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• 191. [Article] Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1971

  The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosas Hopk., showed a significant advance northward from the 1970 infestation boundary, encompassing almost one-third of the total Park acreage. A fall survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1971 Author: McGregor, Mark D., Berg, Malcolm J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosas Hopk., showed a significant advance northward from the 1970 infestation boundary, encompassing almost one-third of the total Park acreage. A fall survey conducted in the Park showed an average of 71.1 trees per acre with red or fading foliage from previous year's attacks and 35.8 actively infested trees per acre attacked in 1971. Stocking levels were reduced from 276.2 trees per acre to 169.2 trees per acre. Title: Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestations, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1971 Author: McGregor, Mark D., Berg, Malcolm J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosas Hopk., showed a significant advance northward from the 1970 infestation boundary, encompassing almost one-third of the total Park acreage. A fall survey conducted in the Park showed an average of 71.1 trees per acre with red or fading foliage from previous year's attacks and 35.8 actively infested trees per acre attacked in 1971. Stocking levels were reduced from 276.2 trees per acre to 169.2 trees per acre. Close

• 192. [Article] Observations on the impact of western spruce budworm on the Valley Creek Drainage, Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana

  The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Free.), has caused a measurable impact on a portion of the Flathead Indian Reservation during a 5-year infestation period. This survey showed that most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations on the impact of western spruce budworm on the Valley Creek Drainage, Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bousfield, Wayne E. The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Free.), has caused a measurable impact on a portion of the Flathead Indian Reservation during a 5-year infestation period. This survey showed that most of the grand fir and alpine fir, and 13.8 percent of the Douglas fir has been top killed in the Valley Creek area west of Arlee, Montana. The survey also disclosed that a total net growth loss of 19.6± 1.9 board feet per acre per year has occurred since 1967. Significant growth reduction at the 99 percent level occurred in Douglas-fir, grand fir, alpine fir, and western larch. Little mortality in trees 5 inches d.b.h. and greater has occurred to date. Of the trees under 5 inches d.b.h. 55.6 percent were not suitable for Christmas tree production because of insect damage. Title: Observations on the impact of western spruce budworm on the Valley Creek Drainage, Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bousfield, Wayne E. The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Free.), has caused a measurable impact on a portion of the Flathead Indian Reservation during a 5-year infestation period. This survey showed that most of the grand fir and alpine fir, and 13.8 percent of the Douglas fir has been top killed in the Valley Creek area west of Arlee, Montana. The survey also disclosed that a total net growth loss of 19.6± 1.9 board feet per acre per year has occurred since 1967. Significant growth reduction at the 99 percent level occurred in Douglas-fir, grand fir, alpine fir, and western larch. Little mortality in trees 5 inches d.b.h. and greater has occurred to date. Of the trees under 5 inches d.b.h. 55.6 percent were not suitable for Christmas tree production because of insect damage. Close

• 193. [Article] Cankers in North Dakota windbreak plantings : survey and evaluation

  A survey to determine distribution and intensity of cankers and associated damage in North Dakota windbreak plantings of Russian-olive and Siberian elm was conducted in 1972. Four hundred and thirty-five ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cankers in North Dakota windbreak plantings : survey and evaluation Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry A survey to determine distribution and intensity of cankers and associated damage in North Dakota windbreak plantings of Russian-olive and Siberian elm was conducted in 1972. Four hundred and thirty-five (76 percent) of 574 Russian-olive examined had cankers, and 552 (72 percent) of 769 Siberian elm examined had cankers. Cankers on trees in all windbreaks except one contained the secondary fungi Cytospora sp., Dothichiza sp., and Camarosporium sp. Tubercularia ulmea, the reported pathogen, was recovered from only one windbreak. Most cankers were on small twigs and branches. The cause of windbreak decline appears to be herbicide injury, with root pruning caused by close cultivation, and soil compaction caused by livestock exerting minor effects in localized areas. Recommendations are made to reduce windbreak decline. Title: Cankers in North Dakota windbreak plantings : survey and evaluation Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry A survey to determine distribution and intensity of cankers and associated damage in North Dakota windbreak plantings of Russian-olive and Siberian elm was conducted in 1972. Four hundred and thirty-five (76 percent) of 574 Russian-olive examined had cankers, and 552 (72 percent) of 769 Siberian elm examined had cankers. Cankers on trees in all windbreaks except one contained the secondary fungi Cytospora sp., Dothichiza sp., and Camarosporium sp. Tubercularia ulmea, the reported pathogen, was recovered from only one windbreak. Most cankers were on small twigs and branches. The cause of windbreak decline appears to be herbicide injury, with root pruning caused by close cultivation, and soil compaction caused by livestock exerting minor effects in localized areas. Recommendations are made to reduce windbreak decline. Close

• 194. [Article] Evaluation of root diseases on the Ducharme logging unit, Flathead Indian Reservation

  A root disease evaluation was completed for the Ducharme logging unit near the southeast corner of Flathead Lake. Extensive root disease was found on Douglas-fir throughout the unit. The major pathogen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of root diseases on the Ducharme logging unit, Flathead Indian Reservation Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, James, Robert L., Byler, James W. A root disease evaluation was completed for the Ducharme logging unit near the southeast corner of Flathead Lake. Extensive root disease was found on Douglas-fir throughout the unit. The major pathogen on the site was Armillaria meilea. Black stain (Verticicladiella sp.) was isolated from one tree which was also infected with A. mellea. Bark beetles were not associated with mortality in the unit. Several management approaches to reduce disease losses are discussed. Title: Evaluation of root diseases on the Ducharme logging unit, Flathead Indian Reservation Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, James, Robert L., Byler, James W. A root disease evaluation was completed for the Ducharme logging unit near the southeast corner of Flathead Lake. Extensive root disease was found on Douglas-fir throughout the unit. The major pathogen on the site was Armillaria meilea. Black stain (Verticicladiella sp.) was isolated from one tree which was also infected with A. mellea. Bark beetles were not associated with mortality in the unit. Several management approaches to reduce disease losses are discussed. Close

• 195. [Article] Incidence of wood borer activity in green ash windbreak plantings in North Dakota

  An evaluation was made during midsummer 1972 to measure damage by the carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae, and the ash borer, Podosesia syringae, to green ash in windbreaks in North Dakota. Intensity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incidence of wood borer activity in green ash windbreak plantings in North Dakota Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Tagestad, Arden, Tunnock, Scott An evaluation was made during midsummer 1972 to measure damage by the carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae, and the ash borer, Podosesia syringae, to green ash in windbreaks in North Dakota. Intensity of infestation was determined in four land resource areas and four age classes of windbreaks. Of the 96 windbreaks examined Statewide, the ash borer was present in 51 percent and the carpenterworm in 28.1 percent. The carpenterworm predominated in trees older than 16 years, and the ash borer was more prevalent in trees under 15 years old. Damage by borers was greatest in the southwestern quarter of North Dakota where the carpenterworm had attacked 23.4 percent of the trees and the ash borer 7.2 percent. Damage by borers was negligible in the remainder of the State. The carpenterworm can be considered a minor problem in the eastern half of North Dakota. However, the presence of the ash borer in more than half the windbreaks sampled Statewide makes this insect a potential threat to their management. Control measures are available and should be applied where owners are concerned. Title: Incidence of wood borer activity in green ash windbreak plantings in North Dakota Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Tagestad, Arden, Tunnock, Scott An evaluation was made during midsummer 1972 to measure damage by the carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae, and the ash borer, Podosesia syringae, to green ash in windbreaks in North Dakota. Intensity of infestation was determined in four land resource areas and four age classes of windbreaks. Of the 96 windbreaks examined Statewide, the ash borer was present in 51 percent and the carpenterworm in 28.1 percent. The carpenterworm predominated in trees older than 16 years, and the ash borer was more prevalent in trees under 15 years old. Damage by borers was greatest in the southwestern quarter of North Dakota where the carpenterworm had attacked 23.4 percent of the trees and the ash borer 7.2 percent. Damage by borers was negligible in the remainder of the State. The carpenterworm can be considered a minor problem in the eastern half of North Dakota. However, the presence of the ash borer in more than half the windbreaks sampled Statewide makes this insect a potential threat to their management. Control measures are available and should be applied where owners are concerned. Close

• 196. [Article] A cooperative evaluation of potential air pollution injury and damage to coniferous habitats on national forest lands near Colstrip, Montana : I. Interim report of activities from June 1, 1975 -- May 30, 1976

  Baseline data for the first year of a two-year study to assess the current status of ponderosa pine stands in southeastern Montana relative to coal-fired electric power development are presented. Sixteen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cooperative evaluation of potential air pollution injury and damage to coniferous habitats on national forest lands near Colstrip, Montana : I. Interim report of activities from June 1, 1975 -- May 30, 1976 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Tourangeau, Phillip, Gordon, Clarence C. Baseline data for the first year of a two-year study to assess the current status of ponderosa pine stands in southeastern Montana relative to coal-fired electric power development are presented. Sixteen permanent plots in pine stands were established in eastern Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Several characteristics believed to be sensitive to future sulfur dioxide and fluoride pollution from the power complex were measured on ten trees from each site. Average fluoride concentration in foliage was 1.48 parts per million (ppm), and total sulfur was 483 ppm. Total chlorophyll was .657 mg/gm (fresh wt.) in current needles, .930 mg/gm in year-old needles, 1.016 mg/gm in 2-year old needles, and 1.016 mg/gm in 3-year old foliage. Average foliar water content was 48.9 percent, and mean needle length was 125.3 mm. Needle retention varied between 97-84 percent, depending on internode age. Average fascicular cross-sectional area was 2.1 sq. mm. A number of different insects, fungi, and abiotic factors contributed to slight yellowing and browning of needles, including elegans pine weevil, basal side, various defoliators, and weather factors. Average total necrosis (tissue death) due to the sum of all these factors was less than 7 percent. Measurements of airborne reactive sulfur and fluoride by static plate techniques were negative. This, combined with the very low foliar concentration of sulfur and fluoride, establish the study area as virtually pollution free as of 1975. Additionally, comparisons between the baseline study area and known polluted sites throughout the United States indicate that the polluted sites differ significantly in regard to then pine characteristics measured, and that the degraded pine conditions in the polluted areas are due to airborne sulfur and fluoride concentrations similar to those expected in the near future from the Colstrip power generating facilities. It is anticipated that the ponderosa pine in the study area will be affected. This baseline study will be a convenient, if not necessary, document with which to compare future data in order to detect pollution insults on the pine forests in southeastern Montana. Title: A cooperative evaluation of potential air pollution injury and damage to coniferous habitats on national forest lands near Colstrip, Montana : I. Interim report of activities from June 1, 1975 -- May 30, 1976 Author: Carlson, Clinton E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Tourangeau, Phillip, Gordon, Clarence C. Baseline data for the first year of a two-year study to assess the current status of ponderosa pine stands in southeastern Montana relative to coal-fired electric power development are presented. Sixteen permanent plots in pine stands were established in eastern Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Several characteristics believed to be sensitive to future sulfur dioxide and fluoride pollution from the power complex were measured on ten trees from each site. Average fluoride concentration in foliage was 1.48 parts per million (ppm), and total sulfur was 483 ppm. Total chlorophyll was .657 mg/gm (fresh wt.) in current needles, .930 mg/gm in year-old needles, 1.016 mg/gm in 2-year old needles, and 1.016 mg/gm in 3-year old foliage. Average foliar water content was 48.9 percent, and mean needle length was 125.3 mm. Needle retention varied between 97-84 percent, depending on internode age. Average fascicular cross-sectional area was 2.1 sq. mm. A number of different insects, fungi, and abiotic factors contributed to slight yellowing and browning of needles, including elegans pine weevil, basal side, various defoliators, and weather factors. Average total necrosis (tissue death) due to the sum of all these factors was less than 7 percent. Measurements of airborne reactive sulfur and fluoride by static plate techniques were negative. This, combined with the very low foliar concentration of sulfur and fluoride, establish the study area as virtually pollution free as of 1975. Additionally, comparisons between the baseline study area and known polluted sites throughout the United States indicate that the polluted sites differ significantly in regard to then pine characteristics measured, and that the degraded pine conditions in the polluted areas are due to airborne sulfur and fluoride concentrations similar to those expected in the near future from the Colstrip power generating facilities. It is anticipated that the ponderosa pine in the study area will be affected. This baseline study will be a convenient, if not necessary, document with which to compare future data in order to detect pollution insults on the pine forests in southeastern Montana. Close

• 197. [Article] Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979

  Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Title: Western spruce budworm defoliation trend relative to weather in the Northern Region, 1969-1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Hard, John S., Eder, Robert G., Tunnock, Scott Western spruce budworm defoliated area in the Northern Region has differed significantly across three discrete geographic zones during the past decade. Aerially visible defoliation in northern Idaho increased from 1.7 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.2 million acres in 1974, and declined to none in 1979. Defoliated area in western Montana increased from 1.8 million acres in 1969 to a high of 2.8 million acres in 1972 and declined to 0.6 million acres in 1979. Conversely, defoliated area in eastern Montana fluctuated at low levels between 0.1 and 0.7 million acres between 1969 and 1974, and then rose to a high of 1.6 million acres in 1979. Analysis of defoliation trend, the ratio of acres defoliated in the current year by acres defoliated the prior year, and weather during budworm larval and pupal periods during the past decade revealed the following relationships: Defoliation trend in all three geographic areas varied (a) directly with mean maximum temperature during May, June, and July of the year before, and (b) inversely with frequency of measurable precipitation during May, June, and July of the year before. Based on warm, dry conditions throughout the Region in 1979, we predict a general increase in budworm populations in the Northern Region in 1980. Close

• 198. [Article] Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979

  A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Close

• 199. [Article] Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation : North Fork Clearwater River drainage, northern Idaho, 1970-73

  An outbreak of Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., 40-4 began in 1969 in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. This infestation probably resulted from trees felled ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation : North Fork Clearwater River drainage, northern Idaho, 1970-73 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, McGregor, Mark D. An outbreak of Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., 40-4 began in 1969 in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. This infestation probably resulted from trees felled during clearing for the Dworshak Reservoir, from ice and snow breakage which occurred during the winter of 1968-69 in stands adjacent to the proposed reservoir, and an abundance of mature and overmature Douglas-fir within the drainage. The outbreak reached epidemic proportions in 1970, 40 but was not detected until 1971. To determine impact of this insect on Douglas-fir stands within the area of infestation and establish a base from which to conduct salvage logging, a two-stage survey using aerial photography followed by a ground cruise was conducted in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Area surveyed varied from 288,000 acres in 1971 to 494,000 in 1972, and was reduced 410 to 287,000 acres in 1973. The 1971 survey estimated that 174,164 trees were killed during the 2-year period 1970-71, resulting in a volume loss of 85.8 MMBF of Douglas-fir sawtimber on 288,000 acres. In 1972, an estimated 46,844 trees were killed with a volume loss of about 17.8 MMBF on 494,000 acres. In 1973, the survey estimated that 8,141 trees were killed with a volume loss of 4.2 MMIIF of merchantable timber on 287,000 acres. The infestation has been declining since 1971. Title: Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation : North Fork Clearwater River drainage, northern Idaho, 1970-73 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, McGregor, Mark D. An outbreak of Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., 40-4 began in 1969 in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. This infestation probably resulted from trees felled during clearing for the Dworshak Reservoir, from ice and snow breakage which occurred during the winter of 1968-69 in stands adjacent to the proposed reservoir, and an abundance of mature and overmature Douglas-fir within the drainage. The outbreak reached epidemic proportions in 1970, 40 but was not detected until 1971. To determine impact of this insect on Douglas-fir stands within the area of infestation and establish a base from which to conduct salvage logging, a two-stage survey using aerial photography followed by a ground cruise was conducted in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Area surveyed varied from 288,000 acres in 1971 to 494,000 in 1972, and was reduced 410 to 287,000 acres in 1973. The 1971 survey estimated that 174,164 trees were killed during the 2-year period 1970-71, resulting in a volume loss of 85.8 MMBF of Douglas-fir sawtimber on 288,000 acres. In 1972, an estimated 46,844 trees were killed with a volume loss of about 17.8 MMBF on 494,000 acres. In 1973, the survey estimated that 8,141 trees were killed with a volume loss of 4.2 MMIIF of merchantable timber on 287,000 acres. The infestation has been declining since 1971. Close