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• 141. [Article] Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements

  As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements Author: Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. With various modes competing for scarce resources, planners and transportation agencies often struggle with how to justify infrastructure investments for non-motorized modes, particularly when driving is still the predominant mode of transportation in most cities. In this project we assess property value impacts of Portland’s “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. The Green Loop is a proposed 6-mile linear open space running through the heart of Portland, connecting existing and new open spaces, parks, gathering areas, and walking and biking pathways. As envisioned, the Green Loop concept requires significant infrastructure investments, and would result in both short-term and long-term impacts on transportation (for all travel modes), economic development and the environment. In collaboration with the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS), the Portland State University Institute for Sustainable Solutions (ISS), and in partnership with PeopleForBikes and the Summit Foundation, the goal of this research is to characterize, quantify and analyze these costs, benefits and impacts, particularly focusing on case studies of similar infrastructure investments in active transportation. In this webinar, we will further focus on the residential property value impacts associated with advanced bike facilities. We find that proximity to advanced bike facilities has significant and positive effects on all property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. The lessons and research gaps identified in this work led to the development of two ongoing NITC-funded studies: "Understanding Economic and Business Impacts of Street Improvements for Bicycle and Pedestrian Mobility - A Multi-City Multi-Approach Exploration" and "Understanding the economic impacts of urban greenway infrastructure." We will share some updates on these ongoing projects as well. Key learning outcomes include: A framework for understanding the economic results of bicycle and pedestrian investments, with data to show: Evidence of impacts on residential property values Evidence of impacts on on business and retail activity Insight into potential short-term and long-term impacts of the Portland Green Loop A method for estimating economic impacts of similar proposed active transportation projects Title: Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements Author: Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. With various modes competing for scarce resources, planners and transportation agencies often struggle with how to justify infrastructure investments for non-motorized modes, particularly when driving is still the predominant mode of transportation in most cities. In this project we assess property value impacts of Portland’s “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. The Green Loop is a proposed 6-mile linear open space running through the heart of Portland, connecting existing and new open spaces, parks, gathering areas, and walking and biking pathways. As envisioned, the Green Loop concept requires significant infrastructure investments, and would result in both short-term and long-term impacts on transportation (for all travel modes), economic development and the environment. In collaboration with the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS), the Portland State University Institute for Sustainable Solutions (ISS), and in partnership with PeopleForBikes and the Summit Foundation, the goal of this research is to characterize, quantify and analyze these costs, benefits and impacts, particularly focusing on case studies of similar infrastructure investments in active transportation. In this webinar, we will further focus on the residential property value impacts associated with advanced bike facilities. We find that proximity to advanced bike facilities has significant and positive effects on all property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. The lessons and research gaps identified in this work led to the development of two ongoing NITC-funded studies: "Understanding Economic and Business Impacts of Street Improvements for Bicycle and Pedestrian Mobility - A Multi-City Multi-Approach Exploration" and "Understanding the economic impacts of urban greenway infrastructure." We will share some updates on these ongoing projects as well. Key learning outcomes include: A framework for understanding the economic results of bicycle and pedestrian investments, with data to show: Evidence of impacts on residential property values Evidence of impacts on on business and retail activity Insight into potential short-term and long-term impacts of the Portland Green Loop A method for estimating economic impacts of similar proposed active transportation projects Close

• 142. [Article] Higher Education Reform in Oregon, 2011-2014: A Policy and Legislative History

  When the Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission (HECC) was first convened in the summer of 2012 its first topic of conversation among its members was, “why we here, and what are we supposed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Higher Education Reform in Oregon, 2011-2014: A Policy and Legislative History Author: Pollack, Sean Year: 2014 When the Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission (HECC) was first convened in the summer of 2012 its first topic of conversation among its members was, “why we here, and what are we supposed to be doing?” The Commission was a body created by legislation but convened with no formal authority, no clearly defined role, no staff, and no budget. The state education agencies such as the Oregon University System (OUS) and the Department of Community Colleges and Workforce Development (CCWD) were barely paying attention. The Commission members were all distinguished education professionals and student activists with a range of experience and expertise, but not household names. No longer does the HECC question its role. Only one original member of the Commission is still serving (Vice Chair Betty Duvall), and the HECC is now acknowledged as the sole state level authority governing (or “coordinating”) all of state higher education, meaning all seven state universities and all seventeen community colleges. Many of the governance functions of the OUS chancellor’s office have been distributed to independent boards (chosen and ratified by the Governor and legislature), and the CCWD has been subsumed within the HECC, no longer an independent state agency with its own policy authority. In the intervening two years, a series of bills passed by the Oregon legislature had conferred nearly all the policy-making authority for state funded higher education on this formerly toothless Commission. HECC now has a staff of over 20 (more than forty if the staff from the other agencies that have been absorbed by HECC are counted) and an annual budget of $3.8 million. HECC’s chair, Tim Nesbitt, and executive director, Ben Cannon, are two of Governor John Kitzhaber’s closest advisors on education, which as much as anything signals this Commission’s importance. In 2012 almost no one expected the HECC to last, much less become the state’s hub for higher education policy. The purpose of the research and discussion that follows is to take a broad look at the policy and legislation currently being enacted to discover its origins, theoretical backgrounds, and speculate on the future of Oregon higher education under this new framework. Title: Higher Education Reform in Oregon, 2011-2014: A Policy and Legislative History Author: Pollack, Sean Year: 2014 When the Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission (HECC) was first convened in the summer of 2012 its first topic of conversation among its members was, “why we here, and what are we supposed to be doing?” The Commission was a body created by legislation but convened with no formal authority, no clearly defined role, no staff, and no budget. The state education agencies such as the Oregon University System (OUS) and the Department of Community Colleges and Workforce Development (CCWD) were barely paying attention. The Commission members were all distinguished education professionals and student activists with a range of experience and expertise, but not household names. No longer does the HECC question its role. Only one original member of the Commission is still serving (Vice Chair Betty Duvall), and the HECC is now acknowledged as the sole state level authority governing (or “coordinating”) all of state higher education, meaning all seven state universities and all seventeen community colleges. Many of the governance functions of the OUS chancellor’s office have been distributed to independent boards (chosen and ratified by the Governor and legislature), and the CCWD has been subsumed within the HECC, no longer an independent state agency with its own policy authority. In the intervening two years, a series of bills passed by the Oregon legislature had conferred nearly all the policy-making authority for state funded higher education on this formerly toothless Commission. HECC now has a staff of over 20 (more than forty if the staff from the other agencies that have been absorbed by HECC are counted) and an annual budget of $3.8 million. HECC’s chair, Tim Nesbitt, and executive director, Ben Cannon, are two of Governor John Kitzhaber’s closest advisors on education, which as much as anything signals this Commission’s importance. In 2012 almost no one expected the HECC to last, much less become the state’s hub for higher education policy. The purpose of the research and discussion that follows is to take a broad look at the policy and legislation currently being enacted to discover its origins, theoretical backgrounds, and speculate on the future of Oregon higher education under this new framework. Close

• 143. [Article] Potentials of Aquaculture Production to Food Security in Rwanda

  Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potentials of Aquaculture Production to Food Security in Rwanda Author: Ngirinshuti, Leonce, Mapendo, Mindje, Agbebi, Funmilola, Kibogo, Andrew Year: 2016 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Title: Potentials of Aquaculture Production to Food Security in Rwanda Author: Ngirinshuti, Leonce, Mapendo, Mindje, Agbebi, Funmilola, Kibogo, Andrew Year: 2016 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Close

• 144. [Article] Oregon DEQ: Southern Willamette Valley Groundwater Management Area Outreach and Survey

  Examining Committee: Benjamin Clark and Mark Nystrom

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon DEQ: Southern Willamette Valley Groundwater Management Area Outreach and Survey Author: Dales, Sam, Fiorelli, Thomas, Gil, Ryan Year: 2017 Examining Committee: Benjamin Clark and Mark Nystrom Title: Oregon DEQ: Southern Willamette Valley Groundwater Management Area Outreach and Survey Author: Dales, Sam, Fiorelli, Thomas, Gil, Ryan Year: 2017 Examining Committee: Benjamin Clark and Mark Nystrom Close

• 145. [Article] Geographic Information Systems Housing Analysis in Albany, Oregon

  The University of Oregon’s GIScience 2 students collaborated with the City of Albany, Oregon, to gather, organize, synthesize, and map geospatial information. Albany is interested in better understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geographic Information Systems Housing Analysis in Albany, Oregon Author: Portwood, Paige, Kohler, Nick Year: 2017 The University of Oregon’s GIScience 2 students collaborated with the City of Albany, Oregon, to gather, organize, synthesize, and map geospatial information. Albany is interested in better understanding the segregation patterns of underrepresented demographic populations like racial/ethnic minority groups, low income individuals or families, people with disabilities, and seniors. GIS students used these potential segregation factors and compared them to access or availability of amenities and services. The students were divided into ve groups to cover a greater variance of ndings: Housing Patterns and Needs, Access to Opportunity, Segregation/Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups, Publicly Supported Housing Analysis, and Disability and Access Analysis. City of Albany sta will be able to utilize this report to visualize spatial patterns of segregation, areas of concentrated populations, and potentially use this information as a reference in the future to promote greater integration.Students were divided into ve groups and focused on di erent areas of fair housing: Housing Patterns and Needs, Disparities in Access to Opportunity, Segregation/ Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups, Publicly Supported Housing Analysis, and Disability and Access Analysis. Within these categories, each student chose a speci c topic to focus on; individually, students compiled data, conducted spatial analyses, and created a map(s). In collaboration with City of Albany sta , students used existing city data, plans, market strategies, and maps as frameworks to create quality maps using Geographic Information System (GIS). The fair housing group concentrations are de ned as: 1. Housing Patterns and Needs based on disproportionate opportunities for population or household characteristics such as tenure availability, race/ethnicity, income, family status, or housing age. 2. Disparities in Access to Opportunity measures the accessibility of certain population groups to living amenities such as transit, parks, schools, or grocery stores. 3. Segregation and Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups displays how racial/ ethnic groups are dispersed or concentrated, while also identifying racial/ethnic groups that may experience the highest level of segregation. 4. Publicly Supported Housing Analysis seeks to identify demographic patterns of residents who live in public housing or in surrounding areas. 5. Disability and Access Analysis is a spatial analysis showing where persons with disabilities are geographically dispersed or concentrated and what services are accessible, or within close proximity to where they live. Title: Geographic Information Systems Housing Analysis in Albany, Oregon Author: Portwood, Paige, Kohler, Nick Year: 2017 The University of Oregon’s GIScience 2 students collaborated with the City of Albany, Oregon, to gather, organize, synthesize, and map geospatial information. Albany is interested in better understanding the segregation patterns of underrepresented demographic populations like racial/ethnic minority groups, low income individuals or families, people with disabilities, and seniors. GIS students used these potential segregation factors and compared them to access or availability of amenities and services. The students were divided into ve groups to cover a greater variance of ndings: Housing Patterns and Needs, Access to Opportunity, Segregation/Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups, Publicly Supported Housing Analysis, and Disability and Access Analysis. City of Albany sta will be able to utilize this report to visualize spatial patterns of segregation, areas of concentrated populations, and potentially use this information as a reference in the future to promote greater integration.Students were divided into ve groups and focused on di erent areas of fair housing: Housing Patterns and Needs, Disparities in Access to Opportunity, Segregation/ Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups, Publicly Supported Housing Analysis, and Disability and Access Analysis. Within these categories, each student chose a speci c topic to focus on; individually, students compiled data, conducted spatial analyses, and created a map(s). In collaboration with City of Albany sta , students used existing city data, plans, market strategies, and maps as frameworks to create quality maps using Geographic Information System (GIS). The fair housing group concentrations are de ned as: 1. Housing Patterns and Needs based on disproportionate opportunities for population or household characteristics such as tenure availability, race/ethnicity, income, family status, or housing age. 2. Disparities in Access to Opportunity measures the accessibility of certain population groups to living amenities such as transit, parks, schools, or grocery stores. 3. Segregation and Integration of Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups displays how racial/ ethnic groups are dispersed or concentrated, while also identifying racial/ethnic groups that may experience the highest level of segregation. 4. Publicly Supported Housing Analysis seeks to identify demographic patterns of residents who live in public housing or in surrounding areas. 5. Disability and Access Analysis is a spatial analysis showing where persons with disabilities are geographically dispersed or concentrated and what services are accessible, or within close proximity to where they live. Close

• 146. [Article] Essays on the Economics of Telephones and Evolving Technologies

  Telephones have changed dramatically from their introduction to their current form, and done so most significantly since the introduction of cell phones in the 1980s. This has impacted competition in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on the Economics of Telephones and Evolving Technologies Author: Thacker, Michael Year: 2016 Telephones have changed dramatically from their introduction to their current form, and done so most significantly since the introduction of cell phones in the 1980s. This has impacted competition in the telephony market. I study this competitive impact of cell phones on the landline market through demand analysis in the first two essays; I turn my attention to the smartphone market in the final essay. In the first essay, I examine the effect of cell phones on telephony demand using the Consumer Expenditure Survey. I develop and estimate a model of household choice using a mixed logit as a function of consumer characteristics, unobserved alternative-specific attributes, and prices. My focus is on the evolution through time. I construct market segments and track adoptions. Evidence suggests that the move to cell phones is driven by young and and large housholds. I develop and apply a decomposition of substitutability and find that substitutability differs through time. Cell phone technologies and consumer culture have changed dramatically since 1983, affecting the level of competition in the regulated telephony market. In the second essay, I develop an empirical strategy to estimate changing demand that addresses changing technologies and preferences. I develop a flexible methodology that allows for likelihood-based estimation of a broad class of latent-dependent-variable models with time-varying parameters. Applying my methodology with a logit model and Bayesian methods, I study the evolution of preferences. Consumers have become more price-sensitive, indicating that improvements to cell phones have provided an increasing competitive constraint on landline pricing. In the third essay, I develop a model of the US smartphone industry; consumers demand products according to a random utility model; firms compete in a dynamic oligopoly model; I incorporate supply-side learning. Firms learn demand through time inspired by recursive least squares adaptive learning. Firms choose whether to release new devices and when to remove devices from the market according to expected future profits. I estimate fixed costs in this market, finding a competitive environment with significant fixed costs. Results show large entry costs and scrap values driven by substantial intellectual property related to technology products. Title: Essays on the Economics of Telephones and Evolving Technologies Author: Thacker, Michael Year: 2016 Telephones have changed dramatically from their introduction to their current form, and done so most significantly since the introduction of cell phones in the 1980s. This has impacted competition in the telephony market. I study this competitive impact of cell phones on the landline market through demand analysis in the first two essays; I turn my attention to the smartphone market in the final essay. In the first essay, I examine the effect of cell phones on telephony demand using the Consumer Expenditure Survey. I develop and estimate a model of household choice using a mixed logit as a function of consumer characteristics, unobserved alternative-specific attributes, and prices. My focus is on the evolution through time. I construct market segments and track adoptions. Evidence suggests that the move to cell phones is driven by young and and large housholds. I develop and apply a decomposition of substitutability and find that substitutability differs through time. Cell phone technologies and consumer culture have changed dramatically since 1983, affecting the level of competition in the regulated telephony market. In the second essay, I develop an empirical strategy to estimate changing demand that addresses changing technologies and preferences. I develop a flexible methodology that allows for likelihood-based estimation of a broad class of latent-dependent-variable models with time-varying parameters. Applying my methodology with a logit model and Bayesian methods, I study the evolution of preferences. Consumers have become more price-sensitive, indicating that improvements to cell phones have provided an increasing competitive constraint on landline pricing. In the third essay, I develop a model of the US smartphone industry; consumers demand products according to a random utility model; firms compete in a dynamic oligopoly model; I incorporate supply-side learning. Firms learn demand through time inspired by recursive least squares adaptive learning. Firms choose whether to release new devices and when to remove devices from the market according to expected future profits. I estimate fixed costs in this market, finding a competitive environment with significant fixed costs. Results show large entry costs and scrap values driven by substantial intellectual property related to technology products. Close

• 147. [Article] READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS)

  This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS) Author: Ye, Qing Year: 2016 This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between the publication of Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase, 1617) and Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791). These two masterpieces represent sexuality and desire by presenting domestic life in polygamous households set within a larger social landscape. This dissertation explores the factors that shifted the literary discourse from the pornographic description of sexuality in Jin Ping Mei, to the representation of chaste love in Honglou meng. This dissertation can be divided into three parts. Part one: Chapter I and II introduce my main approach to interpret the text and the historical and aesthetic context of this novel. Chapter I introduces a large historical background of the late Ming and early Qing China from the aspects of the printing industry, gender politics and the literary criticism. I argue that the blurry boundaries between genres assigned by the May Fourth scholars do not fully satisfy the reading of Guwangyan. My reading, however, scrutinizes the textual body of Guwangyan to explore the material body and body politics demonstrated in the fictional world. Chapter II explains the meaning of the title of the text, the author, commentator, the commentary, and the current studies of Guwangyan. The second part, Chapter III and IV, illustrate a close-reading of the aesthetic body of the text. Chapter III proposes that Guwangyan is a well organized novel which has a carefully designed narrative structure and internal connections among chapters. Chapter IV demonstrates the importance of characterization in the novel. I argue that through a non-polarized yin-yang dichotomy and the yin-zhen contrast, the text demonstrates the uncertainty, transformation, and development of the characters and explores their complicated inner world. The third part, Chapter V and VI, explore two important subjects of Guwangyan, masculinity and the family. Guwangyan represents the male friendship and male same-sex relationship and how they can interact with men’s role in the public and private spheres. Chapter VI broadens the discussion of the family relationship in Guwangyan to include a much larger political landscape. I argue that the latter part of the novel establishes a significant contrast between a realistic representation of political disasters and an idealistic description of family and community unity. Title: READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS) Author: Ye, Qing Year: 2016 This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between the publication of Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase, 1617) and Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791). These two masterpieces represent sexuality and desire by presenting domestic life in polygamous households set within a larger social landscape. This dissertation explores the factors that shifted the literary discourse from the pornographic description of sexuality in Jin Ping Mei, to the representation of chaste love in Honglou meng. This dissertation can be divided into three parts. Part one: Chapter I and II introduce my main approach to interpret the text and the historical and aesthetic context of this novel. Chapter I introduces a large historical background of the late Ming and early Qing China from the aspects of the printing industry, gender politics and the literary criticism. I argue that the blurry boundaries between genres assigned by the May Fourth scholars do not fully satisfy the reading of Guwangyan. My reading, however, scrutinizes the textual body of Guwangyan to explore the material body and body politics demonstrated in the fictional world. Chapter II explains the meaning of the title of the text, the author, commentator, the commentary, and the current studies of Guwangyan. The second part, Chapter III and IV, illustrate a close-reading of the aesthetic body of the text. Chapter III proposes that Guwangyan is a well organized novel which has a carefully designed narrative structure and internal connections among chapters. Chapter IV demonstrates the importance of characterization in the novel. I argue that through a non-polarized yin-yang dichotomy and the yin-zhen contrast, the text demonstrates the uncertainty, transformation, and development of the characters and explores their complicated inner world. The third part, Chapter V and VI, explore two important subjects of Guwangyan, masculinity and the family. Guwangyan represents the male friendship and male same-sex relationship and how they can interact with men’s role in the public and private spheres. Chapter VI broadens the discussion of the family relationship in Guwangyan to include a much larger political landscape. I argue that the latter part of the novel establishes a significant contrast between a realistic representation of political disasters and an idealistic description of family and community unity. Close

• 148. [Article] Breaking Barriers to Bike Share: Insights from Residents of Traditionally Underserved Neighborhoods

  Evidence has shown that higher income and white populations are overrepresented in both access to and use of bike share. Efforts to overcome underserved communities’ barriers to access and use of bike ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breaking Barriers to Bike Share: Insights from Residents of Traditionally Underserved Neighborhoods Author: McNeil, Nathan, Dill, Jennifer, MacArthur, John, Broach, Joseph, Howland, Steven Year: 2017 Evidence has shown that higher income and white populations are overrepresented in both access to and use of bike share. Efforts to overcome underserved communities’ barriers to access and use of bike share have been initiated in a number of cities, including those working with the Better Bike Share Partnership (BBSP) to launch and test potentially replicable approaches to improve the equity outcomes. This report describes findings from a survey of residents living near bike share stations placed in underserved communities of select BBSP cities: Philadelphia, Chicago, and Brooklyn. These were neighborhoods targeted for focused outreach related to BBSP programs, and were majority-minority (79- 94% people of color) and lower-income (36-61% of households under 150% of the poverty level). Residents were also surveyed in control areas that did not receive BBSP targeted outreach in two of the cities. The research team mailed surveys to 6,000 residents in each city, and received 1,885 responses. Respondents closely matched area demographics on race/ethnicity and income in most study locations, but were somewhat more likely to be women, older and more highly educated. Findings are drawn primarily from an analysis of data from adults in the BBSP outreach areas under 65 years old and physically able to ride a bicycle. Of those respondents who provided race and income information (n=779), 42% were lower-income (defined as 300% of poverty or below) people of color, 27% were higher-income (above 300% of poverty) people of color, 6% were lower-income and white (not Hispanic), and 25% were higher-income and white. Race and income often influenced responses to bicycling and bike share in different ways. Differences in behavior and opinions sometimes correlated with income, sometimes with race, and sometimes with race and income combined. Both people of color and lower-income residents cited more barriers to bicycling generally and to using bike share than did higher-income white residents. The biggest barrier to bicycling generally is concern about traffic safety, regardless of race or income (cited as a big barrier by 48% of residents). For some, personal safety is also a concern. For example, 22% of lower-income people of color stated that a big barrier to riding was that doing so could cause them to be harassed or a victim of crime. Some of the most common barriers to bicycling cited by lower-income people of color were issues that bike share could address, such as: not having a bike or related gear (47%); not having a safe place to leave a bike where they need to go (36%); the expense of buying a bike or related gear (41%); and not having a safe place to store a bike at home (32%). High costs of membership and concerns about liability for the bicycle were big barriers to using bike share for about half of lower-income respondents (48% and 52% respectively), compared to 33% and 31% of higher-income respondents of color and only 18% and 10% of higherincome white respondents. Another set of barriers relates to knowledge, lack of knowledge or incorrect knowledge. Only 31% of all respondents knew the details about the availability of the reduced-price membership or pass option, and 34% of lower-income respondents of color said that not knowing enough about how to use bike share was a big barrier to using it, compared to 19% of higher-income respondents of color and 7% of higher-income white residents. Among potential program changes, lower-income people of color were significantly more likely than other respondents to indicate that certain changes would make them more likely to use bike share, including: several changes that could help with cost and liability concerns such as discounted membership or use options (80% stating somewhat or much more likely to use bike share with this change), access to free or low-cost helmets/gear (72%), and easier ways to pay with cash (67%); and several changes to help overcome knowledge or experience gaps, such as help finding safe ways to get where I need to go (70%), and organized rides for people like me (71%). Respondents generally have positive attitudes about bicycling and bike share. A large majority of all residents (73%) and lower-income people of color (74%) agreed that the city’s bike share system “is useful for people like me.” In terms of reasons for using bike share, getting exercise was cited by 71% of the lower-income respondents of color as a reason they would consider using bike share, a rate much higher than other respondent groups. Being able to ride with friends and family was cited by 48% of lower-income respondents of color, again higher than other groups. Title: Breaking Barriers to Bike Share: Insights from Residents of Traditionally Underserved Neighborhoods Author: McNeil, Nathan, Dill, Jennifer, MacArthur, John, Broach, Joseph, Howland, Steven Year: 2017 Evidence has shown that higher income and white populations are overrepresented in both access to and use of bike share. Efforts to overcome underserved communities’ barriers to access and use of bike share have been initiated in a number of cities, including those working with the Better Bike Share Partnership (BBSP) to launch and test potentially replicable approaches to improve the equity outcomes. This report describes findings from a survey of residents living near bike share stations placed in underserved communities of select BBSP cities: Philadelphia, Chicago, and Brooklyn. These were neighborhoods targeted for focused outreach related to BBSP programs, and were majority-minority (79- 94% people of color) and lower-income (36-61% of households under 150% of the poverty level). Residents were also surveyed in control areas that did not receive BBSP targeted outreach in two of the cities. The research team mailed surveys to 6,000 residents in each city, and received 1,885 responses. Respondents closely matched area demographics on race/ethnicity and income in most study locations, but were somewhat more likely to be women, older and more highly educated. Findings are drawn primarily from an analysis of data from adults in the BBSP outreach areas under 65 years old and physically able to ride a bicycle. Of those respondents who provided race and income information (n=779), 42% were lower-income (defined as 300% of poverty or below) people of color, 27% were higher-income (above 300% of poverty) people of color, 6% were lower-income and white (not Hispanic), and 25% were higher-income and white. Race and income often influenced responses to bicycling and bike share in different ways. Differences in behavior and opinions sometimes correlated with income, sometimes with race, and sometimes with race and income combined. Both people of color and lower-income residents cited more barriers to bicycling generally and to using bike share than did higher-income white residents. The biggest barrier to bicycling generally is concern about traffic safety, regardless of race or income (cited as a big barrier by 48% of residents). For some, personal safety is also a concern. For example, 22% of lower-income people of color stated that a big barrier to riding was that doing so could cause them to be harassed or a victim of crime. Some of the most common barriers to bicycling cited by lower-income people of color were issues that bike share could address, such as: not having a bike or related gear (47%); not having a safe place to leave a bike where they need to go (36%); the expense of buying a bike or related gear (41%); and not having a safe place to store a bike at home (32%). High costs of membership and concerns about liability for the bicycle were big barriers to using bike share for about half of lower-income respondents (48% and 52% respectively), compared to 33% and 31% of higher-income respondents of color and only 18% and 10% of higherincome white respondents. Another set of barriers relates to knowledge, lack of knowledge or incorrect knowledge. Only 31% of all respondents knew the details about the availability of the reduced-price membership or pass option, and 34% of lower-income respondents of color said that not knowing enough about how to use bike share was a big barrier to using it, compared to 19% of higher-income respondents of color and 7% of higher-income white residents. Among potential program changes, lower-income people of color were significantly more likely than other respondents to indicate that certain changes would make them more likely to use bike share, including: several changes that could help with cost and liability concerns such as discounted membership or use options (80% stating somewhat or much more likely to use bike share with this change), access to free or low-cost helmets/gear (72%), and easier ways to pay with cash (67%); and several changes to help overcome knowledge or experience gaps, such as help finding safe ways to get where I need to go (70%), and organized rides for people like me (71%). Respondents generally have positive attitudes about bicycling and bike share. A large majority of all residents (73%) and lower-income people of color (74%) agreed that the city’s bike share system “is useful for people like me.” In terms of reasons for using bike share, getting exercise was cited by 71% of the lower-income respondents of color as a reason they would consider using bike share, a rate much higher than other respondent groups. Being able to ride with friends and family was cited by 48% of lower-income respondents of color, again higher than other groups. Close