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• 71. [Article] Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Hood Canal Hypoxia

  31 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Hood Canal Hypoxia Author: Schandl, Maria Year: 2017, 2015 31 pages Title: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Hood Canal Hypoxia Author: Schandl, Maria Year: 2017, 2015 31 pages Close

• 72. [Article] Mass Exchange Dynamics of Surface and Subsurface Oil in Shallow-Water Transport

  We formulate a model for the mass exchange between oil at and below the sea surface. This is a particularly important aspect of modeling oil spills. Surface and subsurface oil have different chemical and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mass Exchange Dynamics of Surface and Subsurface Oil in Shallow-Water Transport Author: Moghimi, Saeed, Ramirez, Jorge, Restrepo, Juan M., Venkataramani, Shankar Year: 2017 We formulate a model for the mass exchange between oil at and below the sea surface. This is a particularly important aspect of modeling oil spills. Surface and subsurface oil have different chemical and transport characteristics and lumping them together would compromise the accuracy of the resulting model. Without observational or computational constraints, it is thus not possible to quantitatively predict oil spills based upon partial field observations of surface and/or sub-surface oil. The primary challenge in capturing the mass exchange is that the principal mechanisms are on the microscale. This is a serious barrier to developing practical models for oil spills that are capable of addressing questions regarding the fate of oil at the large spatio-temporal scales, as demanded by environmental questions. We use upscaling to propose an environmental-scale model which incorporates the mass exchange between surface and subsurface oil due to oil droplet dynamics, buoyancy effects, and sea surface and subsurface mechanics. While the mass exchange mechanism detailed here is generally applicable to oil transport models, it addresses the modeling needs of a particular to an oil spill model [1]. This transport model is designed to capture oil spills at very large spatio-temporal scales. It accomplishes this goal by specializing to shallow-water environments, in which depth averaging is a perfectly good approximation for the flow, while at the same time retaining mass conservation of oil over the whole oceanic domain. Title: Mass Exchange Dynamics of Surface and Subsurface Oil in Shallow-Water Transport Author: Moghimi, Saeed, Ramirez, Jorge, Restrepo, Juan M., Venkataramani, Shankar Year: 2017 We formulate a model for the mass exchange between oil at and below the sea surface. This is a particularly important aspect of modeling oil spills. Surface and subsurface oil have different chemical and transport characteristics and lumping them together would compromise the accuracy of the resulting model. Without observational or computational constraints, it is thus not possible to quantitatively predict oil spills based upon partial field observations of surface and/or sub-surface oil. The primary challenge in capturing the mass exchange is that the principal mechanisms are on the microscale. This is a serious barrier to developing practical models for oil spills that are capable of addressing questions regarding the fate of oil at the large spatio-temporal scales, as demanded by environmental questions. We use upscaling to propose an environmental-scale model which incorporates the mass exchange between surface and subsurface oil due to oil droplet dynamics, buoyancy effects, and sea surface and subsurface mechanics. While the mass exchange mechanism detailed here is generally applicable to oil transport models, it addresses the modeling needs of a particular to an oil spill model [1]. This transport model is designed to capture oil spills at very large spatio-temporal scales. It accomplishes this goal by specializing to shallow-water environments, in which depth averaging is a perfectly good approximation for the flow, while at the same time retaining mass conservation of oil over the whole oceanic domain. Close

• 73. [Article] Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System

  Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System Author: Malone, Theophilus M Year: 2014 Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful bacteria. Understanding streamflow response to precipitation events is an important component to evaluating water quality trends and calculating the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Investigating the streamflow-precipitation relationship on the subwatershed scale can give insight to the hydrologic response of a given watershed. However, developing rating curves for several subwatersheds can be cost and time prohibitive. The objective of this project was to develop a hydrologic model using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to validate streamflow estimates for subwatersheds lacking a significant period of record. ESRI’s ArcMap, a geographic information system (GIS), was used to characterize the target drainage basins and extract basin-specific parameters for upper watersheds of Johnson Creek. The Johnson Creek Upper Watershed (JCUW) model was calibrated to an existing streamflow gage at Regner Road, in Gresham, Oregon. Calibrated parameters were substituted into a second PRMS model characterizing the Sunshine Creek Subwatershed, which lies within the JCUW. The Sunshine Creek model was used to validate a flow time-series derived from a pressure transducer and a rating curve. Title: Streamflow Modeling of Johnson Creek Subwatersheds Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System Author: Malone, Theophilus M Year: 2014 Johnson Creek, in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region, has several pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 303(d) list including excess heat, low dissolved oxygen, and harmful bacteria. Understanding streamflow response to precipitation events is an important component to evaluating water quality trends and calculating the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Investigating the streamflow-precipitation relationship on the subwatershed scale can give insight to the hydrologic response of a given watershed. However, developing rating curves for several subwatersheds can be cost and time prohibitive. The objective of this project was to develop a hydrologic model using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to validate streamflow estimates for subwatersheds lacking a significant period of record. ESRI’s ArcMap, a geographic information system (GIS), was used to characterize the target drainage basins and extract basin-specific parameters for upper watersheds of Johnson Creek. The Johnson Creek Upper Watershed (JCUW) model was calibrated to an existing streamflow gage at Regner Road, in Gresham, Oregon. Calibrated parameters were substituted into a second PRMS model characterizing the Sunshine Creek Subwatershed, which lies within the JCUW. The Sunshine Creek model was used to validate a flow time-series derived from a pressure transducer and a rating curve. Close

• 74. [Article] Turbidity Dynamics during High-Flow Storm Events in the Clackamas River, Oregon 2006-2012

  Turbidity is a useful parameter that can be utilized to help understand the water quality in a river and is an expression of the optical properties of a liquid that cause light rays to be scattered and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Turbidity Dynamics during High-Flow Storm Events in the Clackamas River, Oregon 2006-2012 Author: Doyle, Micelis Clyde Year: 2017 Turbidity is a useful parameter that can be utilized to help understand the water quality in a river and is an expression of the optical properties of a liquid that cause light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines. A total of 41 storm events occurring during water years 2006-2012 were analyzed for this study. A hysteresis index (HI) was used to assess the difference in turbidity on the rising and falling limbs of a storm-hydrograph. The upstream Carter Bridge site exhibited a clockwise (C) hysteresis in 38 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise (CC) hysteresis in three storm events. The downstream Oregon City site exhibited clockwise hysteresis in 29 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise hysteresis in 12 storm events. Paired t-test comparisons of calculated HI measured during storm events showed that the upstream forested site Carter Bridge had a statistically significant higher HI than the downstream Oregon City site, suggesting that particles that contribute to increasing turbidity and suspended sediment at the upstream site are delivered to the river earlier in the storm event in comparison to the downstream Oregon City site. In contrast particulate matter and suspended sediment was more likely to be higher on the receding limb of the storm hydrograph at the downstream site in comparison to the upstream monitoring location. Multiple linear regression analysis determined the major hydrological and meteorological controls influencing turbidity over the period of a storm event. The log value of the change (Log ΔQ) in discharge explained 81% of the log value of change in turbidity (Log ΔTb) at Carter Bridge and 48% of the change in turbidity at Oregon City for all storms. Log ΔQ explained 85% and 50% variations of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge and at Oregon City, respectively in the wet season. Log ΔQ explained 82% of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge during the Dry Season and together with 3-day antecedent precipitation, Log ΔQ explained 84% of variation in Log ΔTb at Oregon City during the Dry Season. The findings of this study, which offers information about the dynamics that lead to increased turbidity events, could be helpful to researchers, regulatory agencies and water resource managers in maintaining high water quality in rivers. Title: Turbidity Dynamics during High-Flow Storm Events in the Clackamas River, Oregon 2006-2012 Author: Doyle, Micelis Clyde Year: 2017 Turbidity is a useful parameter that can be utilized to help understand the water quality in a river and is an expression of the optical properties of a liquid that cause light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines. A total of 41 storm events occurring during water years 2006-2012 were analyzed for this study. A hysteresis index (HI) was used to assess the difference in turbidity on the rising and falling limbs of a storm-hydrograph. The upstream Carter Bridge site exhibited a clockwise (C) hysteresis in 38 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise (CC) hysteresis in three storm events. The downstream Oregon City site exhibited clockwise hysteresis in 29 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise hysteresis in 12 storm events. Paired t-test comparisons of calculated HI measured during storm events showed that the upstream forested site Carter Bridge had a statistically significant higher HI than the downstream Oregon City site, suggesting that particles that contribute to increasing turbidity and suspended sediment at the upstream site are delivered to the river earlier in the storm event in comparison to the downstream Oregon City site. In contrast particulate matter and suspended sediment was more likely to be higher on the receding limb of the storm hydrograph at the downstream site in comparison to the upstream monitoring location. Multiple linear regression analysis determined the major hydrological and meteorological controls influencing turbidity over the period of a storm event. The log value of the change (Log ΔQ) in discharge explained 81% of the log value of change in turbidity (Log ΔTb) at Carter Bridge and 48% of the change in turbidity at Oregon City for all storms. Log ΔQ explained 85% and 50% variations of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge and at Oregon City, respectively in the wet season. Log ΔQ explained 82% of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge during the Dry Season and together with 3-day antecedent precipitation, Log ΔQ explained 84% of variation in Log ΔTb at Oregon City during the Dry Season. The findings of this study, which offers information about the dynamics that lead to increased turbidity events, could be helpful to researchers, regulatory agencies and water resource managers in maintaining high water quality in rivers. Close

• 75. [Article] Comprehensive examination of the differences in thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses between humans with and without a PFO under different environmental conditions

  The existence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been known about for nearly 2,000 years. The prevalence of a PFO has been shown to be 25-40% in the general population. Despite the fact that blood flowing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comprehensive examination of the differences in thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses between humans with and without a PFO under different environmental conditions Author: Davis, James Year: 2016 The existence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been known about for nearly 2,000 years. The prevalence of a PFO has been shown to be 25-40% in the general population. Despite the fact that blood flowing through a PFO acts as a shunt, there has been little research looking at the effect a PFO has on physiology in otherwise healthy humans. In Chapter IV, the effect of a PFO on core temperature (Tcore) prior to, and during exercise, was investigated. The design of this experiment included appropriate controls for a thermoregulatory study (i.e. measuring at same time of day, appropriate hydration and food intake, etc.). Results from this study indicate that subjects with a PFO (PFO+) have a Tcore that is ~0.4°C higher at rest and during exercise than subjects without a PFO (PFO–). Additionally, this study showed that PFO– subjects do not increase Tcore to the same extent breathing cold air as they do breathing ambient air during a 10-minute exercise bout, whereas there was no difference in Tcore increase between these two conditions for PFO+ subjects. These findings suggest that the difference in Tcore between PFO+ and PFO– subjects is potentially due to differences in respiratory heat loss. The studies for Chapter V examined differences in thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses during hot water (40°C) and cold water (20°C) immersion. This study found that compared to PFO– subjects, PFO+ subjects 1) increase Tcore at the same rate during hot water immersion and 2) do not cool off as quickly during cold water immersion. Additionally, in subjects who reached a ventilatory threshold, PFO+ subjects had blunted ventilatory responses to increased Tcore compared to PFO– subjects. Finally, in Chapter VI it was shown that PFO+ subjects have blunted ventilatory responses during acute exposure to hyperoxic and normoxic hypercapnia. However, there were no differences in ventilatory responses between PFO+ and PFO– subjects during exposure to either isocapnic or poikilocapnic hypoxia. These findings suggest that PFO+ subjects have a blunted central chemoreflex. This dissertation contains previously, unpublished co-authored material. Title: Comprehensive examination of the differences in thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses between humans with and without a PFO under different environmental conditions Author: Davis, James Year: 2016 The existence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been known about for nearly 2,000 years. The prevalence of a PFO has been shown to be 25-40% in the general population. Despite the fact that blood flowing through a PFO acts as a shunt, there has been little research looking at the effect a PFO has on physiology in otherwise healthy humans. In Chapter IV, the effect of a PFO on core temperature (Tcore) prior to, and during exercise, was investigated. The design of this experiment included appropriate controls for a thermoregulatory study (i.e. measuring at same time of day, appropriate hydration and food intake, etc.). Results from this study indicate that subjects with a PFO (PFO+) have a Tcore that is ~0.4°C higher at rest and during exercise than subjects without a PFO (PFO–). Additionally, this study showed that PFO– subjects do not increase Tcore to the same extent breathing cold air as they do breathing ambient air during a 10-minute exercise bout, whereas there was no difference in Tcore increase between these two conditions for PFO+ subjects. These findings suggest that the difference in Tcore between PFO+ and PFO– subjects is potentially due to differences in respiratory heat loss. The studies for Chapter V examined differences in thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses during hot water (40°C) and cold water (20°C) immersion. This study found that compared to PFO– subjects, PFO+ subjects 1) increase Tcore at the same rate during hot water immersion and 2) do not cool off as quickly during cold water immersion. Additionally, in subjects who reached a ventilatory threshold, PFO+ subjects had blunted ventilatory responses to increased Tcore compared to PFO– subjects. Finally, in Chapter VI it was shown that PFO+ subjects have blunted ventilatory responses during acute exposure to hyperoxic and normoxic hypercapnia. However, there were no differences in ventilatory responses between PFO+ and PFO– subjects during exposure to either isocapnic or poikilocapnic hypoxia. These findings suggest that PFO+ subjects have a blunted central chemoreflex. This dissertation contains previously, unpublished co-authored material. Close

• 76. [Article] THE EFFECT OF A PATENT FORAMEN OVALE ON THERMOREGULATORY AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES DURING PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING

  41 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: THE EFFECT OF A PATENT FORAMEN OVALE ON THERMOREGULATORY AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES DURING PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING Author: Hay, Madeline Year: 2016 41 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Title: THE EFFECT OF A PATENT FORAMEN OVALE ON THERMOREGULATORY AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES DURING PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING Author: Hay, Madeline Year: 2016 41 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Close

• 77. [Article] Computational Algorithms for Improved Representation of the Model Error Covariance in Weak-Constraint 4D-Var

  Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) provides an estimate to the state of a dynamical system through the minimization of a cost functional that measures the distance to a prior state ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Computational Algorithms for Improved Representation of the Model Error Covariance in Weak-Constraint 4D-Var Author: Shaw, Jeremy A. Year: 2017 Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) provides an estimate to the state of a dynamical system through the minimization of a cost functional that measures the distance to a prior state (background) estimate and observations over a time window. The analysis fit to each information input component is determined by the specification of the error covariance matrices in the data assimilation system (DAS). Weak-constraint 4D-Var (w4D-Var) provides a theoretical framework to account for modeling errors in the analysis scheme. In addition to the specification of the background error covariance matrix, the w4D-Var formulation requires information on the model error statistics and specification of the model error covariance. Up to now, the increased computational cost associated with w4D-Var has prevented its practical implementation. Various simplifications to reduce the computational burden have been considered, including writing the model error covariance as a scalar multiple of the background error covariance and modeling the model error. In this thesis, the main objective is the development of computationally feasible techniques for the improved representation of the model error statistics in a data assimilation system. Three new approaches are considered. A Monte Carlo method that uses an ensemble of w4D-Var systems to obtain flow-dependent estimates to the model error statistics. The evaluation of statistical diagnostic equations involving observation residuals to estimate the model error covariance matrix. An adaptive tuning procedure based on the sensitivity of a short-range forecast error measure to the model error DAS parametrization. The validity and benefits of these approaches are shown in two stages of numerical experiments. A proof-of-concept is shown using the Lorenz multi-scale model and the shallow water equations for a one-dimensional domain. The results show the potential of these methodologies to produce improved state estimates, as compared to other approaches in data assimilation. It is expected that the techniques presented will find an extended range of applications to assess and improve the performance of a w4D-Var system. Title: Computational Algorithms for Improved Representation of the Model Error Covariance in Weak-Constraint 4D-Var Author: Shaw, Jeremy A. Year: 2017 Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) provides an estimate to the state of a dynamical system through the minimization of a cost functional that measures the distance to a prior state (background) estimate and observations over a time window. The analysis fit to each information input component is determined by the specification of the error covariance matrices in the data assimilation system (DAS). Weak-constraint 4D-Var (w4D-Var) provides a theoretical framework to account for modeling errors in the analysis scheme. In addition to the specification of the background error covariance matrix, the w4D-Var formulation requires information on the model error statistics and specification of the model error covariance. Up to now, the increased computational cost associated with w4D-Var has prevented its practical implementation. Various simplifications to reduce the computational burden have been considered, including writing the model error covariance as a scalar multiple of the background error covariance and modeling the model error. In this thesis, the main objective is the development of computationally feasible techniques for the improved representation of the model error statistics in a data assimilation system. Three new approaches are considered. A Monte Carlo method that uses an ensemble of w4D-Var systems to obtain flow-dependent estimates to the model error statistics. The evaluation of statistical diagnostic equations involving observation residuals to estimate the model error covariance matrix. An adaptive tuning procedure based on the sensitivity of a short-range forecast error measure to the model error DAS parametrization. The validity and benefits of these approaches are shown in two stages of numerical experiments. A proof-of-concept is shown using the Lorenz multi-scale model and the shallow water equations for a one-dimensional domain. The results show the potential of these methodologies to produce improved state estimates, as compared to other approaches in data assimilation. It is expected that the techniques presented will find an extended range of applications to assess and improve the performance of a w4D-Var system. Close

• 78. [Article] Factors Influencing the Survival of Outmigrating Juvenile Salmonids Through Multiple Dam Passages: An Individual-Based Approach

  Substantial declines of Pacific salmon populations have occurred over the past several decades related to large-scale anthropogenic and climatic changes in freshwater and marine environments. In the Columbia ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors Influencing the Survival of Outmigrating Juvenile Salmonids Through Multiple Dam Passages: An Individual-Based Approach Author: Elder, Timothy, Woodley, Christa M., Weiland, Mark A., Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2016 Substantial declines of Pacific salmon populations have occurred over the past several decades related to large-scale anthropogenic and climatic changes in freshwater and marine environments. In the Columbia River Basin, migrating juvenile salmonids may pass as many as eight large-scale hydropower projects before reaching the ocean; however, the cumulative effects of multiple dam passages are largely unknown. Using acoustic transmitters and an extensive system of hydrophone arrays in the Lower Columbia River, we calculated the survival of yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) passing one, two, or three dams. We applied a unique index of biological characteristics and environmental exposures, experienced by each fish individually as it migrated downstream, in order to examine which factors most influence salmonid survival. High outflow volumes led to involuntary spill in 2011 and created an environment of supersaturated dissolved gas concentrations. In this environment, migrating smolt survival was strongly influenced by barometric pressure, fish velocity, and water temperature. The effect of these variables on survival was compounded by multiple dam passages compared to fish passing a single dam. Despite spatial isolation between dams in the Lower Columbia River hydrosystem, migrating smolt appear to experience cumulative effects akin to a press disturbance. In general, Chinook salmon and steelhead respond similarly in terms of survival rates and responses to altered environmental conditions. Management actions that limit dissolved gas concentrations in years of high flow will benefit migrating salmonids at this life stage. Title: Factors Influencing the Survival of Outmigrating Juvenile Salmonids Through Multiple Dam Passages: An Individual-Based Approach Author: Elder, Timothy, Woodley, Christa M., Weiland, Mark A., Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2016 Substantial declines of Pacific salmon populations have occurred over the past several decades related to large-scale anthropogenic and climatic changes in freshwater and marine environments. In the Columbia River Basin, migrating juvenile salmonids may pass as many as eight large-scale hydropower projects before reaching the ocean; however, the cumulative effects of multiple dam passages are largely unknown. Using acoustic transmitters and an extensive system of hydrophone arrays in the Lower Columbia River, we calculated the survival of yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) passing one, two, or three dams. We applied a unique index of biological characteristics and environmental exposures, experienced by each fish individually as it migrated downstream, in order to examine which factors most influence salmonid survival. High outflow volumes led to involuntary spill in 2011 and created an environment of supersaturated dissolved gas concentrations. In this environment, migrating smolt survival was strongly influenced by barometric pressure, fish velocity, and water temperature. The effect of these variables on survival was compounded by multiple dam passages compared to fish passing a single dam. Despite spatial isolation between dams in the Lower Columbia River hydrosystem, migrating smolt appear to experience cumulative effects akin to a press disturbance. In general, Chinook salmon and steelhead respond similarly in terms of survival rates and responses to altered environmental conditions. Management actions that limit dissolved gas concentrations in years of high flow will benefit migrating salmonids at this life stage. Close

• 79. [Article] Winds of Change? Exploring Climate Change-Driven Migration and Related Impacts in the Pacific Northwest

  Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the Pacific Northwest’s communities, economy, and natural systems. These impacts – which include reductions in summer water supply, the potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Winds of Change? Exploring Climate Change-Driven Migration and Related Impacts in the Pacific Northwest Author: Binder, Lara Whitely, Jurjevich, Jason R. Year: 2016 Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the Pacific Northwest’s communities, economy, and natural systems. These impacts – which include reductions in summer water supply, the potential for more winter flooding and forest fires, threats to public health, and damage to coastal infrastructure due to sea level rise – will require changes in how communities evaluate, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. Despite these challenges, some have suggested that the region may be relatively well off compared to other areas of the U.S. and the world. This has led to growing speculation by the media, bloggers, and the public that “global warming could unleash a deluge of newcomers” (or “climate refugees”) to the Pacific Northwest in coming years.2The question is also gaining the attention of public sector professionals in the region. Planners and managers who engage in long-term planning for transportation, public health, utilities, and other public services want to understand whether population forecasts—an important analytical tool guiding many areas of regional planning—should reflect the possible impacts of climate change on migration flows, and if so, how? The connection between climate change and migration is the subject of a complex and emerging body of social science research. To help stimulate and inform research, and to provide guidance to decision makers on this issue, researchers at Portland State University and the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group convened experts in climate science, population dynamics, and public sector management to begin addressing the following central question: Do we need to be planning for more growth in Washington and Oregon because of climate change, and if so, what would a systematic framework for developing and updating migration scenarios for use in regional and state population growth and planning forecasts look like? The symposium—the first of its kind in the region and possibly the first of its kind in the United States—was held on June 24, 2016 at Portland State University. Title: Winds of Change? Exploring Climate Change-Driven Migration and Related Impacts in the Pacific Northwest Author: Binder, Lara Whitely, Jurjevich, Jason R. Year: 2016 Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the Pacific Northwest’s communities, economy, and natural systems. These impacts – which include reductions in summer water supply, the potential for more winter flooding and forest fires, threats to public health, and damage to coastal infrastructure due to sea level rise – will require changes in how communities evaluate, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. Despite these challenges, some have suggested that the region may be relatively well off compared to other areas of the U.S. and the world. This has led to growing speculation by the media, bloggers, and the public that “global warming could unleash a deluge of newcomers” (or “climate refugees”) to the Pacific Northwest in coming years.2The question is also gaining the attention of public sector professionals in the region. Planners and managers who engage in long-term planning for transportation, public health, utilities, and other public services want to understand whether population forecasts—an important analytical tool guiding many areas of regional planning—should reflect the possible impacts of climate change on migration flows, and if so, how? The connection between climate change and migration is the subject of a complex and emerging body of social science research. To help stimulate and inform research, and to provide guidance to decision makers on this issue, researchers at Portland State University and the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group convened experts in climate science, population dynamics, and public sector management to begin addressing the following central question: Do we need to be planning for more growth in Washington and Oregon because of climate change, and if so, what would a systematic framework for developing and updating migration scenarios for use in regional and state population growth and planning forecasts look like? The symposium—the first of its kind in the region and possibly the first of its kind in the United States—was held on June 24, 2016 at Portland State University. Close

• 80. [Article] Chronic passive heat therapy as a novel means of improving vascular function in sedentary humans

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothelial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chronic passive heat therapy as a novel means of improving vascular function in sedentary humans Author: Brunt, Vienna Year: 2016 Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Passive heat stress results in elevations in core temperature (inducing heat shock protein expression) and changes in cardiovascular hemodynamics, such as increased cardiac output and shear stress, that are similar to exercise. Thus, repeated passive heat stress (“heat therapy”) may provide an alternative means of improving cardiovascular health, particularly for patients with limited exercise tolerance and/or capabilities. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to perform integrative studies to determine the effects of heat therapy on vascular function and the associated cellular pathways in young, sedentary humans. Twenty subjects were assigned to participate in 8 weeks (4-5x/week) of heat therapy (N=10; immersion in a 40.5°C bath sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥38.5°C for 60 min/session) or thermoneutral water immersion (N=10; sham). As discussed in Chapter V, we found that heat therapy improved numerous well-established biomarkers of conduit vessel/macrovascular function, including flow-mediated dilation (a measure of endothelial function), arterial stiffness, intima media thickness, and blood pressure. Heat therapy also improved microvascular function, as discussed in Chapter VI, measured as improved cutaneous thermal hyperemia and nitric oxide-dependent dilation (the difference between microdialysis sites receiving Lactated Ringer’s [control] and nitric oxide synthase inhibition). No changes were observed in any variables in sham subjects. In Chapter VII, we showed that both direct cellular heating and serum collected from human subjects following heat therapy improved nitric oxide bioavailability and angiogenesis in cultured endothelial cells, providing potential mechanisms by which heat therapy improves vascular function in vivo. Therefore, the studies described herein provide comprehensive evidence that passive heat therapy improves vascular health and insight into the mechanisms involved. Our data presented in Chapters IV-VII, combined with pilot data we conducted in spinal cord injured individuals (Chapter VIII), strongly indicate that passive heat therapy could be used as a simple and effective tool to improve cardiovascular health in a variety of patient populations. This dissertation includes published and unpublished co-authored material. Title: Chronic passive heat therapy as a novel means of improving vascular function in sedentary humans Author: Brunt, Vienna Year: 2016 Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Passive heat stress results in elevations in core temperature (inducing heat shock protein expression) and changes in cardiovascular hemodynamics, such as increased cardiac output and shear stress, that are similar to exercise. Thus, repeated passive heat stress (“heat therapy”) may provide an alternative means of improving cardiovascular health, particularly for patients with limited exercise tolerance and/or capabilities. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to perform integrative studies to determine the effects of heat therapy on vascular function and the associated cellular pathways in young, sedentary humans. Twenty subjects were assigned to participate in 8 weeks (4-5x/week) of heat therapy (N=10; immersion in a 40.5°C bath sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥38.5°C for 60 min/session) or thermoneutral water immersion (N=10; sham). As discussed in Chapter V, we found that heat therapy improved numerous well-established biomarkers of conduit vessel/macrovascular function, including flow-mediated dilation (a measure of endothelial function), arterial stiffness, intima media thickness, and blood pressure. Heat therapy also improved microvascular function, as discussed in Chapter VI, measured as improved cutaneous thermal hyperemia and nitric oxide-dependent dilation (the difference between microdialysis sites receiving Lactated Ringer’s [control] and nitric oxide synthase inhibition). No changes were observed in any variables in sham subjects. In Chapter VII, we showed that both direct cellular heating and serum collected from human subjects following heat therapy improved nitric oxide bioavailability and angiogenesis in cultured endothelial cells, providing potential mechanisms by which heat therapy improves vascular function in vivo. Therefore, the studies described herein provide comprehensive evidence that passive heat therapy improves vascular health and insight into the mechanisms involved. Our data presented in Chapters IV-VII, combined with pilot data we conducted in spinal cord injured individuals (Chapter VIII), strongly indicate that passive heat therapy could be used as a simple and effective tool to improve cardiovascular health in a variety of patient populations. This dissertation includes published and unpublished co-authored material. Close