. Expected values were calculated taking into consideration of the most likely, optimistic and pessimistic cases. The sensitivity analysis result shows both business models are profitable under all conditions. The economic analysis has shown that while both business models are likely to be profitable, the Product Business Model has the potential for a higher return on investment. Therefore the research team recommends that the investors proceed with the Product Business Model outlined in the report. Close

• 4. [Article] Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011

  River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011 Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed, Jay, David A., Talke, Stefan A., Schoellhamer, David H. Year: 2015 River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term trends. In this study, we recover archival records and apply a rating curve approach to develop the first instrumental estimates of daily delta inflow and sediment loads to San Francisco Bay (1849 – 1929). The total sediment load is constrained using sedimentation/erosion estimated from bathymetric survey data to produce continuous daily sediment transport estimates from 1849 to 1955, the time period prior to sediment load measurements. We estimate that ~55% (45 – 75%) of the ~1500±400 million tons (Mt) of sediment delivered to the estuary between 1849 and 2011 was the result of anthropogenic alteration in the watershed that increased sediment supply. Also, the seasonal timing of sediment flux events has shifted because significant spring-melt floods have decreased, causing estimated springtime transport (April 1st to June 30th) to decrease from ~25% to ~15% of the annual total. By contrast, wintertime sediment loads (December 1st to March 31st) have increased from ~70% to ~80%. A ~35% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century along with decreased sediment supply has resulted in a ~50% reduction in annual sediment delivery. The methods developed in this study can be applied to other systems for which unanalyzed historic data exist. Title: Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011 Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed, Jay, David A., Talke, Stefan A., Schoellhamer, David H. Year: 2015 River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term trends. In this study, we recover archival records and apply a rating curve approach to develop the first instrumental estimates of daily delta inflow and sediment loads to San Francisco Bay (1849 – 1929). The total sediment load is constrained using sedimentation/erosion estimated from bathymetric survey data to produce continuous daily sediment transport estimates from 1849 to 1955, the time period prior to sediment load measurements. We estimate that ~55% (45 – 75%) of the ~1500±400 million tons (Mt) of sediment delivered to the estuary between 1849 and 2011 was the result of anthropogenic alteration in the watershed that increased sediment supply. Also, the seasonal timing of sediment flux events has shifted because significant spring-melt floods have decreased, causing estimated springtime transport (April 1st to June 30th) to decrease from ~25% to ~15% of the annual total. By contrast, wintertime sediment loads (December 1st to March 31st) have increased from ~70% to ~80%. A ~35% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century along with decreased sediment supply has resulted in a ~50% reduction in annual sediment delivery. The methods developed in this study can be applied to other systems for which unanalyzed historic data exist. Close

• 5. [Article] The Atmosphere can be a Source of Certain Water Soluble Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Streams

  Surface water and air volatile organic compound (VOC) data from 10 U. S. Geological Survey monitoring sites were used to evaluate the potential for direct transport of VOCs from the atmosphere to urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Atmosphere can be a Source of Certain Water Soluble Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Streams Author: Kenner, Scott J, Bender, David A., Pankow, James F., Zogorski, John S. Year: 2014 Surface water and air volatile organic compound (VOC) data from 10 U. S. Geological Survey monitoring sites were used to evaluate the potential for direct transport of VOCs from the atmosphere to urban streams. Analytical results of 87 VOC compounds were screened by evaluating the occurrence and detection levels in both water and air, and equilibrium concentrations in water (C-w(s)) based on the measured air concentrations. Four compounds (acetone, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and m- & p-xylene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples, in more than 10% of air samples, and more than 10% of detections in air were greater than long-term method detection levels (LTMDL) in water. Benzene was detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Two percent of benzene detections in air were greater than one-half the LTMDL in water. Six compounds (chloroform, p-isopropyltoluene, methylene chloride, perchloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Five VOCs, toluene, m- & p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, and benzene were identified as having sufficiently high concentrations in the atmosphere to be a source to urban streams. MTBE, acetone, and benzene exhibited behavior that was consistent with equilibrium concentrations in the atmosphere. Title: The Atmosphere can be a Source of Certain Water Soluble Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Streams Author: Kenner, Scott J, Bender, David A., Pankow, James F., Zogorski, John S. Year: 2014 Surface water and air volatile organic compound (VOC) data from 10 U. S. Geological Survey monitoring sites were used to evaluate the potential for direct transport of VOCs from the atmosphere to urban streams. Analytical results of 87 VOC compounds were screened by evaluating the occurrence and detection levels in both water and air, and equilibrium concentrations in water (C-w(s)) based on the measured air concentrations. Four compounds (acetone, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and m- & p-xylene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples, in more than 10% of air samples, and more than 10% of detections in air were greater than long-term method detection levels (LTMDL) in water. Benzene was detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Two percent of benzene detections in air were greater than one-half the LTMDL in water. Six compounds (chloroform, p-isopropyltoluene, methylene chloride, perchloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Five VOCs, toluene, m- & p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, and benzene were identified as having sufficiently high concentrations in the atmosphere to be a source to urban streams. MTBE, acetone, and benzene exhibited behavior that was consistent with equilibrium concentrations in the atmosphere. Close

• 6. [Article] New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments

  Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments Author: Liebman, Katherine May Year: 2014 Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands die. Historically, the most successful synthetic antimalarial drug was chloroquine, as it was safe, inexpensive, and highly efficacious. However, plasmodial resistance to chloroquine now greatly limits its utility. Previously in our laboratories it has been shown that attachment of a "reversal agent moiety" to the side chain of chloroquine can result in the restoration of activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum malaria. In the first part of the work presented here, a study has been made of the importance of the quinoline ring substitution pattern to the activity of such reversed chloroquines. The compounds presented here include those bearing a substituent in the 2-, 5, 6-, 7-, and/or 8- position, and include those with chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, and methoxy substituents. For reversed chloroquines, 2-, 5-, and 8- substituents have been found to decrease in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum relative to 7-chloro substitution, whereas 6- and 7- substituted compounds with various substituents have in many cases similar activity to that of 7-chloro substituted compounds. Little difference has been observed between 6- and 7- substitution, or between chlorine and a methyl group in position 6. In most cases these effects on activity are directionally similar to those observed for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent, but the magnitude of the effect is generally smaller, suggesting that the activities of reversed chloroquines are less affected by modifications to the quinoline ring system than is true for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent. The second portion of this work presents an asymmetrical bis-quinoline (PL241) that is highly active against P. falciparum malaria, with an IC50 of less than 0.1 nM for all strains tested. Mechanistic studies have been performed in which the substitution patterns of the two quinoline rings of PL241 are modified in ways that indicate that either ring system is equally capable of participating in the antimalarial activity of these compounds. The excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of PL241 makes this a compound of great interest for further development as a potential antimalarial drug. In the third part of this work, a survey has been made of antimalarial treatments recommended in the European medical literature from the time of Pliny the Elder (active in the first century A.D.) through the advent of modern malaria chemotherapy in the early twentieth century. In the fifteen primary sources utilized in this study, 251 distinct substances - primarily plants - were identified as having likely been used in the treatment of malaria. Of the 38 substances that were described in three or more sources, at least fifteen have been examined by other workers for antiplasmodial activity; in many cases, they were found to have antiplasmodial activity in vitro or in vivo. However, the majority of the phytotherapies for malaria identified in this project have not yet been tested against Plasmodium species, and may provide valuable leads in the search for new compounds active against drug-resistant malaria. Title: New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments Author: Liebman, Katherine May Year: 2014 Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands die. Historically, the most successful synthetic antimalarial drug was chloroquine, as it was safe, inexpensive, and highly efficacious. However, plasmodial resistance to chloroquine now greatly limits its utility. Previously in our laboratories it has been shown that attachment of a "reversal agent moiety" to the side chain of chloroquine can result in the restoration of activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum malaria. In the first part of the work presented here, a study has been made of the importance of the quinoline ring substitution pattern to the activity of such reversed chloroquines. The compounds presented here include those bearing a substituent in the 2-, 5, 6-, 7-, and/or 8- position, and include those with chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, and methoxy substituents. For reversed chloroquines, 2-, 5-, and 8- substituents have been found to decrease in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum relative to 7-chloro substitution, whereas 6- and 7- substituted compounds with various substituents have in many cases similar activity to that of 7-chloro substituted compounds. Little difference has been observed between 6- and 7- substitution, or between chlorine and a methyl group in position 6. In most cases these effects on activity are directionally similar to those observed for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent, but the magnitude of the effect is generally smaller, suggesting that the activities of reversed chloroquines are less affected by modifications to the quinoline ring system than is true for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent. The second portion of this work presents an asymmetrical bis-quinoline (PL241) that is highly active against P. falciparum malaria, with an IC50 of less than 0.1 nM for all strains tested. Mechanistic studies have been performed in which the substitution patterns of the two quinoline rings of PL241 are modified in ways that indicate that either ring system is equally capable of participating in the antimalarial activity of these compounds. The excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of PL241 makes this a compound of great interest for further development as a potential antimalarial drug. In the third part of this work, a survey has been made of antimalarial treatments recommended in the European medical literature from the time of Pliny the Elder (active in the first century A.D.) through the advent of modern malaria chemotherapy in the early twentieth century. In the fifteen primary sources utilized in this study, 251 distinct substances - primarily plants - were identified as having likely been used in the treatment of malaria. Of the 38 substances that were described in three or more sources, at least fifteen have been examined by other workers for antiplasmodial activity; in many cases, they were found to have antiplasmodial activity in vitro or in vivo. However, the majority of the phytotherapies for malaria identified in this project have not yet been tested against Plasmodium species, and may provide valuable leads in the search for new compounds active against drug-resistant malaria. Close

• 7. [Article] The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River

  A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River Author: Ahilan, Sangaralingam, Guan, Mingfu, Sleigh, Andrew, Wright, Nigel G., Chang, Heejun Year: 2016 A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the downstream of Johnson Creek, the East Lents reach, where the bank of the river has been reconfigured to reconnect to a restored floodplain on a 0.26 km2 (26-ha) site. The simulation scenarios include 10-, 50-, 100- and 500-year event-based deposition modelling of flood events and long-term modelling using the 64 historical flood events between 1941 and 2014. Simulation results showed that the restored floodplain significantly attenuates the upstream flood peak by up to 25% at the downstream. Results also indicated that approximately 20%–30% of sediment from the upstream is deposited on the East Lents floodplain. Furthermore, deposited sediment over the simulated period (1941–2014) is approximately 0.1% of the basin's flood storage capacity; however, the reduction in the storage does not offset the overall flood resilience impact of the flood basin. The sediment conservation at the East Lents flood basin as predicted by the model reduces the annual sediment loading of the Johnson Creek by 1% at the confluence with Willamette River, providing both improved water quality and flood resilience further downstream. Title: The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River Author: Ahilan, Sangaralingam, Guan, Mingfu, Sleigh, Andrew, Wright, Nigel G., Chang, Heejun Year: 2016 A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the downstream of Johnson Creek, the East Lents reach, where the bank of the river has been reconfigured to reconnect to a restored floodplain on a 0.26 km2 (26-ha) site. The simulation scenarios include 10-, 50-, 100- and 500-year event-based deposition modelling of flood events and long-term modelling using the 64 historical flood events between 1941 and 2014. Simulation results showed that the restored floodplain significantly attenuates the upstream flood peak by up to 25% at the downstream. Results also indicated that approximately 20%–30% of sediment from the upstream is deposited on the East Lents floodplain. Furthermore, deposited sediment over the simulated period (1941–2014) is approximately 0.1% of the basin's flood storage capacity; however, the reduction in the storage does not offset the overall flood resilience impact of the flood basin. The sediment conservation at the East Lents flood basin as predicted by the model reduces the annual sediment loading of the Johnson Creek by 1% at the confluence with Willamette River, providing both improved water quality and flood resilience further downstream. Close

• 8. [Article] Effects of Spatially Distributed Stream Power on Check Dam Function in Small Upland Watersheds: A Case Study of the Upper Laja Watershed, Guanajuato, Mexico

  Watershed restoration comes in a variety of forms depending on which set of problems are sought to be remedied. Severe soil erosion, in the form of gullying and/or headcutting, can be mitigated through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Spatially Distributed Stream Power on Check Dam Function in Small Upland Watersheds: A Case Study of the Upper Laja Watershed, Guanajuato, Mexico Author: Herzfeld, Zachary Andrew Year: 2017 Watershed restoration comes in a variety of forms depending on which set of problems are sought to be remedied. Severe soil erosion, in the form of gullying and/or headcutting, can be mitigated through constructing check dams in well-selected locations. This practice has been used throughout the upland subwatersheds within the Upper Laja River watershed in Guanajuato, Mexico. The present study employed Wolman pebble counts to systematically assess the effectiveness of 21 check dams located near the city of San Miguel de Allende. Particle size distributions taken directly downstream and upstream of each check dam were differentiated, aggregated and compared--with the difference between median particle size of downstream and upstream distributions defined as DsD50-UsD50. Several subwatershed attributes were calculated in a GIS for comparison to DsD50-UsD50 values. Results indicate that, on aggregate, the check dams studied were moderately successful at retaining sediment that becomes entrained in concentrated flow (DsD50-UsD50 = 15.4 mm; p < 0.001). Individually, 18 of the 21 check dams surveyed had statistically significant differences between DsD50 and UsD50 (p < 0.05). The subwatershed variables of local channel slope (r = 0.55), mean subwatershed slope (r = 0.46), subwatershed area (r = 0.59), distance from channel head (r = 0.54), percent canopy cover (r = 0.46), Qmed (r = 0.46), total stream power (r = 0.58), and change in total stream power (r = -0.45) were found to be statistically significant when correlated with DsD50-UsD50 values (p < 0.05). Change in total stream power was used to classify stream reaches as either erosion or deposition-dominated. When compared, the DsD50-UsD50 values from check dams located in erosion and deposition-dominated reaches are statistically different (p < 0.05); higher performing check dams were predominantly found in deposition-dominated reaches. The results of this study suggest that spatially distributed stream power can be used as a variable for making decisions about future check dam locations. In particular, check dams are more likely to be effective if they are located within deposition-dominated areas (negative change in total stream power) and in areas of decreasing change in total stream power. In general, this study's findings also support locating check dams in second order streams. Title: Effects of Spatially Distributed Stream Power on Check Dam Function in Small Upland Watersheds: A Case Study of the Upper Laja Watershed, Guanajuato, Mexico Author: Herzfeld, Zachary Andrew Year: 2017 Watershed restoration comes in a variety of forms depending on which set of problems are sought to be remedied. Severe soil erosion, in the form of gullying and/or headcutting, can be mitigated through constructing check dams in well-selected locations. This practice has been used throughout the upland subwatersheds within the Upper Laja River watershed in Guanajuato, Mexico. The present study employed Wolman pebble counts to systematically assess the effectiveness of 21 check dams located near the city of San Miguel de Allende. Particle size distributions taken directly downstream and upstream of each check dam were differentiated, aggregated and compared--with the difference between median particle size of downstream and upstream distributions defined as DsD50-UsD50. Several subwatershed attributes were calculated in a GIS for comparison to DsD50-UsD50 values. Results indicate that, on aggregate, the check dams studied were moderately successful at retaining sediment that becomes entrained in concentrated flow (DsD50-UsD50 = 15.4 mm; p < 0.001). Individually, 18 of the 21 check dams surveyed had statistically significant differences between DsD50 and UsD50 (p < 0.05). The subwatershed variables of local channel slope (r = 0.55), mean subwatershed slope (r = 0.46), subwatershed area (r = 0.59), distance from channel head (r = 0.54), percent canopy cover (r = 0.46), Qmed (r = 0.46), total stream power (r = 0.58), and change in total stream power (r = -0.45) were found to be statistically significant when correlated with DsD50-UsD50 values (p < 0.05). Change in total stream power was used to classify stream reaches as either erosion or deposition-dominated. When compared, the DsD50-UsD50 values from check dams located in erosion and deposition-dominated reaches are statistically different (p < 0.05); higher performing check dams were predominantly found in deposition-dominated reaches. The results of this study suggest that spatially distributed stream power can be used as a variable for making decisions about future check dam locations. In particular, check dams are more likely to be effective if they are located within deposition-dominated areas (negative change in total stream power) and in areas of decreasing change in total stream power. In general, this study's findings also support locating check dams in second order streams. Close

• 9. [Article] A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays

  Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed Year: 2015 Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal-river discharge, hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term (decadal) trends. Also, uncertainties associated with observation and calibration of hydrological models suggest a need for more accurate methods based on longer records of hydrodynamic parameters (e.g. tides). Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. In this study, using tidal constituents, astronomical forcing and a model of the frictional interaction of flow and tides, I propose a novel Tidal Discharge Estimate (TDE) to predict freshwater discharge with an approximate averaging interval of 18 days for time periods with tidal data but no river flow records. Next, using continuous wavelet analysis of tidal properties, I develop a method of estimating river discharge using tides measured on multiple gages along tidal rivers to improve the time-resolution and accuracy of TDE. The applicability of the Multiple-gauge Discharge Estimate (MTDE) is first demonstrated in the two largest tidal-fluvial systems of the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) and Fraser River Estuary (FRE). A numerical model of an idealized estuary with similar forcing as the FRE and CRE is next run under different hydrologic and morphologic scenarios to evaluate the effect of convergence, friction, and river flow variations on the applicability of MTDE. The TDE method was applied to the San Francisco Bay, using the continuous hourly tide record available since 1858. Results show that TDE reproduces known San Francisco (SF) Bay delta inflows from 1930-present with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81 and is a useful method for hindcasting historical flows from 1858 - 1929, a period that predates direct measurement of delta discharge. I also recover and digitize ~80 years of Sacramento River daily water level data between 1849 and 1946, from which river discharge to SF Bay is estimated on a daily basis, after adjusting for changes to the river channel. This discharge combined with Net Delta Outflow Index estimates (1930 - 2011) and flow estimates from tidal data (1858 - 2011) provides a more accurate version of SF Bay historic daily inflows from 1849 - 2011. Next, the history of sediment transport and discharge into SF Bay from 1849-present is reevaluated using the daily discharge estimates. A non-stationary rating curve between river flow and sediment transport is developed, with net sedimentation observed during five bathymetric surveys that were used to constrain the total integrated sediment discharge. Results show that ~1600±320 million-tons of sediment have been delivered to SF Bay between 1850 and 2011. There has been an approximately 25 - 30% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century, along with decreased sediment supply. This has resulted in a ~60% reduction in annual sediment delivery to SF Bay. The annual hydrograph of inflow to SF Bay and the seasonality of sediment flux have changed considerably over time, due to both human alteration and climate change. Significant historic spring-melt peak floods have disappeared in the modern system and now peak flows mostly occur in winter. My flow estimation methods also confirm that the flood of January 1862 had the largest daily sediment load and the second largest daily discharge since 1849. Title: A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed Year: 2015 Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal-river discharge, hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term (decadal) trends. Also, uncertainties associated with observation and calibration of hydrological models suggest a need for more accurate methods based on longer records of hydrodynamic parameters (e.g. tides). Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. In this study, using tidal constituents, astronomical forcing and a model of the frictional interaction of flow and tides, I propose a novel Tidal Discharge Estimate (TDE) to predict freshwater discharge with an approximate averaging interval of 18 days for time periods with tidal data but no river flow records. Next, using continuous wavelet analysis of tidal properties, I develop a method of estimating river discharge using tides measured on multiple gages along tidal rivers to improve the time-resolution and accuracy of TDE. The applicability of the Multiple-gauge Discharge Estimate (MTDE) is first demonstrated in the two largest tidal-fluvial systems of the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) and Fraser River Estuary (FRE). A numerical model of an idealized estuary with similar forcing as the FRE and CRE is next run under different hydrologic and morphologic scenarios to evaluate the effect of convergence, friction, and river flow variations on the applicability of MTDE. The TDE method was applied to the San Francisco Bay, using the continuous hourly tide record available since 1858. Results show that TDE reproduces known San Francisco (SF) Bay delta inflows from 1930-present with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81 and is a useful method for hindcasting historical flows from 1858 - 1929, a period that predates direct measurement of delta discharge. I also recover and digitize ~80 years of Sacramento River daily water level data between 1849 and 1946, from which river discharge to SF Bay is estimated on a daily basis, after adjusting for changes to the river channel. This discharge combined with Net Delta Outflow Index estimates (1930 - 2011) and flow estimates from tidal data (1858 - 2011) provides a more accurate version of SF Bay historic daily inflows from 1849 - 2011. Next, the history of sediment transport and discharge into SF Bay from 1849-present is reevaluated using the daily discharge estimates. A non-stationary rating curve between river flow and sediment transport is developed, with net sedimentation observed during five bathymetric surveys that were used to constrain the total integrated sediment discharge. Results show that ~1600±320 million-tons of sediment have been delivered to SF Bay between 1850 and 2011. There has been an approximately 25 - 30% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century, along with decreased sediment supply. This has resulted in a ~60% reduction in annual sediment delivery to SF Bay. The annual hydrograph of inflow to SF Bay and the seasonality of sediment flux have changed considerably over time, due to both human alteration and climate change. Significant historic spring-melt peak floods have disappeared in the modern system and now peak flows mostly occur in winter. My flow estimation methods also confirm that the flood of January 1862 had the largest daily sediment load and the second largest daily discharge since 1849. Close

• 10. [Article] Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation

  Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Close