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• 1. [Article] A measured delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River

  A study was undertaken in the fall of 1948 by the Oregon Fish Commission to determine the possible presence and importance of a delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A measured delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. A study was undertaken in the fall of 1948 by the Oregon Fish Commission to determine the possible presence and importance of a delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Approximately 650 chinook were captured, tagged, and released at the Oneonta trap 6.7 miles below Bonneville Dam and 200 were handled similarly at the dam and released above. The tag returns from Celilo Falls, the main commercial fishing area, 60 miles above Bonneville, were compared by location of tagging with regard to date of tagging and the number of days en route. The linear correlation between tagging date and days out was significant for the 39 recoveries tagged at Bonneville but not for the 35 from Oneonta. The later in the season the fish were tagged at Bonneville the more rapidly they migrated to Celilo Falls. With no adjustment for the difference in distance between the two tagging locations, the fish from Oneonta took a significant 3.4 days longer to make the trip to Celilo than the Bonneville tagged fish. When correcting for the distance difference, the delay was reduced to 3.0 or 2.6 days, either of which was still significant. Although the number of recoveries is small, all of those used are believed to be reliable and sufficient for statistical analysis. The study represents only one year's work and investigations of another year may refute or substantiate these findings. Title: A measured delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. A study was undertaken in the fall of 1948 by the Oregon Fish Commission to determine the possible presence and importance of a delay in the migration of adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Approximately 650 chinook were captured, tagged, and released at the Oneonta trap 6.7 miles below Bonneville Dam and 200 were handled similarly at the dam and released above. The tag returns from Celilo Falls, the main commercial fishing area, 60 miles above Bonneville, were compared by location of tagging with regard to date of tagging and the number of days en route. The linear correlation between tagging date and days out was significant for the 39 recoveries tagged at Bonneville but not for the 35 from Oneonta. The later in the season the fish were tagged at Bonneville the more rapidly they migrated to Celilo Falls. With no adjustment for the difference in distance between the two tagging locations, the fish from Oneonta took a significant 3.4 days longer to make the trip to Celilo than the Bonneville tagged fish. When correcting for the distance difference, the delay was reduced to 3.0 or 2.6 days, either of which was still significant. Although the number of recoveries is small, all of those used are believed to be reliable and sufficient for statistical analysis. The study represents only one year's work and investigations of another year may refute or substantiate these findings. Close

• 2. [Article] Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon

  A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery for the purpose of comparing this with the number counted as they passed the dam at Bonneville. Title: Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery for the purpose of comparing this with the number counted as they passed the dam at Bonneville. Close

• 3. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 4. [Article] The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin

  This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Close

• 5. [Article] Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia

  In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Close

• 6. [Article] The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River

  1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Close

• 7. [Article] The Umpqua River study : a joint report

  The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Close

• 8. [Article] Closing report for the Coastal stream improvement and rehabilitation program authorized by Chapter 527, Oregon laws, 1961

  This publication describes stream improvement efforts in coastal streams in the early 1960s. It was written during the heyday of the “stream clearance” policy, in which large woody debris, mostly in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Closing report for the Coastal stream improvement and rehabilitation program authorized by Chapter 527, Oregon laws, 1961 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Neubauer, Edward K., Summers, Virgil C. This publication describes stream improvement efforts in coastal streams in the early 1960s. It was written during the heyday of the “stream clearance” policy, in which large woody debris, mostly in the form of logjams, was removed from streams. Other projects included fishways, rearing ponds, culverts. Includes b+w “before” and “after” photographs of coastal stream projects. Title: Closing report for the Coastal stream improvement and rehabilitation program authorized by Chapter 527, Oregon laws, 1961 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Neubauer, Edward K., Summers, Virgil C. This publication describes stream improvement efforts in coastal streams in the early 1960s. It was written during the heyday of the “stream clearance” policy, in which large woody debris, mostly in the form of logjams, was removed from streams. Other projects included fishways, rearing ponds, culverts. Includes b+w “before” and “after” photographs of coastal stream projects. Close

• 9. [Article] Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout

  Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Close