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• 1. [Article] Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979

  A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Close

• 2. [Article] Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage, Idaho--1972

  The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., has caused extensive tree mortality for the third consecutive year in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. In 1972, the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage, Idaho--1972 Author: McGregor, Mark D., Bousfield, Wayne E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., has caused extensive tree mortality for the third consecutive year in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. In 1972, the infestation encompassed about 494,080 acres of commercial forest lands in this drainage. It was estimated from a tw-stage aerial photo-ground survey that 240,00 trees were killed during the 3-year period 1970-72, resulting in a loss of about 109 MMBF of Douglas-fir sawtimber. Infestation levels are expected to decline in 1973, but significant tree mortality is expected in Localized infestation centers. Title: Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage, Idaho--1972 Author: McGregor, Mark D., Bousfield, Wayne E., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., has caused extensive tree mortality for the third consecutive year in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. In 1972, the infestation encompassed about 494,080 acres of commercial forest lands in this drainage. It was estimated from a tw-stage aerial photo-ground survey that 240,00 trees were killed during the 3-year period 1970-72, resulting in a loss of about 109 MMBF of Douglas-fir sawtimber. Infestation levels are expected to decline in 1973, but significant tree mortality is expected in Localized infestation centers. Close

• 3. [Article] Evaluation of 35mm vertical aerial photography for estimating tree mortality

  Evaluation of four 35 mm film:lens combinations for estimating conifer mortality showed that large-scale true color images obtained with Kodak High Speed Ektachrome and color infrared images obtained with Kodak ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of 35mm vertical aerial photography for estimating tree mortality Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Williams, Ralph E. Evaluation of four 35 mm film:lens combinations for estimating conifer mortality showed that large-scale true color images obtained with Kodak High Speed Ektachrome and color infrared images obtained with Kodak Ektachrome Infrared, both exposed through a 135 mm lens were best. Higher correlation coefficients were found for the true color:135 combination than color IR:135 combination. Correlation between ground counts and photo counts of stereoscopically examined Kodacolor prints was no better and possibly not as good as correlations between ground counts and enlarged images of projected 35 mm transparencies. * This type and format of photography, as with other types and formats, has its advantages and disadvantages, and would be useful in determining 41 mortality rates or making mortality counts on areas where full coverage is not desired. Other innovations are discussed. Survey designs in which plot selection is based on probability proportional to size (numbers of trees) are apparently more efficient than methods employing simple random selection. An estimated mortality rate 41 of 1.5 trees per acre was indicated, and estimates of 9.8 dead goodtopped trees per acre plus an additional 9.5 green high-risk trees per acre were found. Most mortality and tree decline were associated with disease agents, and continuing or accelerated disease-caused decline is expected in the area. Western white pine,lodgepole pine, and Douglasfir accounted for over 90 percent of the recent and older mortality. The widespread occurrence of destructive root pathogens, including Armillariella me flea and Poria weirii (identified on high-risk trees during the survey), indicates that even though tested control measures are unavailable, best available alternatives discussed herein should be considered in management of the area. Title: Evaluation of 35mm vertical aerial photography for estimating tree mortality Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Williams, Ralph E. Evaluation of four 35 mm film:lens combinations for estimating conifer mortality showed that large-scale true color images obtained with Kodak High Speed Ektachrome and color infrared images obtained with Kodak Ektachrome Infrared, both exposed through a 135 mm lens were best. Higher correlation coefficients were found for the true color:135 combination than color IR:135 combination. Correlation between ground counts and photo counts of stereoscopically examined Kodacolor prints was no better and possibly not as good as correlations between ground counts and enlarged images of projected 35 mm transparencies. * This type and format of photography, as with other types and formats, has its advantages and disadvantages, and would be useful in determining 41 mortality rates or making mortality counts on areas where full coverage is not desired. Other innovations are discussed. Survey designs in which plot selection is based on probability proportional to size (numbers of trees) are apparently more efficient than methods employing simple random selection. An estimated mortality rate 41 of 1.5 trees per acre was indicated, and estimates of 9.8 dead goodtopped trees per acre plus an additional 9.5 green high-risk trees per acre were found. Most mortality and tree decline were associated with disease agents, and continuing or accelerated disease-caused decline is expected in the area. Western white pine,lodgepole pine, and Douglasfir accounted for over 90 percent of the recent and older mortality. The widespread occurrence of destructive root pathogens, including Armillariella me flea and Poria weirii (identified on high-risk trees during the survey), indicates that even though tested control measures are unavailable, best available alternatives discussed herein should be considered in management of the area. Close

• 4. [Article] A demonstration for hazard rating susceptibility of stands to Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation on the Palouse Ranger District, 1. Probability of defoliatio

  A practical demonstration of a method for rating forest stands as to their probability of defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth using aerial photographs and available cruise data was done in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A demonstration for hazard rating susceptibility of stands to Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation on the Palouse Ranger District, 1. Probability of defoliatio Author: Heller, Robert C., Hard, John S., Kessler, Bruce L., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry A practical demonstration of a method for rating forest stands as to their probability of defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth using aerial photographs and available cruise data was done in the Palouse Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho. A nonlinear computer program, RISK, was used to identify significant independent variables for the prediction of probability of defoliation (dependent variable). A hazard rating model developed in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington was localized for the Palouse District using data collected from previously established plots. Data for the Palouse RD hazard rating were obtained from Stand Examination and Management Status Records, aerial photos, topographic maps, and Orthophoto Quadrangles. Four final hazard rating models were developed using various combinations of the following independent variables: elevation, slope, cosine of the aspect times the tangent of the slope, sine of the aspect times the tangent of the slope, topographic position, stand level, stand density, presence of volcanic ash in the soil, stand age, and percent host species. Hazard ratings which indicate the probabilities of a stand being defoliated during a tussock moth outbreak ware computed for 496 forest stands, and stands were color-coded on a map by probability of defoliation classes. Title: A demonstration for hazard rating susceptibility of stands to Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation on the Palouse Ranger District, 1. Probability of defoliatio Author: Heller, Robert C., Hard, John S., Kessler, Bruce L., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry A practical demonstration of a method for rating forest stands as to their probability of defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth using aerial photographs and available cruise data was done in the Palouse Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho. A nonlinear computer program, RISK, was used to identify significant independent variables for the prediction of probability of defoliation (dependent variable). A hazard rating model developed in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington was localized for the Palouse District using data collected from previously established plots. Data for the Palouse RD hazard rating were obtained from Stand Examination and Management Status Records, aerial photos, topographic maps, and Orthophoto Quadrangles. Four final hazard rating models were developed using various combinations of the following independent variables: elevation, slope, cosine of the aspect times the tangent of the slope, sine of the aspect times the tangent of the slope, topographic position, stand level, stand density, presence of volcanic ash in the soil, stand age, and percent host species. Hazard ratings which indicate the probabilities of a stand being defoliated during a tussock moth outbreak ware computed for 496 forest stands, and stands were color-coded on a map by probability of defoliation classes. Close