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• 11. [Article] Age and growth study of Tillamook Bay chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

  Ages were determined for 65 fish from the 1947 run and for 287 fish from the 1949 run. In 1947 the percentage composition by age was as follows: 32.3 percent 3-year-old fish, 66.2 percent 4-year-old fish, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age and growth study of Tillamook Bay chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Oregon. Fish Commission Ages were determined for 65 fish from the 1947 run and for 287 fish from the 1949 run. In 1947 the percentage composition by age was as follows: 32.3 percent 3-year-old fish, 66.2 percent 4-year-old fish, and 1.5 percent 5-year-old fish. An approximate 95 percent confidence interval for the true proportion of 4-year-old fish was 54.7 to 77.7 percent. In 1949 the percentage composition by age was as follows: 5.2 percent 3-year-old fish, 94.4 percent 4-year-old fish, and 0.4 percent 5-year-old fish. An approximate 95 percent confidence interval for the true proportion of 4-year-old fish in 1949 was 91.7 to 97.1 percent. Sex ratios during the course of the run were computed. It appeared that during the latter part of October there were significantly more males than females in the catch. During November the number of males and females tended to be nearly equal. Finally, during the first part of December there were more females than males in the catch. Growth for the earlier ages was determined by analyzing the growth of the scales and then assuming that scale growth was proportionate to fish growth throughout life. It appeared that the greatest absolute increase in length occurred in the first year of life, and that the greatest absolute increase in weight occurred during the last year of life. Length-weight equations were computed for both the males and the females. When tested by means of a t-test, these equations proved to be significantly different. These equations are: for the males W = 0.000234 [superscript L3.19370]; for the females W = 0.000430 [superscript L 3.01479]. In comparing Tillamook Bay chum salmon with chum salmon from other localities, it was observed that chums of like age decrease in average length from south to north. Tillamook Bay chums do not follow the tendency for the percentage of younger fish to decrease from south to north. Finally, there are limitations to some of the results determined in the study because of the assumptions upon which these results are based. The principal limitation is the small amount of data available. Furthermore, the following assumptions were made, and if they were not true, they could invalidate the results obtained: (1) fish length increases in direct proportion to scale growth; (2) the samples used in this study do not represent an abnormal year and do represent the populations sampled; (3) ages of these fish can be determined from their scales; and (4) that the sexes can be determined by their external characteristics. Title: Age and growth study of Tillamook Bay chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Oregon. Fish Commission Ages were determined for 65 fish from the 1947 run and for 287 fish from the 1949 run. In 1947 the percentage composition by age was as follows: 32.3 percent 3-year-old fish, 66.2 percent 4-year-old fish, and 1.5 percent 5-year-old fish. An approximate 95 percent confidence interval for the true proportion of 4-year-old fish was 54.7 to 77.7 percent. In 1949 the percentage composition by age was as follows: 5.2 percent 3-year-old fish, 94.4 percent 4-year-old fish, and 0.4 percent 5-year-old fish. An approximate 95 percent confidence interval for the true proportion of 4-year-old fish in 1949 was 91.7 to 97.1 percent. Sex ratios during the course of the run were computed. It appeared that during the latter part of October there were significantly more males than females in the catch. During November the number of males and females tended to be nearly equal. Finally, during the first part of December there were more females than males in the catch. Growth for the earlier ages was determined by analyzing the growth of the scales and then assuming that scale growth was proportionate to fish growth throughout life. It appeared that the greatest absolute increase in length occurred in the first year of life, and that the greatest absolute increase in weight occurred during the last year of life. Length-weight equations were computed for both the males and the females. When tested by means of a t-test, these equations proved to be significantly different. These equations are: for the males W = 0.000234 [superscript L3.19370]; for the females W = 0.000430 [superscript L 3.01479]. In comparing Tillamook Bay chum salmon with chum salmon from other localities, it was observed that chums of like age decrease in average length from south to north. Tillamook Bay chums do not follow the tendency for the percentage of younger fish to decrease from south to north. Finally, there are limitations to some of the results determined in the study because of the assumptions upon which these results are based. The principal limitation is the small amount of data available. Furthermore, the following assumptions were made, and if they were not true, they could invalidate the results obtained: (1) fish length increases in direct proportion to scale growth; (2) the samples used in this study do not represent an abnormal year and do represent the populations sampled; (3) ages of these fish can be determined from their scales; and (4) that the sexes can be determined by their external characteristics. Close

• 12. [Article] Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout

  Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Close

• 13. [Article] The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program

  During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Cleaver, Fred C. (Frederick Charles), 1916-, Morgan, Alfred R. During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether tagged fish released in different apparent conditions suffered differential mortalities. Under the hypothesis that the recovery of the fish in the commercial fishery was independent of the apparent condition of the fish when it was released, a significant value of chi-square was obtained. However, it was concluded that this significance was a result of sampling differences and not actually due to differences in mortality. The number of fish taken in the commercial catch each week was calculated by dividing the number of pounds in the weekly catch by the average weight of the fish in the samples for that week. It was calculated that the commercial fishery took approximately 14,000 fish during the season, which was only about 15 per cent of the run available to the fishery. This is an extremely low fishing mortality and is considerably lower than had been expected. The number of tags taken each week by the commercial fishery was calculated by dividing the number of fish in the catch each week by the number of fish per tag in the samples for the week. It was calculated that 67 tags were taken during the season by the commercial fishery. This number of recoveries was 15.5 per cent of the 438 tags available to the fishery. With the cooperation of a number of boat moorages on the Alsea River, an estimate of the sport catch of silver salmon was made. It was calculated that the lower river sport fishery took approximately 3,000 adult silvers with an additional 500 fish being taken by the bank fishery. The weight of the total catch of 3,500 fish was calculated to be about 33,000 pounds. This weight formed 20.2 percent of the combined commercial and sport catches. It was calculated that 18 tagged fish were taken in the sport catch. A total of 44 numbered Petersen and jaw tags were recovered from both dead and live fish which had reached spawning areas. This number includes three tags recovered from the spawning grounds of adjacent streams. When the tagged fish were examined according to areas recovered, it was found that Drift Creek had a smaller number of fish per tag than any other area with one exception. Recoveries appeared to be distributed throughout the drainage from any particular time of tagging. Fish enter the lower river together, then separate to the various spawning areas in the system. Several fish moved from the tagging location in the Alsea River to adjacent streams. About 7 percent of the total recoveries in Table 12 were made from streams other than the Alsea River. The Petersen and jaw tag recoveries in the samples of the commercial catch were examined for selection of the Petersen tags by the nets. The percentage by size group in the catch of fish with each type of tag was about the same as the percentage by size group with each type of tag at the time of release. Large losses of tags in the fishery would have been reflected by a higher number of fish per tag on the spawning grounds. Since the gill-nets did not appear to be selective on either type of tag, the Petersen tags, jaw tags, and tag scars were combined in the calculations involving tag recoveries. After the fish moved beyond the fishing area, many still did not move rapidly to the spawning grounds. Several were taken in tidewater or in the vicinity of tidewater 48-58 days after they had been tagged. The average time between tagging and recovery on the spawning grounds was 63 days for live fish and 70 days for dead fish. Using the method proposed by Schaefer (1951a) for obtaining a population estimate from spawning ground recoveries, an estimate of the population available to the fishery was made from the number of tags recovered by sampling the commercial catch. It was calculated that approximately 90,000 fish were available to the fishery. About 89,000 fish were calculated to be available to the fishery when the equation N = nt/s was used, where N = the population, n = the sample size, t = the number of fish tagged, and s = the number of tag recoveries. The 95 percent limits of confidence for the population estimate derived from the equation N = nt/s were calculated using the method developed by Chapman (1948). The lower limit was found to be 63,736 fish, and the upper limit was 119,371 fish. Approximately 63,000 of the fish available to the commercial fishery continued the migration to the spawning grounds. Spawning ground tag recoveries provided an estimate of the population in the lower river which was in close agreement with the estimate of the population made from tag recoveries in the commercial fishery. Title: The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Cleaver, Fred C. (Frederick Charles), 1916-, Morgan, Alfred R. During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether tagged fish released in different apparent conditions suffered differential mortalities. Under the hypothesis that the recovery of the fish in the commercial fishery was independent of the apparent condition of the fish when it was released, a significant value of chi-square was obtained. However, it was concluded that this significance was a result of sampling differences and not actually due to differences in mortality. The number of fish taken in the commercial catch each week was calculated by dividing the number of pounds in the weekly catch by the average weight of the fish in the samples for that week. It was calculated that the commercial fishery took approximately 14,000 fish during the season, which was only about 15 per cent of the run available to the fishery. This is an extremely low fishing mortality and is considerably lower than had been expected. The number of tags taken each week by the commercial fishery was calculated by dividing the number of fish in the catch each week by the number of fish per tag in the samples for the week. It was calculated that 67 tags were taken during the season by the commercial fishery. This number of recoveries was 15.5 per cent of the 438 tags available to the fishery. With the cooperation of a number of boat moorages on the Alsea River, an estimate of the sport catch of silver salmon was made. It was calculated that the lower river sport fishery took approximately 3,000 adult silvers with an additional 500 fish being taken by the bank fishery. The weight of the total catch of 3,500 fish was calculated to be about 33,000 pounds. This weight formed 20.2 percent of the combined commercial and sport catches. It was calculated that 18 tagged fish were taken in the sport catch. A total of 44 numbered Petersen and jaw tags were recovered from both dead and live fish which had reached spawning areas. This number includes three tags recovered from the spawning grounds of adjacent streams. When the tagged fish were examined according to areas recovered, it was found that Drift Creek had a smaller number of fish per tag than any other area with one exception. Recoveries appeared to be distributed throughout the drainage from any particular time of tagging. Fish enter the lower river together, then separate to the various spawning areas in the system. Several fish moved from the tagging location in the Alsea River to adjacent streams. About 7 percent of the total recoveries in Table 12 were made from streams other than the Alsea River. The Petersen and jaw tag recoveries in the samples of the commercial catch were examined for selection of the Petersen tags by the nets. The percentage by size group in the catch of fish with each type of tag was about the same as the percentage by size group with each type of tag at the time of release. Large losses of tags in the fishery would have been reflected by a higher number of fish per tag on the spawning grounds. Since the gill-nets did not appear to be selective on either type of tag, the Petersen tags, jaw tags, and tag scars were combined in the calculations involving tag recoveries. After the fish moved beyond the fishing area, many still did not move rapidly to the spawning grounds. Several were taken in tidewater or in the vicinity of tidewater 48-58 days after they had been tagged. The average time between tagging and recovery on the spawning grounds was 63 days for live fish and 70 days for dead fish. Using the method proposed by Schaefer (1951a) for obtaining a population estimate from spawning ground recoveries, an estimate of the population available to the fishery was made from the number of tags recovered by sampling the commercial catch. It was calculated that approximately 90,000 fish were available to the fishery. About 89,000 fish were calculated to be available to the fishery when the equation N = nt/s was used, where N = the population, n = the sample size, t = the number of fish tagged, and s = the number of tag recoveries. The 95 percent limits of confidence for the population estimate derived from the equation N = nt/s were calculated using the method developed by Chapman (1948). The lower limit was found to be 63,736 fish, and the upper limit was 119,371 fish. Approximately 63,000 of the fish available to the commercial fishery continued the migration to the spawning grounds. Spawning ground tag recoveries provided an estimate of the population in the lower river which was in close agreement with the estimate of the population made from tag recoveries in the commercial fishery. Close

• 14. [Article] The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River

  1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Close

• 15. [Article] The Umpqua River study : a joint report

  The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Close