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• 1. [Article] Flex 1 user's manual

  FLEX1 is a general model processor, patterned after Klir's General Sequential System Paradigm (Figure 1). Specifically, the processor is a discrete time flux oriented realization of the general paradigm ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flex 1 user's manual Author: White, Curtis, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Colby, Jonathan Axford, Overton, W. Scott, Gourley, Jonna, University of Washington FLEX1 is a general model processor, patterned after Klir's General Sequential System Paradigm (Figure 1). Specifically, the processor is a discrete time flux oriented realization of the general paradigm and can process non-linear, non-stationary, environmentally controlled state variable system models with explicit memory. The current version is restricted to not more than 63 state variables, 40 input variables, 200 memory variables, and 50 output variables. There are also restrictions on the number of functions identified, and other restrictions, which will be elaborated in the appropriate part of this writeup. The system is implemented in the Oregon State University OS-3 operating system, is specific for the CDC 3300 computer, and may be operated only from a teletype. Output may be monitored at the teletype, line printed and dump filed. Satellite programs have been written for plotting and listing from the dump file. FLEX1 is designed to be expanded in two directions. First will be further elaboration as a single level model processor concentrating all capacity into this single level. Second will be elaboration into a multi-level, hierarchical model processor (REFLEX), capable of mixed resolution. The two capacities are being incorporated into a single processor, FLEXZ, which is in the final stage of development at this printing, and will be operative in late 1973. Title: Flex 1 user's manual Author: White, Curtis, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Colby, Jonathan Axford, Overton, W. Scott, Gourley, Jonna, University of Washington FLEX1 is a general model processor, patterned after Klir's General Sequential System Paradigm (Figure 1). Specifically, the processor is a discrete time flux oriented realization of the general paradigm and can process non-linear, non-stationary, environmentally controlled state variable system models with explicit memory. The current version is restricted to not more than 63 state variables, 40 input variables, 200 memory variables, and 50 output variables. There are also restrictions on the number of functions identified, and other restrictions, which will be elaborated in the appropriate part of this writeup. The system is implemented in the Oregon State University OS-3 operating system, is specific for the CDC 3300 computer, and may be operated only from a teletype. Output may be monitored at the teletype, line printed and dump filed. Satellite programs have been written for plotting and listing from the dump file. FLEX1 is designed to be expanded in two directions. First will be further elaboration as a single level model processor concentrating all capacity into this single level. Second will be elaboration into a multi-level, hierarchical model processor (REFLEX), capable of mixed resolution. The two capacities are being incorporated into a single processor, FLEXZ, which is in the final stage of development at this printing, and will be operative in late 1973. Close

• 2. [Article] Coniferous forest biome : Year 2 Proposal

  This proposal by the Coniferous Biome investigators requests support for the second year of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem program of the United States effort ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous forest biome : Year 2 Proposal Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal by the Coniferous Biome investigators requests support for the second year of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem program of the United States effort under the International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U.S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program in cooperation with other programs in progress or under development for the Analysis of Ecosystems. The proposed study is one of six which will collectively form a reference modeling system to cover the important ecosystems of North America. Coniferous forests occupy about one third of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, water, forage, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well-being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used as recreational sites by increasing numbers of people. The capacity of the land to produce various goods and services varies greatly from area to area. Arguments about the management of these lands have been prominent in the literature of land management sciences (such as forestry and fisheries) and ecology for many years. These highlight problems such as single- vs. multiple-purpose use, the balance between various uses, the land's basic productive capacity, and management procedures best suited to maintaining and increasing it. More recently fundamental questions have been raised about the impact of widespread and previously accepted practices, such as clearcutting, on environmental quality and long-term productive potential of the land. We know that some of the lands are more vulnerable to ill-considered use than others and many areas are being subjected to extreme modification by urban developments. We believe that a better understanding of the forest ecosystem, ;,hick is the goal of this proposal, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby will have important social consequences. In light of the seriousness of the questions raised, the research proposed can therefore claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical values. Title: Coniferous forest biome : Year 2 Proposal Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal by the Coniferous Biome investigators requests support for the second year of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem program of the United States effort under the International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U.S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program in cooperation with other programs in progress or under development for the Analysis of Ecosystems. The proposed study is one of six which will collectively form a reference modeling system to cover the important ecosystems of North America. Coniferous forests occupy about one third of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, water, forage, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well-being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used as recreational sites by increasing numbers of people. The capacity of the land to produce various goods and services varies greatly from area to area. Arguments about the management of these lands have been prominent in the literature of land management sciences (such as forestry and fisheries) and ecology for many years. These highlight problems such as single- vs. multiple-purpose use, the balance between various uses, the land's basic productive capacity, and management procedures best suited to maintaining and increasing it. More recently fundamental questions have been raised about the impact of widespread and previously accepted practices, such as clearcutting, on environmental quality and long-term productive potential of the land. We know that some of the lands are more vulnerable to ill-considered use than others and many areas are being subjected to extreme modification by urban developments. We believe that a better understanding of the forest ecosystem, ;,hick is the goal of this proposal, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby will have important social consequences. In light of the seriousness of the questions raised, the research proposed can therefore claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical values. Close

• 3. [Article] Coniferous forest biome : ecosystem analysis, proposal for 1973 and 1974 : Volume 1

  This proposal by the Coniferous Forest Biome investigators requests support for the third and fourth years of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Ecosystem Analysis program of the United ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous forest biome : ecosystem analysis, proposal for 1973 and 1974 : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal by the Coniferous Forest Biome investigators requests support for the third and fourth years of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Ecosystem Analysis program of the United States effort under the International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U.S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program in cooperation with other programs in progress or under development for the Ecosystem Analyses program. The proposed study is one of five that will collectively form a reference modeling system to cover the important ecosystems of North America. Coniferous forests occupy about one-third of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, water, forage, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well-being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used for diverse recreational purposes by increasing numbers of people. The capacity of coniferous forest land to produce various goods and services varies greatly from area to area. Arguments about the management of these lands have been prominent in the literature of land management sciences (such as forestry and fisheries) and ecology for many years. These debates highlight problems such as single- versus multiple-purpose use, the balance between various uses, the land's basic productive capacity, and management procedures best suited to maintaining and increasing productive capacity. More recently, fundamental questions have been raised about the impact of widespread and previously accepted practices, such as clearcutting in forest harvesting, on environmental quality and long-term productive potential of coniferous forest land. Urban spread is also affecting rather large acreages of coniferous forest and the best way to combine people and forests must be answered. We believe that a better understanding of the forest ecosystem, which is the goal of this proposal, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby will have important social consequences. In light of the seriousness of the questions raised, the research proposed can therefore claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical values. The total ecology of the coniferous forest is rather poorly understood, and coniferous forest ecological theory is not well developed. Certainly more theory must evolve from Coniferous Forest Biome research in order to provide a sound base for solving current and future problems and for basic education purposes. Title: Coniferous forest biome : ecosystem analysis, proposal for 1973 and 1974 : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal by the Coniferous Forest Biome investigators requests support for the third and fourth years of a highly integrated series of investigations within the Ecosystem Analysis program of the United States effort under the International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U.S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program in cooperation with other programs in progress or under development for the Ecosystem Analyses program. The proposed study is one of five that will collectively form a reference modeling system to cover the important ecosystems of North America. Coniferous forests occupy about one-third of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, water, forage, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well-being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used for diverse recreational purposes by increasing numbers of people. The capacity of coniferous forest land to produce various goods and services varies greatly from area to area. Arguments about the management of these lands have been prominent in the literature of land management sciences (such as forestry and fisheries) and ecology for many years. These debates highlight problems such as single- versus multiple-purpose use, the balance between various uses, the land's basic productive capacity, and management procedures best suited to maintaining and increasing productive capacity. More recently, fundamental questions have been raised about the impact of widespread and previously accepted practices, such as clearcutting in forest harvesting, on environmental quality and long-term productive potential of coniferous forest land. Urban spread is also affecting rather large acreages of coniferous forest and the best way to combine people and forests must be answered. We believe that a better understanding of the forest ecosystem, which is the goal of this proposal, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby will have important social consequences. In light of the seriousness of the questions raised, the research proposed can therefore claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical values. The total ecology of the coniferous forest is rather poorly understood, and coniferous forest ecological theory is not well developed. Certainly more theory must evolve from Coniferous Forest Biome research in order to provide a sound base for solving current and future problems and for basic education purposes. Close

• 4. [Article] Trophic relation model based on density dependent processes

  "We have developed graphical and logical models for explaining the production of a consumer on the basis of the capacity of an ecosystem to produce that consumer (the productivity of the system for that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trophic relation model based on density dependent processes Author: Warren, Charles E., 1926-, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington "We have developed graphical and logical models for explaining the production of a consumer on the basis of the capacity of an ecosystem to produce that consumer (the productivity of the system for that consumer), on the basis of the biomass of the consumer, and on the basis of the age structure of the consumer. These models involve density phenomena occurring at all trophic steps from light and plant nutrients up to and including the particular consumer,as well as trophic pathways in competition with the path leading to this consumer. These density phenomena and pathways can be used to model the productivity of the system for a particular consumer, with the biomass and age structure of the consumer population as the other determinants of its production. We are now developing formal mathematical models based on responses of individual organisms and leading to our empirically and logically derived models. Preliminary mathematical formulations are being used through a computer program to determine whether output relations are logically and empirically confirmed. In addition, data from various sources are being assembled so that we can synthesize an idealized sockeye lake system and an idealized salmonid stream system."--Introduction. Title: Trophic relation model based on density dependent processes Author: Warren, Charles E., 1926-, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington "We have developed graphical and logical models for explaining the production of a consumer on the basis of the capacity of an ecosystem to produce that consumer (the productivity of the system for that consumer), on the basis of the biomass of the consumer, and on the basis of the age structure of the consumer. These models involve density phenomena occurring at all trophic steps from light and plant nutrients up to and including the particular consumer,as well as trophic pathways in competition with the path leading to this consumer. These density phenomena and pathways can be used to model the productivity of the system for a particular consumer, with the biomass and age structure of the consumer population as the other determinants of its production. We are now developing formal mathematical models based on responses of individual organisms and leading to our empirically and logically derived models. Preliminary mathematical formulations are being used through a computer program to determine whether output relations are logically and empirically confirmed. In addition, data from various sources are being assembled so that we can synthesize an idealized sockeye lake system and an idealized salmonid stream system."--Introduction. Close

• 5. [Article] Coniferous forest biome : proposal

  This proposal requests support for a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem Program of the United States effort under the international Biological Program. The program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous forest biome : proposal Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal requests support for a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem Program of the United States effort under the international Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U. S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program and is integrated with other programs in progress or under development for the Analysis of Ecosystems. The proposal which is concerned with the coniferous forest ecosystem is one of six which will collectively cover the important ecosystems of North America. The coniferous forest, with which this proposal is concerned, occupies about 32 percent of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, forage, water, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used for recreational activities by increasing numbers of people. The productivity of the land areas varies greatly from place to place as does the potential for and capacity to accommodate large numbers of recreation seekers. Arguments about the management of these lands for single or multiple purposes and for recreational activity have been in the forefront of forestry and ecological literature for many years. We know that some are more vulnerable to ill considered use than others and many areas are being subjected to extreme modification through urban developments. We believe that a complete understanding of the forest ecosystem, to which this proposal is directed, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby have important social consequences. Therefore, the research proposed can claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical value. Title: Coniferous forest biome : proposal Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Gessel, Stanley P. This proposal requests support for a highly integrated series of investigations within the Analysis of Ecosystem Program of the United States effort under the international Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome has been approved by the U. S. Executive Committee for the IBP as an integrated research program and is integrated with other programs in progress or under development for the Analysis of Ecosystems. The proposal which is concerned with the coniferous forest ecosystem is one of six which will collectively cover the important ecosystems of North America. The coniferous forest, with which this proposal is concerned, occupies about 32 percent of the land area of the western United States, including Alaska. The products from this land area, such as wood, forage, water, fish, and wildlife, are most important to the physical and economic well being of the nation. In addition, large areas are used for recreational activities by increasing numbers of people. The productivity of the land areas varies greatly from place to place as does the potential for and capacity to accommodate large numbers of recreation seekers. Arguments about the management of these lands for single or multiple purposes and for recreational activity have been in the forefront of forestry and ecological literature for many years. We know that some are more vulnerable to ill considered use than others and many areas are being subjected to extreme modification through urban developments. We believe that a complete understanding of the forest ecosystem, to which this proposal is directed, will provide a basis for more intelligent management and use of these lands and thereby have important social consequences. Therefore, the research proposed can claim an urgency as well as scientific and practical value. Close