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• 1. [Article] Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974

  Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974 Author: Minden, Ralph V., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report. Title: Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974 Author: Minden, Ralph V., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report. Close

• 2. [Article] Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 3. [Article] Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography

  Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Harr, R. Dennis (Robert Dennis), 1941-, Ranken, Darren W., University of Washington Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth. Laboratory analyses indicated an abrupt change in hydrologic properties within the top 1.5 m of soil. Water input and movement through the soil are being monitored during winter storm events. Title: Movement of water through forested soils in steep topography Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Harr, R. Dennis (Robert Dennis), 1941-, Ranken, Darren W., University of Washington Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth. Laboratory analyses indicated an abrupt change in hydrologic properties within the top 1.5 m of soil. Water input and movement through the soil are being monitored during winter storm events. Close

• 4. [Article] Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971

  Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Close

• 5. [Article] Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 6. [Article] Nutrient budgets in the lakes of the Cedar River Watershed

  Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient budgets in the lakes of the Cedar River Watershed Author: Spyridakis, Dimitri E., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River Watershed the composition of lakes and streams reflect adjacent rocks but the effects of forest and agricultural practices and of processes occurring downstream very quickly alter the composition to a type largely responsive to the urbanization in the lower reaches of the watershed. The relative ionic composition in the watershed is: Ca > Mg ≥ Na > K and HCO₃ > Cl ≥ S0₄. A 2- to 10-fold increase in concentration is measured with most chemical parameters when comparing upper watershed to lower watershed. The lowest increase is observed with total phosphorus reflecting perhaps identical phosphorus solubility control mechanisms. Annual nutrient budgets for Lake Sammamish suggest a reduction in sedimented phosphorus since diversion, but little change in the quantity of phosphorus released from anaerobic sediment. Although the sediment phosphorus supply during the summer and fall months is nearly three times higher than the external phosphorus supply its relative contribution to the trophogenic layer phosphorus is a function of lake mixing. An iron precipitation mechanism appears to control the mean winter phosphorus contents of Lake Sammamish. The prevailing anoxic conditions in the lake during late summer and fall bring about large increases in hypolimnetic iron concentrations which upon destratification precipitate phosphorus as an iron (111) hydroxy complex. Lake sediment characterization indicate differences between lakes with respect to carbon/nitrogen, nitrogen/phosphorus and particle size distribution reflecting drastic variations in the depositional environments and trophic status of the upper and lower watersheds. Higher carbon/nitrogen and nitrogen/phosphorus ratios and coarser sediments are measured in oligotrophic Findley Lake. With the exception of Findley Lake, all sediments appear to have the same composition with respect to Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, and K contents. Simulation of sediment phosphorus release at the sediment-water interface In enclosed in situ Lake Sammamish sediment-water columns appears to parallel the phosphorus release measured in the lake hypolimnion at the peak of the lake stagnation period. Preliminary studies indicate that it will be possible to relate the nutrient release results from the in situ columns to those of laboratory studies, arriving thus at a faster more economically obtained elucidation of the nutrient exchange mechanisms and potentials at lake sediment-water interface. Title: Nutrient budgets in the lakes of the Cedar River Watershed Author: Spyridakis, Dimitri E., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River Watershed the composition of lakes and streams reflect adjacent rocks but the effects of forest and agricultural practices and of processes occurring downstream very quickly alter the composition to a type largely responsive to the urbanization in the lower reaches of the watershed. The relative ionic composition in the watershed is: Ca > Mg ≥ Na > K and HCO₃ > Cl ≥ S0₄. A 2- to 10-fold increase in concentration is measured with most chemical parameters when comparing upper watershed to lower watershed. The lowest increase is observed with total phosphorus reflecting perhaps identical phosphorus solubility control mechanisms. Annual nutrient budgets for Lake Sammamish suggest a reduction in sedimented phosphorus since diversion, but little change in the quantity of phosphorus released from anaerobic sediment. Although the sediment phosphorus supply during the summer and fall months is nearly three times higher than the external phosphorus supply its relative contribution to the trophogenic layer phosphorus is a function of lake mixing. An iron precipitation mechanism appears to control the mean winter phosphorus contents of Lake Sammamish. The prevailing anoxic conditions in the lake during late summer and fall bring about large increases in hypolimnetic iron concentrations which upon destratification precipitate phosphorus as an iron (111) hydroxy complex. Lake sediment characterization indicate differences between lakes with respect to carbon/nitrogen, nitrogen/phosphorus and particle size distribution reflecting drastic variations in the depositional environments and trophic status of the upper and lower watersheds. Higher carbon/nitrogen and nitrogen/phosphorus ratios and coarser sediments are measured in oligotrophic Findley Lake. With the exception of Findley Lake, all sediments appear to have the same composition with respect to Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, and K contents. Simulation of sediment phosphorus release at the sediment-water interface In enclosed in situ Lake Sammamish sediment-water columns appears to parallel the phosphorus release measured in the lake hypolimnion at the peak of the lake stagnation period. Preliminary studies indicate that it will be possible to relate the nutrient release results from the in situ columns to those of laboratory studies, arriving thus at a faster more economically obtained elucidation of the nutrient exchange mechanisms and potentials at lake sediment-water interface. Close

• 7. [Article] Phytoplankton productivity and response to altered nutrient content in lakes of contrasting trophic state

  Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytoplankton productivity and response to altered nutrient content in lakes of contrasting trophic state Author: Rock, C. A., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Hendrey, George R., Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts were often delayed in some lakes and years probably by unfavorable climate (snow cover and cloudy rainy conditions). Mean spring-summer productivity ranged from 270 mgC/m² day in the most oligotrophic lake, Findley, to nearly 1000 mgC/m² day in mesotrophic-eutrophic Lake Sammamish. The range in mean Chlorophyll a content was 0.8 to 10 ug/l for the same lakes respectively. Mean biomass within and between the lakes was related to winter phosphorus content but not to nitrogen. However, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were simultaneously limiting productivity increase in the three lakes in summer. Carbon assimilation in response to added P showed increasing half-saturation constants for the natural phytoplankton progressing from oligotrophy to eutrophy. While diversion of over 1/2 the phosphorus from nearby Lake Washington during 1963-1967 was followed by reduction in winter mean P content and a rapid shift from eutrophy to mesotrophy (Edmondson 1970), mean winter P content and measured characteristics of plankton response have not changed significantly in Lake Sammamish following a diversion of similar magnitude. P availability in the water column (winter mean content) appears to be controlled by precipitation with Fe to a greater extent than in Lake Washington. Title: Phytoplankton productivity and response to altered nutrient content in lakes of contrasting trophic state Author: Rock, C. A., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Hendrey, George R., Welch, E. B. (Eugene B.), University of Washington Lakes Findley, Chester Morse and Sammamish, Washington, are characterized by one major outburst of phytoplankton productivity and biomass (mainly diatoms) with usually no or low fall activity. Vernal outbursts were often delayed in some lakes and years probably by unfavorable climate (snow cover and cloudy rainy conditions). Mean spring-summer productivity ranged from 270 mgC/m² day in the most oligotrophic lake, Findley, to nearly 1000 mgC/m² day in mesotrophic-eutrophic Lake Sammamish. The range in mean Chlorophyll a content was 0.8 to 10 ug/l for the same lakes respectively. Mean biomass within and between the lakes was related to winter phosphorus content but not to nitrogen. However, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were simultaneously limiting productivity increase in the three lakes in summer. Carbon assimilation in response to added P showed increasing half-saturation constants for the natural phytoplankton progressing from oligotrophy to eutrophy. While diversion of over 1/2 the phosphorus from nearby Lake Washington during 1963-1967 was followed by reduction in winter mean P content and a rapid shift from eutrophy to mesotrophy (Edmondson 1970), mean winter P content and measured characteristics of plankton response have not changed significantly in Lake Sammamish following a diversion of similar magnitude. P availability in the water column (winter mean content) appears to be controlled by precipitation with Fe to a greater extent than in Lake Washington. Close

• 8. [Article] A conceptual model of soil mass movement, surface soil erosion, and stream channel erosion processes

  The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conceptual model of soil mass movement, surface soil erosion, and stream channel erosion processes Author: Fredriksen, R. L., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Moore, Duane G., Swanston, Douglas N., Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Glenn, Leslie Fred, 1944-, Swanson, Frederick J. (Frederick John), 1943-, Cromack, Kermit The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on a variation of the factor of safety approach which balances forces tending to drive mass movement against those resisting it. Surface erosion will be treated by using a form of the universal soil loss equation adapted to account for dry ravel processes as well as precipitation generated surface erosion. These processes move material eroded from hillslope landscape areas into the stream channel. Channel erosion may occur either as bedload and suspension load transport or in episodic debris torrents, triggered by debris dam failure or by mass movement from a hillslope. The model will be driven primarily by hydrologic processes and will also receive key inputs from vegetation components of the general ecosystem model. Model development will aim at producing a computer model which will have sufficient realism and predictive capability to be useful to land managers. Title: A conceptual model of soil mass movement, surface soil erosion, and stream channel erosion processes Author: Fredriksen, R. L., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Moore, Duane G., Swanston, Douglas N., Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington, Glenn, Leslie Fred, 1944-, Swanson, Frederick J. (Frederick John), 1943-, Cromack, Kermit The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on a variation of the factor of safety approach which balances forces tending to drive mass movement against those resisting it. Surface erosion will be treated by using a form of the universal soil loss equation adapted to account for dry ravel processes as well as precipitation generated surface erosion. These processes move material eroded from hillslope landscape areas into the stream channel. Channel erosion may occur either as bedload and suspension load transport or in episodic debris torrents, triggered by debris dam failure or by mass movement from a hillslope. The model will be driven primarily by hydrologic processes and will also receive key inputs from vegetation components of the general ecosystem model. Model development will aim at producing a computer model which will have sufficient realism and predictive capability to be useful to land managers. Close

• 9. [Article] Energy transfer in an autotrophic-based ecosystem : with special reference to effects of fertilizer nitrogen additions

  Three aspects of lotic ecology have been analyzed utilizing data collected from totally autotrophic-based streams maintained by the Weyerhaeuser Company: energy transfer, effects of nitrogen addition, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy transfer in an autotrophic-based ecosystem : with special reference to effects of fertilizer nitrogen additions Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Speir, Jon A. Three aspects of lotic ecology have been analyzed utilizing data collected from totally autotrophic-based streams maintained by the Weyerhaeuser Company: energy transfer, effects of nitrogen addition, and simulation modeling. All three streams had very similar periphyton, grazer, collector, invertebrate predator, and vertebrate predator (fish) communities during the study period (1972-1974). Calorific determinations were made on the most important taxa of each lotic system. Indirect methods of converting data into forms usable for energy investigations appeared to work satisfactorily. Approximately 9000 kcal/m² of gross primary production occurred in each stream during 1973. Losses of this input averaged: mortality and decomposition (eventually respiration), 35 percent; direct periphyton, invertebrate and fish respiration, 30 percent; export, 29 percent, FPOM processing, 4.5 percent; and insect emergence, 0.5 percent. Accumulation figures were: periphyton, 0.5 percent; and fish yield, 0.5 percent. Primary and community P/R ratios averaged 4.2 and 1.5 respectively. In its most realistically estimated form, energy output exceeded input by 1.2 percent. Effects of fertilizer nitrogen on aquatic plants, invertebrates. and especially fish were tested for about two years. In one stream, the input was constant; in the other, nitrogen entered only during periods of precipitation. The third stream was maintained as a control. Gains in periphyton biomass and primary production were temporary after nitrogen input, and lasted about six months. Periphyton biomass variations between streams were regulated primarily by invertebrate consumption. Invertebrate standing crop and production, in turn, was influenced most by differences in drift rates. Trout fed almost entirely on invertebrates in the water column. Fish production appeared most closely correlated to the portion of the drift containing larger invertebrates. In analyzing all trophic levels, no direct or indirect nitrogen influence on fish production could be found. Utilizing input data from the streams, computer-based lotic ecosystem modeling has been accomplished for over four months. Primary objectives of this portion of the study have been. (1) to accurately simulate trophic dynamics in an autotrophic-based stream and (2) upon stabilization of the system, manipulate relationships between trophic levels in order to understand how aquatic ecosystems function. Though a reference simulation has yet to be produced, one should be forthcoming by the end of the year. Much progress has been made in improving the analysis capability of the model. Title: Energy transfer in an autotrophic-based ecosystem : with special reference to effects of fertilizer nitrogen additions Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Speir, Jon A. Three aspects of lotic ecology have been analyzed utilizing data collected from totally autotrophic-based streams maintained by the Weyerhaeuser Company: energy transfer, effects of nitrogen addition, and simulation modeling. All three streams had very similar periphyton, grazer, collector, invertebrate predator, and vertebrate predator (fish) communities during the study period (1972-1974). Calorific determinations were made on the most important taxa of each lotic system. Indirect methods of converting data into forms usable for energy investigations appeared to work satisfactorily. Approximately 9000 kcal/m² of gross primary production occurred in each stream during 1973. Losses of this input averaged: mortality and decomposition (eventually respiration), 35 percent; direct periphyton, invertebrate and fish respiration, 30 percent; export, 29 percent, FPOM processing, 4.5 percent; and insect emergence, 0.5 percent. Accumulation figures were: periphyton, 0.5 percent; and fish yield, 0.5 percent. Primary and community P/R ratios averaged 4.2 and 1.5 respectively. In its most realistically estimated form, energy output exceeded input by 1.2 percent. Effects of fertilizer nitrogen on aquatic plants, invertebrates. and especially fish were tested for about two years. In one stream, the input was constant; in the other, nitrogen entered only during periods of precipitation. The third stream was maintained as a control. Gains in periphyton biomass and primary production were temporary after nitrogen input, and lasted about six months. Periphyton biomass variations between streams were regulated primarily by invertebrate consumption. Invertebrate standing crop and production, in turn, was influenced most by differences in drift rates. Trout fed almost entirely on invertebrates in the water column. Fish production appeared most closely correlated to the portion of the drift containing larger invertebrates. In analyzing all trophic levels, no direct or indirect nitrogen influence on fish production could be found. Utilizing input data from the streams, computer-based lotic ecosystem modeling has been accomplished for over four months. Primary objectives of this portion of the study have been. (1) to accurately simulate trophic dynamics in an autotrophic-based stream and (2) upon stabilization of the system, manipulate relationships between trophic levels in order to understand how aquatic ecosystems function. Though a reference simulation has yet to be produced, one should be forthcoming by the end of the year. Much progress has been made in improving the analysis capability of the model. Close