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• 591. [Article] Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beams with CFRP Strands

  The high cost of repairing reinforced or prestressed concrete structures due to steel corrosion has driven engineers to look for solutions. Much research has been conducted over the last two decades to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beams with CFRP Strands Author: Saeed, Yasir Matloob Year: 2016 The high cost of repairing reinforced or prestressed concrete structures due to steel corrosion has driven engineers to look for solutions. Much research has been conducted over the last two decades to evaluate the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) in concrete structures. Structural engineering researchers have been testing FRP to determine their usability instead of steel for strengthening existing reinforced concrete structures, reinforcing new concrete members, and for prestressed concrete applications. The high strength-to-weight ratio of FRP materials, especially Carbon FRP (CFRP), and their non-corrosive nature are probably the most attractive features of FRPs. In this study, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the flexural behavior of prestressed concrete beams pre-tensioned with CFRP strands. The bond characteristics were examined by means of experimentally measuring transfer length, flexural bond length, and bond stress profiles. A total of four rectangular beams pre-tensioned with one 0.5-in. diameter CFRP strand were fabricated and tested under cyclic loading for five cycles, followed by a monotonically increasing load until failure. In investigating bond properties, the experimental results were compared to the equations available in the literature. The results from the four flexural tests showed that the main problem of CFRP strands, in addition to their liner-elastic tensile behavior, was lack of adequate bonding between FRP and concrete. Poor bonding resulted in early failure due to slippage between FRPs and concrete. As a result, a new technique was developed in order to solve the bonding issues and improve the flexural response of CFRP prestressed concrete beams. The new technique involved anchoring the CFRP strands at the ends of the concrete beams using a new "steel tube" anchorage system. It was concluded that the new technique solved the bond problem and improved the flexural capacity by about 46%. A computer model was created to predict the behavior of prestressed beams pre-tensioned with CFRP. The predicted behavior was compared to the experimental results. Finally, the experimental results were compared to the behavior of prestressed concrete beams pre-tensioned with steel strands as generated by the computer model. The CFRP beams showed higher strength but lower ductility. Title: Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beams with CFRP Strands Author: Saeed, Yasir Matloob Year: 2016 The high cost of repairing reinforced or prestressed concrete structures due to steel corrosion has driven engineers to look for solutions. Much research has been conducted over the last two decades to evaluate the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) in concrete structures. Structural engineering researchers have been testing FRP to determine their usability instead of steel for strengthening existing reinforced concrete structures, reinforcing new concrete members, and for prestressed concrete applications. The high strength-to-weight ratio of FRP materials, especially Carbon FRP (CFRP), and their non-corrosive nature are probably the most attractive features of FRPs. In this study, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the flexural behavior of prestressed concrete beams pre-tensioned with CFRP strands. The bond characteristics were examined by means of experimentally measuring transfer length, flexural bond length, and bond stress profiles. A total of four rectangular beams pre-tensioned with one 0.5-in. diameter CFRP strand were fabricated and tested under cyclic loading for five cycles, followed by a monotonically increasing load until failure. In investigating bond properties, the experimental results were compared to the equations available in the literature. The results from the four flexural tests showed that the main problem of CFRP strands, in addition to their liner-elastic tensile behavior, was lack of adequate bonding between FRP and concrete. Poor bonding resulted in early failure due to slippage between FRPs and concrete. As a result, a new technique was developed in order to solve the bonding issues and improve the flexural response of CFRP prestressed concrete beams. The new technique involved anchoring the CFRP strands at the ends of the concrete beams using a new "steel tube" anchorage system. It was concluded that the new technique solved the bond problem and improved the flexural capacity by about 46%. A computer model was created to predict the behavior of prestressed beams pre-tensioned with CFRP. The predicted behavior was compared to the experimental results. Finally, the experimental results were compared to the behavior of prestressed concrete beams pre-tensioned with steel strands as generated by the computer model. The CFRP beams showed higher strength but lower ductility. Close

• 592. [Article] The Development of Personal Resources in the Academic Domain: Age Differences in the Evolution of Coping and Perceived Control and the Process Structures that Facilitate Academic Engagement

  Studies investigating the development of perceived control and coping in the academic domain generally adopt an individual differences approach, reporting mean-level changes in these and associated constructs. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Development of Personal Resources in the Academic Domain: Age Differences in the Evolution of Coping and Perceived Control and the Process Structures that Facilitate Academic Engagement Author: Greene, Teresa Marie Year: 2015 Studies investigating the development of perceived control and coping in the academic domain generally adopt an individual differences approach, reporting mean-level changes in these and associated constructs. Very few studies attempt to chart the process by which these personal resources exert individual and combined influences on academic outcomes, such as motivation and achievement, in light of normative developmental changes. Further, a consideration of reciprocal influences of these constructs on developmental changes and the contribution of social partners to these processes is not common. Conceptualized from a systems perspective, this study integrates these different approaches in a longitudinal inquiry into the development of perceived control and coping, the impact of coping on academic engagement and achievement, and how support from the context shapes, and is subsequently shaped by, student behavior. An action-theoretic model is used to describe the hypothesized relationships, deriving from Deci & Ryan's (1985) self-determination theory, and incorporating a flexible framework of coping as functionally similar yet structurally distinct strategies, defined as action-regulation under stress (Skinner, Edge, Altman, Sherwood, 2003; Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2007). Four ways of coping are examined, divided into two categories: mastery coping, comprising problem-solving and information-seeking, and helplessness coping, comprising escape and confusion ways of coping. Contextual support is conceptualized as teacher provision of structure, involvement, and autonomy support. Engagement, as a motivational resource that leads to increased achievement, comprises both behavioral and emotional aspects of engagement. A tri-partite formulation of perceived control is used (Skinner, Chapman, & Baltes, 1988a), comprising means-end (strategy), agency (capacity), and generalized control beliefs. Data collected during one year of a four-year longitudinal study from 665 students in grades four and six, and fifty-three of their teachers, were used for this investigation. Normative developmental differences were examined through comparisons of mean-level shifts in each of the model constructs; regression-based analyses tested for age differences over time in the process structure of the model. Reciprocal influences of coping and engagement on teacher support and perceived control, and of engagement and achievement on coping, were also tested for age differences. Results highlight the normative developmental changes that occur in these constructs during middle childhood, and indicate that the pattern of these changes is largely consistent with expectations; however, the process structure of the model relating the constructs of interest was found to be stable over time, with only one significant age difference detected: the influence on mastery coping of means-end control beliefs for effort. All other relationships tested did not differ significantly as children get older. Discussion focuses on evidence provided by the results of age trends in the developmental processes believed to be the drivers of change in the study constructs. Implications for the study of coping, regulatory processes, and features of the educational context, as they relate to the development of children's coping and control resources, are explored, with suggestions for the direction future research in these areas might take. Title: The Development of Personal Resources in the Academic Domain: Age Differences in the Evolution of Coping and Perceived Control and the Process Structures that Facilitate Academic Engagement Author: Greene, Teresa Marie Year: 2015 Studies investigating the development of perceived control and coping in the academic domain generally adopt an individual differences approach, reporting mean-level changes in these and associated constructs. Very few studies attempt to chart the process by which these personal resources exert individual and combined influences on academic outcomes, such as motivation and achievement, in light of normative developmental changes. Further, a consideration of reciprocal influences of these constructs on developmental changes and the contribution of social partners to these processes is not common. Conceptualized from a systems perspective, this study integrates these different approaches in a longitudinal inquiry into the development of perceived control and coping, the impact of coping on academic engagement and achievement, and how support from the context shapes, and is subsequently shaped by, student behavior. An action-theoretic model is used to describe the hypothesized relationships, deriving from Deci & Ryan's (1985) self-determination theory, and incorporating a flexible framework of coping as functionally similar yet structurally distinct strategies, defined as action-regulation under stress (Skinner, Edge, Altman, Sherwood, 2003; Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2007). Four ways of coping are examined, divided into two categories: mastery coping, comprising problem-solving and information-seeking, and helplessness coping, comprising escape and confusion ways of coping. Contextual support is conceptualized as teacher provision of structure, involvement, and autonomy support. Engagement, as a motivational resource that leads to increased achievement, comprises both behavioral and emotional aspects of engagement. A tri-partite formulation of perceived control is used (Skinner, Chapman, & Baltes, 1988a), comprising means-end (strategy), agency (capacity), and generalized control beliefs. Data collected during one year of a four-year longitudinal study from 665 students in grades four and six, and fifty-three of their teachers, were used for this investigation. Normative developmental differences were examined through comparisons of mean-level shifts in each of the model constructs; regression-based analyses tested for age differences over time in the process structure of the model. Reciprocal influences of coping and engagement on teacher support and perceived control, and of engagement and achievement on coping, were also tested for age differences. Results highlight the normative developmental changes that occur in these constructs during middle childhood, and indicate that the pattern of these changes is largely consistent with expectations; however, the process structure of the model relating the constructs of interest was found to be stable over time, with only one significant age difference detected: the influence on mastery coping of means-end control beliefs for effort. All other relationships tested did not differ significantly as children get older. Discussion focuses on evidence provided by the results of age trends in the developmental processes believed to be the drivers of change in the study constructs. Implications for the study of coping, regulatory processes, and features of the educational context, as they relate to the development of children's coping and control resources, are explored, with suggestions for the direction future research in these areas might take. Close

• 593. [Article] Objective Measurement of Gait Abnormalities in Huntington Disease using a Shoe-Worn Inertial Sensor (P5.291)

  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a shoe-worn inertial sensor to measure gait abnormalities in Huntington disease (HD) in the home setting. BACKGROUND: Clinical rating scales provide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Objective Measurement of Gait Abnormalities in Huntington Disease using a Shoe-Worn Inertial Sensor (P5.291) Author: Hogarth, Penelope, Lenahan, Arthur, Portillo, Alicia, Ramachandran, Ravi, Stenson, Katie, Legedza, Anna, Botfield, Martyn, Horak, Fay, McNames, James, El-Gohary, Mahmoud Ahmed Year: 2015 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a shoe-worn inertial sensor to measure gait abnormalities in Huntington disease (HD) in the home setting. BACKGROUND: Clinical rating scales provide only point assessments of disease-related impairments in HD, lack sensitivity, and require that a clinician experienced in the scale’s use evaluate the patient. A tool that would allow longitudinal, objective, quantitative measurement of impairments may offer advantages over standard clinical rating scales. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a pilot, single-blind, controlled observational study. Five ambulatory HD subjects and 5 age/gender-matched healthy controls wore inertial sensors manufactured by APDM, Inc. attached to each shoe during waking hours for 7 days. Gait parameters calculated from the sensors included stride length([percnt]height); stride velocity([percnt]height/sec); step duration(sec); double support time([percnt]); pitch at toe off (degrees) and heel strike (degrees); cadence(steps/min); and variability in each of these measures. Following blinded descriptive data analysis by APDM, independent samples t-tests were used to compare means for selected gait metrics between HD and control subjects, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to interrogate the relationships between gait metrics, chorea score, and Total Functional Capacity (TFC, a measure of disease severity). RESULTS: Subjects were able to successfully apply, wear and charge the sensors. Blinded gait analysis correctly identified the HD and control subjects for 4/5 pairs. Significant differences were found between HD/control groups in mean(SD) stride length [53.96(9.25), 67.68(7.25), p=0.03]; mean(SD) variability per week (as measured by coefficient of variation) in stride length [28.57(5.54), 20.27(3.78), p=0.02] and pitch at toe off [25.57(4.00), 17.56(4.07), p=0.01]. Lower TFC scores correlated with greater variability in stride length[R=-0.82]; pitch at toe off[R=-0.80]; and increased double support time[R=-0.75]. Higher chorea scores correlated with shorter stride length[R=-0.76]. CONCLUSIONS: Inertial sensors may offer a feasible mechanism to objectively measure clinically-relevant gait abnormalities in HD. Title: Objective Measurement of Gait Abnormalities in Huntington Disease using a Shoe-Worn Inertial Sensor (P5.291) Author: Hogarth, Penelope, Lenahan, Arthur, Portillo, Alicia, Ramachandran, Ravi, Stenson, Katie, Legedza, Anna, Botfield, Martyn, Horak, Fay, McNames, James, El-Gohary, Mahmoud Ahmed Year: 2015 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a shoe-worn inertial sensor to measure gait abnormalities in Huntington disease (HD) in the home setting. BACKGROUND: Clinical rating scales provide only point assessments of disease-related impairments in HD, lack sensitivity, and require that a clinician experienced in the scale’s use evaluate the patient. A tool that would allow longitudinal, objective, quantitative measurement of impairments may offer advantages over standard clinical rating scales. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a pilot, single-blind, controlled observational study. Five ambulatory HD subjects and 5 age/gender-matched healthy controls wore inertial sensors manufactured by APDM, Inc. attached to each shoe during waking hours for 7 days. Gait parameters calculated from the sensors included stride length([percnt]height); stride velocity([percnt]height/sec); step duration(sec); double support time([percnt]); pitch at toe off (degrees) and heel strike (degrees); cadence(steps/min); and variability in each of these measures. Following blinded descriptive data analysis by APDM, independent samples t-tests were used to compare means for selected gait metrics between HD and control subjects, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to interrogate the relationships between gait metrics, chorea score, and Total Functional Capacity (TFC, a measure of disease severity). RESULTS: Subjects were able to successfully apply, wear and charge the sensors. Blinded gait analysis correctly identified the HD and control subjects for 4/5 pairs. Significant differences were found between HD/control groups in mean(SD) stride length [53.96(9.25), 67.68(7.25), p=0.03]; mean(SD) variability per week (as measured by coefficient of variation) in stride length [28.57(5.54), 20.27(3.78), p=0.02] and pitch at toe off [25.57(4.00), 17.56(4.07), p=0.01]. Lower TFC scores correlated with greater variability in stride length[R=-0.82]; pitch at toe off[R=-0.80]; and increased double support time[R=-0.75]. Higher chorea scores correlated with shorter stride length[R=-0.76]. CONCLUSIONS: Inertial sensors may offer a feasible mechanism to objectively measure clinically-relevant gait abnormalities in HD. Close

• 594. [Article] Explaining Health Technology Adoption: Past, Present, Future

  One of the most pressing challenges of healthcare innovation today is the lack of technology adoption. Research that improves our ability to understand, predict, and advance technology adoption in health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Explaining Health Technology Adoption: Past, Present, Future Author: Rahimi, Noshad, Jetter, Antonie J. Year: 2015 One of the most pressing challenges of healthcare innovation today is the lack of technology adoption. Research that improves our ability to understand, predict, and advance technology adoption in health care needs to be based on well-tested theories. With the interest to conduct high quality research in health technology adoption in future, this study reviews the theories used in this context to either identify the superior theory(ies) and or discover the issues that need resolution for improving future HTA researches. To do that, the most popular [1][2] social cognitive theories conceived over the past four decades are reviewed analytically from the perspective of their capacity to explain, predict and intervene in health technology acceptance, adoption and adherence. While all these theories are instrumental in conducting adoption studies, and some like UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) are better than others at it, there is no perfect theory to study HTA. Literature repeatedly suggests that while utilizing general theories that have successfully passed the test of time could serve as a strong foundation, there is a compelling need for new and more empirical theories. There is a need for health researchers to expedite theoretical evolution by conducting comprehensive observation and rigorous evaluation to 1) manipulate and expand existing theories and or 2) create new theories that better address the specific needs and challenges of health technology application to enhance the utility and better reflect empirical findings. The structure of this paper is as follows. After summarizing the specifics of health technology innovations, the primary challenges in its acceptance are categorized. From there the body of this paper is dedicated to the review of most popular social cognitive theories, as depicted in Figure 1, from: 1) general human behavior repeatedly applied in healthcare studies and rooted HTA researches, and 2) theories dedicated - o the study of technology acceptance behavior and applied as the prominent theories in studying HTA. Each theory is reviewed, followed by examples of its applications especially in modeling health technology adoption (HTA) behavior. Each theory is then evaluated based on the salient factors involved in the study of technology innovation in healthcare space in addition to the classical influencing concepts in technology adoption behavior. In the discussion section, these theories are compared and the applications studied are synthesized in the attempt to identify some of the best theories and state of the art practices used in the study of HTA. The conclusion section summarizes the findings of the literature and recommends best approaches for conducting empirical studies and planning effective processes that stimulate theoretical evolution in HTA and facilitate enhancement of acceptance of health technology innovations. Title: Explaining Health Technology Adoption: Past, Present, Future Author: Rahimi, Noshad, Jetter, Antonie J. Year: 2015 One of the most pressing challenges of healthcare innovation today is the lack of technology adoption. Research that improves our ability to understand, predict, and advance technology adoption in health care needs to be based on well-tested theories. With the interest to conduct high quality research in health technology adoption in future, this study reviews the theories used in this context to either identify the superior theory(ies) and or discover the issues that need resolution for improving future HTA researches. To do that, the most popular [1][2] social cognitive theories conceived over the past four decades are reviewed analytically from the perspective of their capacity to explain, predict and intervene in health technology acceptance, adoption and adherence. While all these theories are instrumental in conducting adoption studies, and some like UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) are better than others at it, there is no perfect theory to study HTA. Literature repeatedly suggests that while utilizing general theories that have successfully passed the test of time could serve as a strong foundation, there is a compelling need for new and more empirical theories. There is a need for health researchers to expedite theoretical evolution by conducting comprehensive observation and rigorous evaluation to 1) manipulate and expand existing theories and or 2) create new theories that better address the specific needs and challenges of health technology application to enhance the utility and better reflect empirical findings. The structure of this paper is as follows. After summarizing the specifics of health technology innovations, the primary challenges in its acceptance are categorized. From there the body of this paper is dedicated to the review of most popular social cognitive theories, as depicted in Figure 1, from: 1) general human behavior repeatedly applied in healthcare studies and rooted HTA researches, and 2) theories dedicated - o the study of technology acceptance behavior and applied as the prominent theories in studying HTA. Each theory is reviewed, followed by examples of its applications especially in modeling health technology adoption (HTA) behavior. Each theory is then evaluated based on the salient factors involved in the study of technology innovation in healthcare space in addition to the classical influencing concepts in technology adoption behavior. In the discussion section, these theories are compared and the applications studied are synthesized in the attempt to identify some of the best theories and state of the art practices used in the study of HTA. The conclusion section summarizes the findings of the literature and recommends best approaches for conducting empirical studies and planning effective processes that stimulate theoretical evolution in HTA and facilitate enhancement of acceptance of health technology innovations. Close

• 595. [Article] BEE CAUSE: Is Legislative Action Protecting Bees from Neonicotinoids Justified?

  The potential harm caused to bees and other pollinators by the widespread use of neonicotinoids has the capacity to pose a real and immediate threat to both the environment and humans. The benefits that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BEE CAUSE: Is Legislative Action Protecting Bees from Neonicotinoids Justified? Author: Squire, Ursula A. Year: 2016 The potential harm caused to bees and other pollinators by the widespread use of neonicotinoids has the capacity to pose a real and immediate threat to both the environment and humans. The benefits that bees and other pollinators provide, combined with the potential of harm they may face, are important enough to warrant a more comprehensive testing apparatus by which to evaluate threats to their population. Environmentally, bees and other pollinators are an important piece of ecosystemic balance--from pest management to pollination of plants that are a part of many species' diet. Anthropologically speaking, the way of life humans have been accustomed to and even need in order to survive is also largely dependent on a healthy population of bees and other pollinators; up to 70% of plants and vegetables we eat are directly a result of pollinators, and one third of every mouthful humans consume is attributed to pollinators. Without a healthy population of pollinators, the agricultural variety and nutritional availability would drastically decrease. Moreover, these agricultural products pollinators are responsible for also affect billions of dollars on both a national and global level. In many ways, the economic stability of the United States is at an equal risk as the pollinators. For example, an inability to produce many of our own agricultural staples would leave local and regional livelihoods disrupted and change the United States' import/export position. Moreover, this is not just a national problem. Pollinators are responsible for over 150 billion dollars globally in agriculture. Many of the nutrients humans need to be healthy would be in short supply. While scientists continue to study the possible effects of neonicotinoids on pollinators, how should policy makers respond? In this thesis, I argue that the various and drastic ways in which pollinators impact our environment and every day life, combined with the potential of the harsh threats their collapse would entail, warrant a more stringent approach to the evaluation of potential harms like neonicotinoids. An ethical risk assessment, as I define one, would be an appropriate tool to apply to this situation to guide policy makers in drafting regulations even in the absence of scientific certainty. Ethical risk assessments are a tool by which to evaluate the moral and ethical responsibilities in a whole host of different scenarios, one of which is neonics and pollinators. In other words, this ethical risk assessment will be used as an instrument by which to determine whether or not there is a sufficient risk to the population of pollinators, thus determining whether regulation is appropriate. Through application of this risk assessment, I will show that in this particular case regulation is appropriate due to the risks neonics pose to pollinators in light of the evidence that we do have. I develop a set of criteria for an ethical risk assessment. The criteria are a result of a combination of existing literature and some novel connections I draw here. This list, I argue, is what constitutes an ethical risk assessment. Ethical risk assessment, grounded in Utility Theory, is appropriate here because of its calculative apparatus and sociopolitical applicability. Title: BEE CAUSE: Is Legislative Action Protecting Bees from Neonicotinoids Justified? Author: Squire, Ursula A. Year: 2016 The potential harm caused to bees and other pollinators by the widespread use of neonicotinoids has the capacity to pose a real and immediate threat to both the environment and humans. The benefits that bees and other pollinators provide, combined with the potential of harm they may face, are important enough to warrant a more comprehensive testing apparatus by which to evaluate threats to their population. Environmentally, bees and other pollinators are an important piece of ecosystemic balance--from pest management to pollination of plants that are a part of many species' diet. Anthropologically speaking, the way of life humans have been accustomed to and even need in order to survive is also largely dependent on a healthy population of bees and other pollinators; up to 70% of plants and vegetables we eat are directly a result of pollinators, and one third of every mouthful humans consume is attributed to pollinators. Without a healthy population of pollinators, the agricultural variety and nutritional availability would drastically decrease. Moreover, these agricultural products pollinators are responsible for also affect billions of dollars on both a national and global level. In many ways, the economic stability of the United States is at an equal risk as the pollinators. For example, an inability to produce many of our own agricultural staples would leave local and regional livelihoods disrupted and change the United States' import/export position. Moreover, this is not just a national problem. Pollinators are responsible for over 150 billion dollars globally in agriculture. Many of the nutrients humans need to be healthy would be in short supply. While scientists continue to study the possible effects of neonicotinoids on pollinators, how should policy makers respond? In this thesis, I argue that the various and drastic ways in which pollinators impact our environment and every day life, combined with the potential of the harsh threats their collapse would entail, warrant a more stringent approach to the evaluation of potential harms like neonicotinoids. An ethical risk assessment, as I define one, would be an appropriate tool to apply to this situation to guide policy makers in drafting regulations even in the absence of scientific certainty. Ethical risk assessments are a tool by which to evaluate the moral and ethical responsibilities in a whole host of different scenarios, one of which is neonics and pollinators. In other words, this ethical risk assessment will be used as an instrument by which to determine whether or not there is a sufficient risk to the population of pollinators, thus determining whether regulation is appropriate. Through application of this risk assessment, I will show that in this particular case regulation is appropriate due to the risks neonics pose to pollinators in light of the evidence that we do have. I develop a set of criteria for an ethical risk assessment. The criteria are a result of a combination of existing literature and some novel connections I draw here. This list, I argue, is what constitutes an ethical risk assessment. Ethical risk assessment, grounded in Utility Theory, is appropriate here because of its calculative apparatus and sociopolitical applicability. Close

• 596. [Article] Optimizing Distributed Energy Resources on a Distribution Feeder

  The purpose of this study is to optimize a set of distributed energy resources (DERs) on an electric utility distribution level feeder. A DER is a decentralized resource, usually located at end-use electric ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimizing Distributed Energy Resources on a Distribution Feeder Author: Henry, Bill, MacDonald, Stephen, Wehner, Nicole, McBride, Gabe, Groth, Tyler Year: 2017 The purpose of this study is to optimize a set of distributed energy resources (DERs) on an electric utility distribution level feeder. A DER is a decentralized resource, usually located at end-use electric utility customer sites, that stores or generates electricity – such as batteries and rooftop photovoltaic solar, or in the case of demand response, in which the utility has the ability to manage electricity consumption to the benefit of distribution grid operation. The aggregation and optimization of a set of DERs of disparate operating characteristics, over a period of three years is performed and the methods employed explained. This aggregation of DERs is evaluated to determine if the required performance characteristics are present to meet specific distribution operation needs. In this case, the peak electricity demand experienced on the feeder exceeds its capacity to supply energy from the bulk electricity grid, and a portfolio of seven DER types is evaluated over the course of two peak winter and two peak summer days for a period of three years. The optimization model selects the lowest cost portfolio of DERs based on the fixed and variable costs of these resources, and their operating characteristics. If the portfolio is capable of meeting the load service requirements, utility planners may compare DER costs against alternative means of these requirements such as upgrading substation or distribution line equipment. This study researched the methodology surrounding new planning methods such as distribution resources planning (DRP) form the perspectives of both public and private organizations to understand where the topic currently stands in terms of development, maturity, and need for additional research. The literature review sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders as well as the supporting methodologies for construction of distribution and DER optimization models. One thing was clear - there were no definitive optimization plans for DERs, and many studies could only make recommendations based on limitations and assumptions outlined in models constructed for specific and often limited purposes. The model presented here furthers the DER optimization research by creating a scalable model that selects a feasible portfolio of incremental DERs to meet a load growth on a hypothetical feeder while simultaneously minimizing the cost of the given portfolio. Our results show that there is a sound business case to be made in certain instances for a utility provider to implement incremental DERs to satisfy load growth as an alternative to proceeding with a traditional asset project such as a transformer or distribution circuit conductor replacement. Title: Optimizing Distributed Energy Resources on a Distribution Feeder Author: Henry, Bill, MacDonald, Stephen, Wehner, Nicole, McBride, Gabe, Groth, Tyler Year: 2017 The purpose of this study is to optimize a set of distributed energy resources (DERs) on an electric utility distribution level feeder. A DER is a decentralized resource, usually located at end-use electric utility customer sites, that stores or generates electricity – such as batteries and rooftop photovoltaic solar, or in the case of demand response, in which the utility has the ability to manage electricity consumption to the benefit of distribution grid operation. The aggregation and optimization of a set of DERs of disparate operating characteristics, over a period of three years is performed and the methods employed explained. This aggregation of DERs is evaluated to determine if the required performance characteristics are present to meet specific distribution operation needs. In this case, the peak electricity demand experienced on the feeder exceeds its capacity to supply energy from the bulk electricity grid, and a portfolio of seven DER types is evaluated over the course of two peak winter and two peak summer days for a period of three years. The optimization model selects the lowest cost portfolio of DERs based on the fixed and variable costs of these resources, and their operating characteristics. If the portfolio is capable of meeting the load service requirements, utility planners may compare DER costs against alternative means of these requirements such as upgrading substation or distribution line equipment. This study researched the methodology surrounding new planning methods such as distribution resources planning (DRP) form the perspectives of both public and private organizations to understand where the topic currently stands in terms of development, maturity, and need for additional research. The literature review sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders as well as the supporting methodologies for construction of distribution and DER optimization models. One thing was clear - there were no definitive optimization plans for DERs, and many studies could only make recommendations based on limitations and assumptions outlined in models constructed for specific and often limited purposes. The model presented here furthers the DER optimization research by creating a scalable model that selects a feasible portfolio of incremental DERs to meet a load growth on a hypothetical feeder while simultaneously minimizing the cost of the given portfolio. Our results show that there is a sound business case to be made in certain instances for a utility provider to implement incremental DERs to satisfy load growth as an alternative to proceeding with a traditional asset project such as a transformer or distribution circuit conductor replacement. Close

• 597. [Article] The Braid That Binds Us: The Impact of Neoliberalism, Criminalization, and Professionalization on Domestic Violence Work

  The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare recently released its Grand Challenges for Social Work. ‘‘Ending gender-based violence’’ (also referenced as domestic violence [DV] or intimate partner ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Braid That Binds Us: The Impact of Neoliberalism, Criminalization, and Professionalization on Domestic Violence Work Author: Mehrotra, Gita R., Kimball, Ericka, Wahab, Stéphanie Year: 2016 The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare recently released its Grand Challenges for Social Work. ‘‘Ending gender-based violence’’ (also referenced as domestic violence [DV] or intimate partner violence) constitutes one of two streams for the Grand Challenge #3, Stop Family Violence (Edleson, Lindhorst, & Kanuha, 2015). The authors of the white paper for this challenge map some of the history and current landscape of gender-based violence (GBV) in the United States while also providing some insight into social work’s role in research, practice, and policy in addressing this important issue. We agree with the authors that ending GBV requires interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaborations. We also agree that, as a field, ‘‘social work has not gone far enough’’. Although Edleson, Lindhorst, and Kanuha’s (2015) working paper suggests hope that the United States ‘‘has the resources, tools, and knowledge to move more quickly toward not only healthier nonviolent relationships but also families, neighborhoods, and communities that value safety, empowerment and respect for girls and women’’, little attention is paid to the political and economic conditions that create and shape antiviolence work (research, practice, policy) and how these conditions impact efforts that social workers might/ should/could enact to meet this Grand Challenge. We hope to expand this conversation and inspire social work’s engagement and capacity for addressing domestic violence (DV) by calling attention to the ways neoliberalism, criminalization, and professionalization are braided together to shape the kind of work made im/possible when it comes to ending DV. In this editorial, we will argue ‘‘the braid’’ of these three forces significantly influences and constrains DV work and research in the United States as demonstrated by Edleson et al.’s (2015) paper. Although we support the need for social work to take a proactive and thoughtful position in addressing DV across our communities, the dominance of positivist paradigms for research and practice at present fails to address the structural and systemic issues we believe are most critical to ending DV. We would, in fact, argue that the analysis and approach mapped by Edleson et al.’s paper is shaped by and contributes to the braid’s ongoing hold on DV work. To discuss each of these issues—neoliberalism, criminalization, and professionalization—in isolation creates a sense of discreteness and disconnectedness that we believe is inaccurate, as each strand relies on and reinforces the others to constitute the braid. That said, for the purposes of our discussion herein, we briefly highlight some key elements of each ‘‘strand’’ to orient the reader to prominent macro forces shaping the braid. We then move into our discussion, highlighting some of the key impacts of the braid on DV work and implications for future directions. Our reflections here are deeply informed by our diverse social identities, life experiences, and connection to DV research, practice, and activism over many decades. In addition, our ideas rest heavily upon the analyses and work of critical DV scholar Mimi Kim, and INCITE! women, gender nonconforming, and trans people against violence. Title: The Braid That Binds Us: The Impact of Neoliberalism, Criminalization, and Professionalization on Domestic Violence Work Author: Mehrotra, Gita R., Kimball, Ericka, Wahab, Stéphanie Year: 2016 The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare recently released its Grand Challenges for Social Work. ‘‘Ending gender-based violence’’ (also referenced as domestic violence [DV] or intimate partner violence) constitutes one of two streams for the Grand Challenge #3, Stop Family Violence (Edleson, Lindhorst, & Kanuha, 2015). The authors of the white paper for this challenge map some of the history and current landscape of gender-based violence (GBV) in the United States while also providing some insight into social work’s role in research, practice, and policy in addressing this important issue. We agree with the authors that ending GBV requires interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaborations. We also agree that, as a field, ‘‘social work has not gone far enough’’. Although Edleson, Lindhorst, and Kanuha’s (2015) working paper suggests hope that the United States ‘‘has the resources, tools, and knowledge to move more quickly toward not only healthier nonviolent relationships but also families, neighborhoods, and communities that value safety, empowerment and respect for girls and women’’, little attention is paid to the political and economic conditions that create and shape antiviolence work (research, practice, policy) and how these conditions impact efforts that social workers might/ should/could enact to meet this Grand Challenge. We hope to expand this conversation and inspire social work’s engagement and capacity for addressing domestic violence (DV) by calling attention to the ways neoliberalism, criminalization, and professionalization are braided together to shape the kind of work made im/possible when it comes to ending DV. In this editorial, we will argue ‘‘the braid’’ of these three forces significantly influences and constrains DV work and research in the United States as demonstrated by Edleson et al.’s (2015) paper. Although we support the need for social work to take a proactive and thoughtful position in addressing DV across our communities, the dominance of positivist paradigms for research and practice at present fails to address the structural and systemic issues we believe are most critical to ending DV. We would, in fact, argue that the analysis and approach mapped by Edleson et al.’s paper is shaped by and contributes to the braid’s ongoing hold on DV work. To discuss each of these issues—neoliberalism, criminalization, and professionalization—in isolation creates a sense of discreteness and disconnectedness that we believe is inaccurate, as each strand relies on and reinforces the others to constitute the braid. That said, for the purposes of our discussion herein, we briefly highlight some key elements of each ‘‘strand’’ to orient the reader to prominent macro forces shaping the braid. We then move into our discussion, highlighting some of the key impacts of the braid on DV work and implications for future directions. Our reflections here are deeply informed by our diverse social identities, life experiences, and connection to DV research, practice, and activism over many decades. In addition, our ideas rest heavily upon the analyses and work of critical DV scholar Mimi Kim, and INCITE! women, gender nonconforming, and trans people against violence. Close

• 598. [Article] Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry

  Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry Author: Athey, Dory Year: 2016 Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and underrepresentation of nonwhite, differently abled, and queer populations in young adult and children’s literature. Though Saeed’s original tweet received only eleven retweets and seven likes, two years later, the #WeNeedDiverseBooks hashtag is now just a piece of the larger organization that generated more than 333,000 dollars in 2014 (its first year as an organization) and continues to promote large-scale programming in schools, organize festivals, award grants, and develop partnerships with organizations and companies from all sides of the YA and children’s book industry––from publishers to librarians to booksellers. Today, the organization functions as a persistent knock on the gatekeepers’ door, demanding entry through the gate and responsiveness from the keepers. The reach of We Need Diverse Books is huge, its message loud, and it’s difficult to know where and how to categorize this new type of influence on writing and publishing. How do digital communities and conversations -- organized by hashtags and hosted on social networking and micro-blogging sites -- shape and inform how and what we read and publish? Still dominated by white, able bodied, and cisgender faces, brains, and experiences (see Lee & Low Books recently released results of the Diversity Baseline Survey), the publishing industry today is challenged to the next steps. What are they? How can publishers leverage a new and rapidly evolving media environment to stay accountable to readers and audiences? The following examination posits that these emergent, participatory digital environs might be productively considered paratexts, that is, the pieces of a book that surround and extend it, that “present…and make it present…to assure its presence in the world.”5 Taking literary critic Gérard Genette’s original concept of paratext and introducing it to media theorist John Fiske's concept of "the producerly text," we arrive at what I call the "producerly paratext," which not only presents and makes present the book, but also invites outside parties to participate in that presentation. Forging spaces for that participation is the way forward for the book industry and its inhabitants who are striving, and often stumbling, to keep up with ever more rapid technological change, meet a more and more elusive bottom line, and build a more responsive and representative industry. This exploration will take three turns. The first is a twofold examination that defines the theoretical framework of the producerly paratext and then brings it into conversation with book history, keeping a keen eye toward the capacity of emerging technology to enable paratexts that are sites of resistance and reformulation. The second is a compendium of examples of paratexts that bring that examination to bear in the present moment of media and the book industry. Bringing the We Need Diverse Books campaign’s use of networked, digital tools into conversation with contemporary conceptualizations of paratext yields a dynamic vision of a publishing industry poised to actively become more innovative, responsive, and representative. The third is a blueprint for producerly paratext production: a consideration how the publishing industry might move forward on this particular track, work with audiences to understand paratexts, and build new producerly ones that both hold publishers accountable and function as spaces of resistance and reformulation––paratexts that continue to dismantle the gate and let readers cross the threshold. Title: Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry Author: Athey, Dory Year: 2016 Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and underrepresentation of nonwhite, differently abled, and queer populations in young adult and children’s literature. Though Saeed’s original tweet received only eleven retweets and seven likes, two years later, the #WeNeedDiverseBooks hashtag is now just a piece of the larger organization that generated more than 333,000 dollars in 2014 (its first year as an organization) and continues to promote large-scale programming in schools, organize festivals, award grants, and develop partnerships with organizations and companies from all sides of the YA and children’s book industry––from publishers to librarians to booksellers. Today, the organization functions as a persistent knock on the gatekeepers’ door, demanding entry through the gate and responsiveness from the keepers. The reach of We Need Diverse Books is huge, its message loud, and it’s difficult to know where and how to categorize this new type of influence on writing and publishing. How do digital communities and conversations -- organized by hashtags and hosted on social networking and micro-blogging sites -- shape and inform how and what we read and publish? Still dominated by white, able bodied, and cisgender faces, brains, and experiences (see Lee & Low Books recently released results of the Diversity Baseline Survey), the publishing industry today is challenged to the next steps. What are they? How can publishers leverage a new and rapidly evolving media environment to stay accountable to readers and audiences? The following examination posits that these emergent, participatory digital environs might be productively considered paratexts, that is, the pieces of a book that surround and extend it, that “present…and make it present…to assure its presence in the world.”5 Taking literary critic Gérard Genette’s original concept of paratext and introducing it to media theorist John Fiske's concept of "the producerly text," we arrive at what I call the "producerly paratext," which not only presents and makes present the book, but also invites outside parties to participate in that presentation. Forging spaces for that participation is the way forward for the book industry and its inhabitants who are striving, and often stumbling, to keep up with ever more rapid technological change, meet a more and more elusive bottom line, and build a more responsive and representative industry. This exploration will take three turns. The first is a twofold examination that defines the theoretical framework of the producerly paratext and then brings it into conversation with book history, keeping a keen eye toward the capacity of emerging technology to enable paratexts that are sites of resistance and reformulation. The second is a compendium of examples of paratexts that bring that examination to bear in the present moment of media and the book industry. Bringing the We Need Diverse Books campaign’s use of networked, digital tools into conversation with contemporary conceptualizations of paratext yields a dynamic vision of a publishing industry poised to actively become more innovative, responsive, and representative. The third is a blueprint for producerly paratext production: a consideration how the publishing industry might move forward on this particular track, work with audiences to understand paratexts, and build new producerly ones that both hold publishers accountable and function as spaces of resistance and reformulation––paratexts that continue to dismantle the gate and let readers cross the threshold. Close

• 599. [Article] Primary Care and Mental Health Integration in Coordinated Care Organizations

  The prevalence of untreated and undertreated mental health concerns and the comorbidity of chronic conditions and mental illness has led to greater calls for the integration of primary care and mental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Primary Care and Mental Health Integration in Coordinated Care Organizations Author: Baker, Robin Lynn Year: 2017 The prevalence of untreated and undertreated mental health concerns and the comorbidity of chronic conditions and mental illness has led to greater calls for the integration of primary care and mental health. In 2012, the Oregon Health Authority authorized 16 Coordinated Care Organizations (CCO) to partner with their local communities to better coordinate physical, behavioral, and dental health care for Medicaid recipients. One part of this larger effort to increase coordination is the integration of primary care and mental health services in both primary care and community mental health settings. The underlying assumption of CCOs is that organizations have the capacity to fundamentally change how health care is organized, delivered, and financed in ways that lead to improved access, quality of care, and health outcomes. Using the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care (RMIC), this study examined the factors that impact organizational efforts to facilitate the integration of primary care and mental health through interviews with executive and senior staff from three CCOs. The RMIC focuses attention on the different levels at which integration processes may occur as well as acknowledges the role that both functional and normative enablers of integration can play in facilitating integration processes within as well as across levels. The following research question was explored: What key factors in Oregon's health care system impede or facilitate the ability of Coordinated Care Organizations to encourage the integration of primary care and mental health? Using a case study approach, this study drew upon qualitative methods to examine and identify the factors throughout the system, organizational, professional, and clinic levels that support CCO efforts to facilitate the integration of primary care and mental health. Fourteen primary interviews were conducted with executive and senior staff. In addition, eleven secondary interviews from a NIDA funded project as well as twenty-four key CCO documents from three CCOs were also included in this study. The RMIC was successful in differentiating extent of CCO integration of primary care and mental health. Findings demonstrate that normative and functional enablers of integration were most prevalent at the system and organization level for integrating mental health into primary care for these three CCOs. However, there was variation in CCO involvement in the development of functional and normative enablers of integration at the professional and clinic levels. Normative and functional enablers of integration were limited at all of the RMIC levels for integrating primary care into community mental health settings across all three CCOs. The Patient-Centered Primary Care Home model provided CCOs with an opportunity to develop functional and normative enablers of integration for integrating mental health in primary care settings. The lack of a fully developed model for integrating primary care services in community mental health settings serves as a barrier for reverse integration. An additional barrier is the instability of community mental health as compared to primary care; contributing factors include historically low wages and increased administrative burden. System wide conversations about where people are best served (i.e., primary care or community mental health) has yet to occur; yet these conversations may be critical for facilitating cross-collaboration and referral processes. Finally, work is needed to create and validate measures of integration for both primary care and community mental health settings. Overall findings confirm that integrating primary care and mental health is complex but that organizations can play an important role by ensuring the development of normative and functional enablers of integration at all levels of the system. Title: Primary Care and Mental Health Integration in Coordinated Care Organizations Author: Baker, Robin Lynn Year: 2017 The prevalence of untreated and undertreated mental health concerns and the comorbidity of chronic conditions and mental illness has led to greater calls for the integration of primary care and mental health. In 2012, the Oregon Health Authority authorized 16 Coordinated Care Organizations (CCO) to partner with their local communities to better coordinate physical, behavioral, and dental health care for Medicaid recipients. One part of this larger effort to increase coordination is the integration of primary care and mental health services in both primary care and community mental health settings. The underlying assumption of CCOs is that organizations have the capacity to fundamentally change how health care is organized, delivered, and financed in ways that lead to improved access, quality of care, and health outcomes. Using the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care (RMIC), this study examined the factors that impact organizational efforts to facilitate the integration of primary care and mental health through interviews with executive and senior staff from three CCOs. The RMIC focuses attention on the different levels at which integration processes may occur as well as acknowledges the role that both functional and normative enablers of integration can play in facilitating integration processes within as well as across levels. The following research question was explored: What key factors in Oregon's health care system impede or facilitate the ability of Coordinated Care Organizations to encourage the integration of primary care and mental health? Using a case study approach, this study drew upon qualitative methods to examine and identify the factors throughout the system, organizational, professional, and clinic levels that support CCO efforts to facilitate the integration of primary care and mental health. Fourteen primary interviews were conducted with executive and senior staff. In addition, eleven secondary interviews from a NIDA funded project as well as twenty-four key CCO documents from three CCOs were also included in this study. The RMIC was successful in differentiating extent of CCO integration of primary care and mental health. Findings demonstrate that normative and functional enablers of integration were most prevalent at the system and organization level for integrating mental health into primary care for these three CCOs. However, there was variation in CCO involvement in the development of functional and normative enablers of integration at the professional and clinic levels. Normative and functional enablers of integration were limited at all of the RMIC levels for integrating primary care into community mental health settings across all three CCOs. The Patient-Centered Primary Care Home model provided CCOs with an opportunity to develop functional and normative enablers of integration for integrating mental health in primary care settings. The lack of a fully developed model for integrating primary care services in community mental health settings serves as a barrier for reverse integration. An additional barrier is the instability of community mental health as compared to primary care; contributing factors include historically low wages and increased administrative burden. System wide conversations about where people are best served (i.e., primary care or community mental health) has yet to occur; yet these conversations may be critical for facilitating cross-collaboration and referral processes. Finally, work is needed to create and validate measures of integration for both primary care and community mental health settings. Overall findings confirm that integrating primary care and mental health is complex but that organizations can play an important role by ensuring the development of normative and functional enablers of integration at all levels of the system. Close

• 600. [Article] The Theoretical Antecedents to Communication Primes: A Holistic Perspective with Public Policy Implications

  This research provides a thorough review of the research on priming and marketing (essay 1) as well as empirically explores several unintended consequences of priming (essay 2) and the antecedents to priming ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Theoretical Antecedents to Communication Primes: A Holistic Perspective with Public Policy Implications Author: Minton, Elizabeth Year: 2014 This research provides a thorough review of the research on priming and marketing (essay 1) as well as empirically explores several unintended consequences of priming (essay 2) and the antecedents to priming effects (essay 3). In essay 1, priming research is reviewed using a classification system based on priming outcome using the ABC model of attitudes (i.e., affective, behavioral, and cognitive priming). The priming process is discussed, and types of priming in each category are reviewed before challenges in the priming process are discussed. In essay 2, non-product-centric (i.e., collateral) primes (e.g., co-branding, sponsorship, cause marketing) are explored. This research explores how collateral information works as a prime to influence product evaluations, specifically with application to cause marketing. Study 1 of essay 2 explores the consumer outcomes of collateral communication primes by showing that adding a health cause to a cookie package (i.e., the prime) significantly increases product health perceptions. Study 2 explores limits on collateral communication priming and finds that health charities on product packaging increase brand attitude and purchase intentions, while disclaimers increase processing and reduce prime effects. Study 3 explores person specific antecedents to collateral communication primes revealing that an individual's theory of mind leads to ad skepticism that, in turn, influences reaction to primes. Essay 3 specifically examines the theoretical framework underlying priming effects by examining priming from two bodies of competing theory rooted in individual and social antecedents to behavior. Study 1 of essay 3 confirms past findings and develops materials to be used in studies 2 and 3 by showing that spokesfigures are marketer-supplied cues that vary in manipulativeness, and these cues interact with other cues, such as complexity and persuasion. Study 2 provides support for individual antecedents to cue-based primes (cognitive abilities, as measured by working memory capacity, and advertising skepticism). Study 3 builds on study 2 by adding in social antecedents (theory of mind and psychological reactance) to develop a comprehensive model of consumer information processing. All together, these three essays explore the literature on priming and marketing and provide a more holistic understanding of the antecedents to priming effects. Title: The Theoretical Antecedents to Communication Primes: A Holistic Perspective with Public Policy Implications Author: Minton, Elizabeth Year: 2014 This research provides a thorough review of the research on priming and marketing (essay 1) as well as empirically explores several unintended consequences of priming (essay 2) and the antecedents to priming effects (essay 3). In essay 1, priming research is reviewed using a classification system based on priming outcome using the ABC model of attitudes (i.e., affective, behavioral, and cognitive priming). The priming process is discussed, and types of priming in each category are reviewed before challenges in the priming process are discussed. In essay 2, non-product-centric (i.e., collateral) primes (e.g., co-branding, sponsorship, cause marketing) are explored. This research explores how collateral information works as a prime to influence product evaluations, specifically with application to cause marketing. Study 1 of essay 2 explores the consumer outcomes of collateral communication primes by showing that adding a health cause to a cookie package (i.e., the prime) significantly increases product health perceptions. Study 2 explores limits on collateral communication priming and finds that health charities on product packaging increase brand attitude and purchase intentions, while disclaimers increase processing and reduce prime effects. Study 3 explores person specific antecedents to collateral communication primes revealing that an individual's theory of mind leads to ad skepticism that, in turn, influences reaction to primes. Essay 3 specifically examines the theoretical framework underlying priming effects by examining priming from two bodies of competing theory rooted in individual and social antecedents to behavior. Study 1 of essay 3 confirms past findings and develops materials to be used in studies 2 and 3 by showing that spokesfigures are marketer-supplied cues that vary in manipulativeness, and these cues interact with other cues, such as complexity and persuasion. Study 2 provides support for individual antecedents to cue-based primes (cognitive abilities, as measured by working memory capacity, and advertising skepticism). Study 3 builds on study 2 by adding in social antecedents (theory of mind and psychological reactance) to develop a comprehensive model of consumer information processing. All together, these three essays explore the literature on priming and marketing and provide a more holistic understanding of the antecedents to priming effects. Close