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• 271. [Article] Poplar chip production for Willamette Valley grass seed sites

  This publication is part of a 1-year project funded by the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Alternatives to Field Burning Program. Crop substitution is one strategy for reducing smoke from field burning. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poplar chip production for Willamette Valley grass seed sites Author: Beuter, John H., Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hibbs, David E. This publication is part of a 1-year project funded by the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Alternatives to Field Burning Program. Crop substitution is one strategy for reducing smoke from field burning. The objective of the project was to evaluate the potential for hybrid poplar as an alternative crop for poorly drained agricultural soils in the Willamette Valley. The evaluation focused on the potential yield of poplar on agricultural soils commonly used for annual ryegrass production, and on an economic analysis of poplar grown for pulp chips in the valley. The pulp chip market was seen as the most immediate and viable market outlet for poplar wood, although it is not the only possibility. Title: Poplar chip production for Willamette Valley grass seed sites Author: Beuter, John H., Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hibbs, David E. This publication is part of a 1-year project funded by the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Alternatives to Field Burning Program. Crop substitution is one strategy for reducing smoke from field burning. The objective of the project was to evaluate the potential for hybrid poplar as an alternative crop for poorly drained agricultural soils in the Willamette Valley. The evaluation focused on the potential yield of poplar on agricultural soils commonly used for annual ryegrass production, and on an economic analysis of poplar grown for pulp chips in the valley. The pulp chip market was seen as the most immediate and viable market outlet for poplar wood, although it is not the only possibility. Close

• 272. [Article] Equations for estimating biomass and leaf area of plants in the Pacific Northwest

  Reliable estimates of plant biomass and leaf surface area are essential for studying primary production, nutrient cycling, hydrology, wildlife management, and fire. This paper presents equations that can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Equations for estimating biomass and leaf area of plants in the Pacific Northwest Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Gholz, Henry L., Grier, C. C., Campbell, A. G., Brown, A. T. Reliable estimates of plant biomass and leaf surface area are essential for studying primary production, nutrient cycling, hydrology, wildlife management, and fire. This paper presents equations that can be used to make such estimates for most plant species-trees, shrubs, and herbs-dominant in western and central Oregon.' We also document the methods used for each equation (such as locations and sizes of sampled plants), summarize statistical attributes (sample sizes, variances, rz ), and reference previously published data. Most of the equations presented here are a product of the Coniferous Forest Biome, part of the United States' participation in the International Biological Program (IBP). The original studies focused on undisturbed oldgrowth forests (more than 450 years old) of Pseudotsuga menziesii. Followup studies still underway are evaluating the responses of those same systems to perturbations, especially clearcutting, and the importance of streamside vegetation. Therefore, most equations apply best to three basic habitats, all in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon: mature coniferous forests, streamside (riparian) zones, and clearcuttings less than 10 years old. The vegetation and microclimates of these areas have been detailed by Dyrness (1973), Franklin and Dyrness (1973), Dryness et al. (1974), and Zobel et al. (1976). Sometimes we tried to make an equation represent a broader range of habitats. For example, Grier and Logan (1977) already used about half the data from our Pseudotsuga menziesii equations to derive others heavily weighted toward old-growth forests in the west-central Cascade Mountains of Oregon (Appendix B, Reference 4). Because we felt that a set of equations for predicting average plant biomass on diverse sites would be more useful than one tailored to a particular area or habitat, our Pseudotsuga menziesii equations are composites of five data sets collected throughout the Pacific Northwest. Note that our equations for Pinus ponderosa, Oplopanax horridum, and Pinus contorta used data from areas outside the Pacific Northwest. Title: Equations for estimating biomass and leaf area of plants in the Pacific Northwest Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Gholz, Henry L., Grier, C. C., Campbell, A. G., Brown, A. T. Reliable estimates of plant biomass and leaf surface area are essential for studying primary production, nutrient cycling, hydrology, wildlife management, and fire. This paper presents equations that can be used to make such estimates for most plant species-trees, shrubs, and herbs-dominant in western and central Oregon.' We also document the methods used for each equation (such as locations and sizes of sampled plants), summarize statistical attributes (sample sizes, variances, rz ), and reference previously published data. Most of the equations presented here are a product of the Coniferous Forest Biome, part of the United States' participation in the International Biological Program (IBP). The original studies focused on undisturbed oldgrowth forests (more than 450 years old) of Pseudotsuga menziesii. Followup studies still underway are evaluating the responses of those same systems to perturbations, especially clearcutting, and the importance of streamside vegetation. Therefore, most equations apply best to three basic habitats, all in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon: mature coniferous forests, streamside (riparian) zones, and clearcuttings less than 10 years old. The vegetation and microclimates of these areas have been detailed by Dyrness (1973), Franklin and Dyrness (1973), Dryness et al. (1974), and Zobel et al. (1976). Sometimes we tried to make an equation represent a broader range of habitats. For example, Grier and Logan (1977) already used about half the data from our Pseudotsuga menziesii equations to derive others heavily weighted toward old-growth forests in the west-central Cascade Mountains of Oregon (Appendix B, Reference 4). Because we felt that a set of equations for predicting average plant biomass on diverse sites would be more useful than one tailored to a particular area or habitat, our Pseudotsuga menziesii equations are composites of five data sets collected throughout the Pacific Northwest. Note that our equations for Pinus ponderosa, Oplopanax horridum, and Pinus contorta used data from areas outside the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 273. [Article] Utilization of western hemlock and western firs for poles and piles

  The steadily increasing costs of raw materials, of the treated products, and of their replacement in service, as well as the steadily shrinking supply of preferred species, prompted a forum at Oregon State ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of western hemlock and western firs for poles and piles Author: Ruppert, William J., Graham, R. D. (Robert D.), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The steadily increasing costs of raw materials, of the treated products, and of their replacement in service, as well as the steadily shrinking supply of preferred species, prompted a forum at Oregon State University on May 15, 1973 "to encourage the use of western hemlock and western fuss for poles and piles by presenting information on their availability and characteristics and discussing its implications for their utilization." The forum was attended by 27 representatives from wood preserving plants, utilities, and raw material suppliers, and research personnel from western United States and Canada. This survey of relevant information, prepared for the forum, consists of an annotated bibliography of published and unpublished literature, plus an appendix, which contains a bark key, number of trees of pole and piling size by diameter classes, sapwood depth and bark thickness of selected species by diameter classes, and stress values for poles. The index, which lists the information by subject matter, served as the agenda for the forum. The available quantity of pole- and piling-size trees of western hemlock and western firs (Table 1) shows that these nondurable species are an important potential source of supply. Bark-thickness values indicate that peeling residues will be lower with hemlock than with most of the firs (Table 2). These species are permitted for poles in Standard 05.1 1972, American National Standards Institute (Table 3), and for piles in Standard D25-70, American Society for Testing and Materials. No standards exist, however, for their preservative treatment by pressure processes. All have deep sapwood (Table 2), which should make them especially well suited for piles and for distribution poles and the smaller transmission pole sizes in which they are available in greatest quantity. As the bark characteristics do not appear to be sufficiently different to provide a basis for segregating western hemlock and fir logs, and the wood of hemlock is difficult to distinguish from that of the firs without a microscope, standards for poles may have to be revised to include a hem-fir group with the fiber stress value for the firs. Full-length incising appears necessary to insure uniform penetration of preservative in the sapwood of western hemlock and should prove equally desirable for the firs. Deep endpenetration and correspondingly high retentions of preservative could result in excessive treatment of short members. Title: Utilization of western hemlock and western firs for poles and piles Author: Ruppert, William J., Graham, R. D. (Robert D.), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The steadily increasing costs of raw materials, of the treated products, and of their replacement in service, as well as the steadily shrinking supply of preferred species, prompted a forum at Oregon State University on May 15, 1973 "to encourage the use of western hemlock and western fuss for poles and piles by presenting information on their availability and characteristics and discussing its implications for their utilization." The forum was attended by 27 representatives from wood preserving plants, utilities, and raw material suppliers, and research personnel from western United States and Canada. This survey of relevant information, prepared for the forum, consists of an annotated bibliography of published and unpublished literature, plus an appendix, which contains a bark key, number of trees of pole and piling size by diameter classes, sapwood depth and bark thickness of selected species by diameter classes, and stress values for poles. The index, which lists the information by subject matter, served as the agenda for the forum. The available quantity of pole- and piling-size trees of western hemlock and western firs (Table 1) shows that these nondurable species are an important potential source of supply. Bark-thickness values indicate that peeling residues will be lower with hemlock than with most of the firs (Table 2). These species are permitted for poles in Standard 05.1 1972, American National Standards Institute (Table 3), and for piles in Standard D25-70, American Society for Testing and Materials. No standards exist, however, for their preservative treatment by pressure processes. All have deep sapwood (Table 2), which should make them especially well suited for piles and for distribution poles and the smaller transmission pole sizes in which they are available in greatest quantity. As the bark characteristics do not appear to be sufficiently different to provide a basis for segregating western hemlock and fir logs, and the wood of hemlock is difficult to distinguish from that of the firs without a microscope, standards for poles may have to be revised to include a hem-fir group with the fiber stress value for the firs. Full-length incising appears necessary to insure uniform penetration of preservative in the sapwood of western hemlock and should prove equally desirable for the firs. Deep endpenetration and correspondingly high retentions of preservative could result in excessive treatment of short members. Close

• 274. [Article] Designing skid trail systems to reduce soil impacts from tractive logging machines

  Ground-based logging typically produces well-defined skid trails on the forest floor during log extraction. With conventional logging, these skid trails cover from 18 to 36 percent of the soil surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Designing skid trail systems to reduce soil impacts from tractive logging machines Author: Aulerich, D. E., Froehlich, Henry A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Curtis, R. Ground-based logging typically produces well-defined skid trails on the forest floor during log extraction. With conventional logging, these skid trails cover from 18 to 36 percent of the soil surface after a single harvest entry (Dyrness 1965; Froehlich 1976). Subsequent entries can increase the area in skid trails to as much as 80 percent of the soil surface. The soil in the skid trails is almost always compacted. Increases in soil density during skidding generally range from 10 to 80 percent (Foil and Ralston 1967; Froehlich 1979), depending on soil strength, moisture content, organic matter, and machine variables such as ground pressure and vibration. Logging over frozen ground or a heavy cover of snow or slash can moderate or eliminate soil compaction (Froehlich 1978). In most areas, however, timber harvesting cannot always be scheduled to take advantage of those protective conditions; thus, soil compaction usually accompanies log skidding. Soil compaction alters soil structure to a condition usually less favorable to plant growth. The increase in soil density is accompanied by a decrease in pore space, which in turn reduces air exchange, water infiltration, and permeability. The increase in soil density also produces an increase In soil strength, which retards tree root extension. Soil compaction reduces the height growth of seedlings of several coniferous species by 10 to 50 percent (Foil and Ralston 1967; Froehlich 1979). Stem volume may be affected more severely than height growth. In a study with 16-year-old ponderosa pine, - soil compaction decreased height growth by 29 percent and stem growth by 68 percent (Froehlich 1979). Similarly, soil compaction reduced height growth of 26-year-old loblolly pine by 13 percent and stem volume growth by 53 percent (Perry 1964). The growth reduction of individual trees apparently is related to the amount of root zone compacted and the percentage of Increase in soil density (Froehlich 1979; Perry 1964). Therefore, the impact of skid trails on tree growth in a given tract will depend on the amount of area in skid trails or the number of trees affected and on the relative increase in soil density in the skid trails. Some forest managers have turned to skyline or even helicopter logging as a means of reducing site impacts from timber harvesting. These systems spare the soil but are at least twice as expensive as ground skidding with logging vehicles on gently sloping terrain (Aulerich et al. 1974). One method of retaining the economic advantages of ground skidding while reducing the impacts of soil compaction might be an efficiently planned system of skid trails covering only a small portion of the total harvested area. This paper describes a study designed to test the feasibility of such a system. Title: Designing skid trail systems to reduce soil impacts from tractive logging machines Author: Aulerich, D. E., Froehlich, Henry A., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Curtis, R. Ground-based logging typically produces well-defined skid trails on the forest floor during log extraction. With conventional logging, these skid trails cover from 18 to 36 percent of the soil surface after a single harvest entry (Dyrness 1965; Froehlich 1976). Subsequent entries can increase the area in skid trails to as much as 80 percent of the soil surface. The soil in the skid trails is almost always compacted. Increases in soil density during skidding generally range from 10 to 80 percent (Foil and Ralston 1967; Froehlich 1979), depending on soil strength, moisture content, organic matter, and machine variables such as ground pressure and vibration. Logging over frozen ground or a heavy cover of snow or slash can moderate or eliminate soil compaction (Froehlich 1978). In most areas, however, timber harvesting cannot always be scheduled to take advantage of those protective conditions; thus, soil compaction usually accompanies log skidding. Soil compaction alters soil structure to a condition usually less favorable to plant growth. The increase in soil density is accompanied by a decrease in pore space, which in turn reduces air exchange, water infiltration, and permeability. The increase in soil density also produces an increase In soil strength, which retards tree root extension. Soil compaction reduces the height growth of seedlings of several coniferous species by 10 to 50 percent (Foil and Ralston 1967; Froehlich 1979). Stem volume may be affected more severely than height growth. In a study with 16-year-old ponderosa pine, - soil compaction decreased height growth by 29 percent and stem growth by 68 percent (Froehlich 1979). Similarly, soil compaction reduced height growth of 26-year-old loblolly pine by 13 percent and stem volume growth by 53 percent (Perry 1964). The growth reduction of individual trees apparently is related to the amount of root zone compacted and the percentage of Increase in soil density (Froehlich 1979; Perry 1964). Therefore, the impact of skid trails on tree growth in a given tract will depend on the amount of area in skid trails or the number of trees affected and on the relative increase in soil density in the skid trails. Some forest managers have turned to skyline or even helicopter logging as a means of reducing site impacts from timber harvesting. These systems spare the soil but are at least twice as expensive as ground skidding with logging vehicles on gently sloping terrain (Aulerich et al. 1974). One method of retaining the economic advantages of ground skidding while reducing the impacts of soil compaction might be an efficiently planned system of skid trails covering only a small portion of the total harvested area. This paper describes a study designed to test the feasibility of such a system. Close

• 275. [Article] Trees : timber resource economic estimation system

  Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees : timber resource economic estimation system Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Tedder, Philip L., Gourley, Jonna, Schmidt, James S. Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest inventories form basic resource units (BRUs), entered by age class or size and diameter classes; stocking level; and management intensity. Management assumptions for each grouped resource unit (GRU), a collection of BRUs, specify species type; site class; inventory shifts; changes in management intensity, land base, and utilization standard; and options for thinning, regeneration, cultural treatment, and growth. Harvest assumptions for each allowable cut unit (ACU), a collection of GRUs, comprise information on seven harvest scheduling methods, financial accounting options, and harvest-priority selection. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are available. Computer operating instructions for TREES are included. Volume II: The mathematical relations implicit in TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, are explained in this second of a four-volume series. Algorithm steps for applying fixed harvest scheduling methods (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) are outlined and effects on harvest policy considered. Algorithms for the more complex variable methods (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth) are detailed; solution feasibility, optimality, and stability evaluated; and effects on harvest policy again considered. Growth options for even-aged stands (standard yield and approach-to-normal growth or volume) and uneven-aged stands (mortality, diameter growth, and ingrowth and upgrowth) are described. Appendices connect algorithms for the variable methods to their computer implementation and present supporting routines for performing quadratic interpolation and setting equation limits. Volume III:Understanding TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is further aided by detailed examination of eight sample runs in the third of a four-volume series. In the first seven examples, each of seven harvest scheduling methods-three fixed (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) and four variable (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth)-is applied to an even-aged inventory. The eighth example illustrates switching from a fixed (absolute amount) to a variable (even-flow of volume) harvest scheduling method for an uneven-aged inventory. Complete input specifications for all required files are provided. Portions of requested reports, including the optimization detail and allowable cut and cut-proportion tables, are illustrated via sample output for all eight examples. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are presented for the first and last examples. Volume IV:The FORTRAN code implementing TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is annotated in this set of organized references, which forms the fourth of a four-volume series, for exploration by computer analysts or experienced users. System organization is depicted in a series of flowcharts, with accompanying discussion. Reference lists provide the location and description for each computer variable in COMMON, the interrelationships of subprograms and their use of COMMON variables and formal parameters, and the input and output operations performed. Special features of the Control Data Corporation CYBER 73 version of FORTRAN IV are briefly noted and miscellaneous features of TREES, including built-in limitations and diagnostic output requests, described. Title: Trees : timber resource economic estimation system Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Tedder, Philip L., Gourley, Jonna, Schmidt, James S. Volume I: TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is comprehensively described in the first of a four-volume series. Even- or uneven-aged forest inventories form basic resource units (BRUs), entered by age class or size and diameter classes; stocking level; and management intensity. Management assumptions for each grouped resource unit (GRU), a collection of BRUs, specify species type; site class; inventory shifts; changes in management intensity, land base, and utilization standard; and options for thinning, regeneration, cultural treatment, and growth. Harvest assumptions for each allowable cut unit (ACU), a collection of GRUs, comprise information on seven harvest scheduling methods, financial accounting options, and harvest-priority selection. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are available. Computer operating instructions for TREES are included. Volume II: The mathematical relations implicit in TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, are explained in this second of a four-volume series. Algorithm steps for applying fixed harvest scheduling methods (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) are outlined and effects on harvest policy considered. Algorithms for the more complex variable methods (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth) are detailed; solution feasibility, optimality, and stability evaluated; and effects on harvest policy again considered. Growth options for even-aged stands (standard yield and approach-to-normal growth or volume) and uneven-aged stands (mortality, diameter growth, and ingrowth and upgrowth) are described. Appendices connect algorithms for the variable methods to their computer implementation and present supporting routines for performing quadratic interpolation and setting equation limits. Volume III:Understanding TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is further aided by detailed examination of eight sample runs in the third of a four-volume series. In the first seven examples, each of seven harvest scheduling methods-three fixed (absolute amount, percent of inventory, and area control) and four variable (even-flow of volume, even-flow of a function of volume, present net benefit, and present net worth)-is applied to an even-aged inventory. The eighth example illustrates switching from a fixed (absolute amount) to a variable (even-flow of volume) harvest scheduling method for an uneven-aged inventory. Complete input specifications for all required files are provided. Portions of requested reports, including the optimization detail and allowable cut and cut-proportion tables, are illustrated via sample output for all eight examples. Inventory, harvest, regeneration/cultural treatment, and total harvest/economic reports are presented for the first and last examples. Volume IV:The FORTRAN code implementing TREES (Timber Resource Economic Estimation System), a forest management and harvest scheduling model, is annotated in this set of organized references, which forms the fourth of a four-volume series, for exploration by computer analysts or experienced users. System organization is depicted in a series of flowcharts, with accompanying discussion. Reference lists provide the location and description for each computer variable in COMMON, the interrelationships of subprograms and their use of COMMON variables and formal parameters, and the input and output operations performed. Special features of the Control Data Corporation CYBER 73 version of FORTRAN IV are briefly noted and miscellaneous features of TREES, including built-in limitations and diagnostic output requests, described. Close

• 276. [Article] Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study

  Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study Author: Rogers, William Reinhold, Bishaw, Badege, Emmingham, William H., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact of use has been the removal of riparian trees, the crowns and roots of which provide shade and stream bank protection. Increases in water temperature can be lethal to salmonid fish, and decreasing salmon populations over the past few decades have resulted in an urgent need for improving the management of watersheds, fish habitat, and water quality. Leaving stream-side buffers is now required by state forest practices regulations on forest lands, but no regulations are in place on agricultural lands, where riparian trees have frequently been removed. In 1995, the Beaver Creek Riparian Buffer Project was established to develop better information about how to establish riparian buffers on coastal pastureland near Newport, Oregon. No riparian trees were present when the trial was begun. A replicated tree filter belt trial was established along the south bank of the creek to compare unplanted pasture (controls) with commercially valued red alder (Alnus rubra) planted at 6-ft spacing in belts 1 row, 3 rows, and 6 rows wide. Tree survival and height and diameter growth were compared, as well as the amount of shade produced by the three treatments and control. We used a LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer to quantify shade. We found that intensive site preparation, continued vegetation management, and both fencing and tubing of tree seedlings were necessary to gain survival and protect seedlings from small rodents, beaver, and cattle. Fencing out cattle provided stream bank protection within 1 yr. Significant shading of the stream occurred 2–6 yr after planting, as trees grew tall enough to intercept a significant amount of light. Single row plantings that take a minimal amount of pasture offer significant shading only after 4–7 yr. A wider 6-row filter belt occupies a greater amount of pasture, but provides stream shading sooner than the other treatments. Title: Riparian forest buffers on agricultural lands in the Oregon coast range : Beaver Creek riparian project as a case study Author: Rogers, William Reinhold, Bishaw, Badege, Emmingham, William H., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Riparian areas in the Pacific Northwest have traditionally been a source of natural resources, such as timber and grazing, and have been used as transportation corridors and homestead sites. A primary impact of use has been the removal of riparian trees, the crowns and roots of which provide shade and stream bank protection. Increases in water temperature can be lethal to salmonid fish, and decreasing salmon populations over the past few decades have resulted in an urgent need for improving the management of watersheds, fish habitat, and water quality. Leaving stream-side buffers is now required by state forest practices regulations on forest lands, but no regulations are in place on agricultural lands, where riparian trees have frequently been removed. In 1995, the Beaver Creek Riparian Buffer Project was established to develop better information about how to establish riparian buffers on coastal pastureland near Newport, Oregon. No riparian trees were present when the trial was begun. A replicated tree filter belt trial was established along the south bank of the creek to compare unplanted pasture (controls) with commercially valued red alder (Alnus rubra) planted at 6-ft spacing in belts 1 row, 3 rows, and 6 rows wide. Tree survival and height and diameter growth were compared, as well as the amount of shade produced by the three treatments and control. We used a LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer to quantify shade. We found that intensive site preparation, continued vegetation management, and both fencing and tubing of tree seedlings were necessary to gain survival and protect seedlings from small rodents, beaver, and cattle. Fencing out cattle provided stream bank protection within 1 yr. Significant shading of the stream occurred 2–6 yr after planting, as trees grew tall enough to intercept a significant amount of light. Single row plantings that take a minimal amount of pasture offer significant shading only after 4–7 yr. A wider 6-row filter belt occupies a greater amount of pasture, but provides stream shading sooner than the other treatments. Close

• 277. [Article] Metal-plate-connected wood joints : a literature review

  "This publication has presented an overview of current research on MPC joints in wood trusses. The literature search was primarily of U.S. sources, with some effort to obtain literature from other parts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Metal-plate-connected wood joints : a literature review Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Gupta, Rakesh, Vatovec, Milan, Miller, Thomas H. "This publication has presented an overview of current research on MPC joints in wood trusses. The literature search was primarily of U.S. sources, with some effort to obtain literature from other parts of the world. An enormous amount of important information has been amassed by studies on testing procedures and theoretical models. Among the many attributes that must be considered in modeling and analysis of joints and trusses are the effect of load angle, wood-plate orientation, size, thickness, stiffness of steel plates, and specific gravity of wood on the strength of the joints, as well as the effect of the gap closure between members, tooth damage or length, and tooth layout on the overall joint performance. Extensive research has been done on tension joints in trusses; some has been done on heel connections, but very little has been done on web and other connections. Researchers have devoted considerable effort to understanding tensile joints under axial loading. However, experience suggests that even tensile joints are subjected to combined loadings because of eccentricities. The behavior of a simple MPC joint is very complex and influenced by many variables, including plate properties, joint geometry, and the natural variability of wood. An integrated approach, as used by Foschi (1977), that considers the material behavior and interactions of wood and plate and that is simple but sufficiently accurate for designing joints should be developed. A standard method for studying the long-term behavior of MPC joints should be developed and used in design. One possible option would be to use a time-temperature superposition principle for developing long-term data from relatively short-term tests. Failure modes of the truss joints should be characterized. Work on dynamic behavior and environmental effects on the joints is also needed."--Summary and conclusions. Title: Metal-plate-connected wood joints : a literature review Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Gupta, Rakesh, Vatovec, Milan, Miller, Thomas H. "This publication has presented an overview of current research on MPC joints in wood trusses. The literature search was primarily of U.S. sources, with some effort to obtain literature from other parts of the world. An enormous amount of important information has been amassed by studies on testing procedures and theoretical models. Among the many attributes that must be considered in modeling and analysis of joints and trusses are the effect of load angle, wood-plate orientation, size, thickness, stiffness of steel plates, and specific gravity of wood on the strength of the joints, as well as the effect of the gap closure between members, tooth damage or length, and tooth layout on the overall joint performance. Extensive research has been done on tension joints in trusses; some has been done on heel connections, but very little has been done on web and other connections. Researchers have devoted considerable effort to understanding tensile joints under axial loading. However, experience suggests that even tensile joints are subjected to combined loadings because of eccentricities. The behavior of a simple MPC joint is very complex and influenced by many variables, including plate properties, joint geometry, and the natural variability of wood. An integrated approach, as used by Foschi (1977), that considers the material behavior and interactions of wood and plate and that is simple but sufficiently accurate for designing joints should be developed. A standard method for studying the long-term behavior of MPC joints should be developed and used in design. One possible option would be to use a time-temperature superposition principle for developing long-term data from relatively short-term tests. Failure modes of the truss joints should be characterized. Work on dynamic behavior and environmental effects on the joints is also needed."--Summary and conclusions. Close

• 278. [Article] Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences

  Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Close

• 279. [Article] Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir

  Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock and Douglas-fir were subjected to severe snow damage above 1,000 feet in the early parts of 1965 and 1966 and above 2,500 feet in the winter of 1968-69. These data were collected from thirty-two 1/10-acre plots in four locations in western Oregon. The plots, thinned and unthinned, were in site-quality classes III and IV. Damage varied among the locations and also among the plots in each location. The percentage of damaged trees ranged from 0 to 77.9. Damage was considered severe when 30 percent of the trees were injured in stands spaced about 4 by 4 feet, equivalent to about 2,700 trees per acre before the snowfall. The study showed that: Trees growing openly at seedling and early sapling stages offered more resistance to snow injuries than trees in densely stocked stands. Sapling stands 21 years old, thinned 2 years before the snowfall, had more damage than an adjacent unthinned stand. Extremely heavy snowfall caused severe damage in a dense, unthinned stand, hut damage in an adjacent stand thinned 6 years before the snowfall was very light. The percentage of damaged trees in sapling stands decreased with increase of tree diameter. In mixed stands of saplings, Douglas-fir trees were more susceptible to snow injuries than western hemlock. Early, heavy thinning is recommended to avoid damage from snow. Title: Snow damage to young Western hemlock and Douglas-fir Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock and Douglas-fir were subjected to severe snow damage above 1,000 feet in the early parts of 1965 and 1966 and above 2,500 feet in the winter of 1968-69. These data were collected from thirty-two 1/10-acre plots in four locations in western Oregon. The plots, thinned and unthinned, were in site-quality classes III and IV. Damage varied among the locations and also among the plots in each location. The percentage of damaged trees ranged from 0 to 77.9. Damage was considered severe when 30 percent of the trees were injured in stands spaced about 4 by 4 feet, equivalent to about 2,700 trees per acre before the snowfall. The study showed that: Trees growing openly at seedling and early sapling stages offered more resistance to snow injuries than trees in densely stocked stands. Sapling stands 21 years old, thinned 2 years before the snowfall, had more damage than an adjacent unthinned stand. Extremely heavy snowfall caused severe damage in a dense, unthinned stand, hut damage in an adjacent stand thinned 6 years before the snowfall was very light. The percentage of damaged trees in sapling stands decreased with increase of tree diameter. In mixed stands of saplings, Douglas-fir trees were more susceptible to snow injuries than western hemlock. Early, heavy thinning is recommended to avoid damage from snow. Close

• 280. [Article] Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974

  Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974 Author: Ching, Kim K., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hermann, Richard K. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From the apex in British Columbia, the western half extends along the Pacific mountain ranges into California for about 2,200 km (1,400 miles). The eastern half stretches along the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the United States into the mountains of central Mexico over a distance of about 4,500 km (2,800 miles). Douglas-fir was introduced into the British Isles 35 years after its discovery by Archibald Menzies on Vancouver Island in 1792. Since then, the cultivation of this species has spread to many parts of Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and some of the temperate regions of South America. At the beginning of the present century, foresters became aware that the tremendous divergence of climate, topography, soils, and other environmental conditions throughout the range of Douglas-fir was accompanied by an equally great genetic diversity within this species. The first provenance studies of Douglas-fir date back to that period, and additional provenance tests were initiated in subsequent decades. Interest in provenance studies for better understanding of variation in growth and development of the species, and their implications for improvement of future crops of trees, has continued to this day. The international Douglas-fir study that was begun in 1966-67 with the cooperation of many nations, and the IUFRO meeting in 1973 dealing with the various aspects of Douglas-fir provenance research are indicative of the efforts in this field. Results of provenance studies are contained in many publications, dissertations, and unpublished reports. Because many of these papers are obscure or not easily accessible, we have prepared this bibliography for all those interested in Douglas-fir provenance research. However hard we have tried to include all relevant publications, some worthwhile papers may have been omitted. We hope that our continuing search for additional materials, in conjunction with comments and suggestions from readers of this bibliography, will rectify the situation. Title: Bibliography of Douglas-fir provenance studies, 1907-1974 Author: Ching, Kim K., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hermann, Richard K. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is one of the world's most important and valuable timber trees. Its natural distribution in North America resembles an inverted V with uneven sides. From the apex in British Columbia, the western half extends along the Pacific mountain ranges into California for about 2,200 km (1,400 miles). The eastern half stretches along the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the United States into the mountains of central Mexico over a distance of about 4,500 km (2,800 miles). Douglas-fir was introduced into the British Isles 35 years after its discovery by Archibald Menzies on Vancouver Island in 1792. Since then, the cultivation of this species has spread to many parts of Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and some of the temperate regions of South America. At the beginning of the present century, foresters became aware that the tremendous divergence of climate, topography, soils, and other environmental conditions throughout the range of Douglas-fir was accompanied by an equally great genetic diversity within this species. The first provenance studies of Douglas-fir date back to that period, and additional provenance tests were initiated in subsequent decades. Interest in provenance studies for better understanding of variation in growth and development of the species, and their implications for improvement of future crops of trees, has continued to this day. The international Douglas-fir study that was begun in 1966-67 with the cooperation of many nations, and the IUFRO meeting in 1973 dealing with the various aspects of Douglas-fir provenance research are indicative of the efforts in this field. Results of provenance studies are contained in many publications, dissertations, and unpublished reports. Because many of these papers are obscure or not easily accessible, we have prepared this bibliography for all those interested in Douglas-fir provenance research. However hard we have tried to include all relevant publications, some worthwhile papers may have been omitted. We hope that our continuing search for additional materials, in conjunction with comments and suggestions from readers of this bibliography, will rectify the situation. Close