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• 1. [Article] Mechanized felling in the Pacific Northwest : existing and future technology

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanized felling in the Pacific Northwest : existing and future technology Author: Brink, Michael, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Title: Mechanized felling in the Pacific Northwest : existing and future technology Author: Brink, Michael, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Close

• 2. [Article] Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Spong, Ben, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: light thin [(115 residual trees per acre (tpa)], light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The sites were 40- to 50-yr-old stands in the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of central western Oregon. Using multiple linear regression equations with indicator variables, we compared both harvesting and forwarding cycle times among treatments. We conducted detailed time studies on a harvester and a forwarder and used these data to develop two regression equations to predict delay-free harvest cycle times and delay-free forwarding cycle times. Delay information was gathered from both shift-level and detailed time studies. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining costs for harvesting, forwarding, and moving equipment in and out for the entire operation. Harvesting and forwarding costs did not differ significantly between light and heavy treatments, but were higher in the light-thin-with- openings treatment. Total thinning costs among the three treatments ranged from $28.08 to $34.62/100 ft³. Title: Production and costs of cut-to-length thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Spong, Ben, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Young Douglas-fir stands were commercially thinned to achieve vegetation- and wildlife-related objectives. Harvesting and forwarding production and costs were compared among three mechanized thinning treatments: light thin [(115 residual trees per acre (tpa)], light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The sites were 40- to 50-yr-old stands in the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of central western Oregon. Using multiple linear regression equations with indicator variables, we compared both harvesting and forwarding cycle times among treatments. We conducted detailed time studies on a harvester and a forwarder and used these data to develop two regression equations to predict delay-free harvest cycle times and delay-free forwarding cycle times. Delay information was gathered from both shift-level and detailed time studies. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining costs for harvesting, forwarding, and moving equipment in and out for the entire operation. Harvesting and forwarding costs did not differ significantly between light and heavy treatments, but were higher in the light-thin-with- openings treatment. Total thinning costs among the three treatments ranged from $28.08 to $34.62/100 ft³. Close

• 3. [Article] Logging planning and layout costs for thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Logging planning and layout costs were examined for commercial thinning of 40- to 50-yr-old stands of Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. The study consisted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Logging planning and layout costs for thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Milota, Ginger, Stringham, Bennett, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Logging planning and layout costs were examined for commercial thinning of 40- to 50-yr-old stands of Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. The study consisted of four replications of three silvicultural treatments. Thinning involved three types of logging systems: mechanized cut-to-length (a combination of single-grip harvester and forwarder), tractor, and skyline. Data for the study came from two sources: activities completed by the Forest Service in preparing sales for bid, and the layout completed by the logging contractor after a contract was awarded. Planning and layout costs showed no consistent relationship to type of silvicultural treatment. Logging contractor layout costs showed a relationship to type of logging system: the mechanized system had the lowest layout cost, followed by the tractor systems, with the skyline systems having the highest costs. Title: Logging planning and layout costs for thinning : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Milota, Ginger, Stringham, Bennett, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Logging planning and layout costs were examined for commercial thinning of 40- to 50-yr-old stands of Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. The study consisted of four replications of three silvicultural treatments. Thinning involved three types of logging systems: mechanized cut-to-length (a combination of single-grip harvester and forwarder), tractor, and skyline. Data for the study came from two sources: activities completed by the Forest Service in preparing sales for bid, and the layout completed by the logging contractor after a contract was awarded. Planning and layout costs showed no consistent relationship to type of silvicultural treatment. Logging contractor layout costs showed a relationship to type of logging system: the mechanized system had the lowest layout cost, followed by the tractor systems, with the skyline systems having the highest costs. Close

• 4. [Article] Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Davis, Chad T. (Chad Thomas), Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment definitions were based on residual trees per acre (tpa) after thinning. The treatments were light thin (115 residual tpa), light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The three study sites were 44- to 46- yr-old stands of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] located in the Cascade Mountains of west central Oregon. Detailed time studies were conducted on timber fallers and crawler tractors and used to develop multiple linear regression models to predict delay-free felling and skidding cycle times for each site. The independent variables common to the regression models to determine delay-free felling cycle time at all sites were diameter at breast height, number of cuts, and number of limbs cut. Only skidding distance was common to all regression models for determining delay-free skidding cycle time. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining felling, skidding, and moving costs for the entire operation. Felling costs ranged from $7.20/CCF to $17.73/CCF. Skidding and loading costs ranged from $15.42/CCF to $38.69/ CCF. The cost and productivity results from this study emphasize the importance for forest managers to consider factors such as volume removed and skidding distance when prescribing alternative silvicultural treatments for young Douglas-fir stands. Title: Tractor thinning productivity and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Davis, Chad T. (Chad Thomas), Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Harvesting productivity rates and costs were determined for three silvicultural treatments used in commercial ground-based thinning of young stands to achieve timber management objectives and enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment definitions were based on residual trees per acre (tpa) after thinning. The treatments were light thin (115 residual tpa), light thin with 0.5-ac openings (92 residual tpa), and heavy thin (53 residual tpa). The three study sites were 44- to 46- yr-old stands of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] located in the Cascade Mountains of west central Oregon. Detailed time studies were conducted on timber fallers and crawler tractors and used to develop multiple linear regression models to predict delay-free felling and skidding cycle times for each site. The independent variables common to the regression models to determine delay-free felling cycle time at all sites were diameter at breast height, number of cuts, and number of limbs cut. Only skidding distance was common to all regression models for determining delay-free skidding cycle time. Total costs for each treatment were obtained by combining felling, skidding, and moving costs for the entire operation. Felling costs ranged from $7.20/CCF to $17.73/CCF. Skidding and loading costs ranged from $15.42/CCF to $38.69/ CCF. The cost and productivity results from this study emphasize the importance for forest managers to consider factors such as volume removed and skidding distance when prescribing alternative silvicultural treatments for young Douglas-fir stands. Close

• 5. [Article] Skyline thinning a western hemlock-Sitka spruce stand : harvesting costs and stand damage

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyline thinning a western hemlock-Sitka spruce stand : harvesting costs and stand damage Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hargrave, Michael A., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Title: Skyline thinning a western hemlock-Sitka spruce stand : harvesting costs and stand damage Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Hargrave, Michael A., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Close

• 6. [Article] Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project

  Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Mark E., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Three silvicultural treatments were studied at two sites, and one silvicultural treatment at the third site. Detailed time studies were conducted on manual felling and uphill skyline yarding with small or mid-size yarders. Separate regression equations were developed to predict delay-free felling cycle time and delay-free yarding cycle time at each site. The three silvicultural treatments had no consistent influence on production rates and costs, because the initial stocking levels varied among treatments and the volume harvested did not necessarily correspond to the silvicultural treatment. Cost differences within sites, where operational methods were uniform, were small. Cost differences among sites for each activity, such as felling or yarding, were larger because of differences in operational methods. Total harvesting costs among the three sites were similar, ranging from $58 to $64/100 ft³. Title: Skyline thinning production and costs : experience from the Willamette Young Stand Project Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Mark E., Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Production rates and costs for skyline harvesting were examined over a range of residual thinning intensities, operational methods, and sites. The sites included three stands of 40- to 50-yr-old Douglas-fir on the Willamette National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Three silvicultural treatments were studied at two sites, and one silvicultural treatment at the third site. Detailed time studies were conducted on manual felling and uphill skyline yarding with small or mid-size yarders. Separate regression equations were developed to predict delay-free felling cycle time and delay-free yarding cycle time at each site. The three silvicultural treatments had no consistent influence on production rates and costs, because the initial stocking levels varied among treatments and the volume harvested did not necessarily correspond to the silvicultural treatment. Cost differences within sites, where operational methods were uniform, were small. Cost differences among sites for each activity, such as felling or yarding, were larger because of differences in operational methods. Total harvesting costs among the three sites were similar, ranging from $58 to $64/100 ft³. Close

• 7. [Article] Increasing the productivity of a small yarder : crew size, skidder swinging, hot thinning

  The production rates and costs of harvesting smallwood were determined for a small yarder (Koller K-300) operating under variable conditions: the size of the crew, the addition of a skidder to swing logs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increasing the productivity of a small yarder : crew size, skidder swinging, hot thinning Author: Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The production rates and costs of harvesting smallwood were determined for a small yarder (Koller K-300) operating under variable conditions: the size of the crew, the addition of a skidder to swing logs from the landing, and the type of harvest method-employed, either conventional or hot thinning (simultaneous felling and yarding of whole trees). Regression equations are presented for the felling, yarding, swinging, and loading cycles of each harvest method. Title: Increasing the productivity of a small yarder : crew size, skidder swinging, hot thinning Author: Olsen, Eldon D., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.), Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The production rates and costs of harvesting smallwood were determined for a small yarder (Koller K-300) operating under variable conditions: the size of the crew, the addition of a skidder to swing logs from the landing, and the type of harvest method-employed, either conventional or hot thinning (simultaneous felling and yarding of whole trees). Regression equations are presented for the felling, yarding, swinging, and loading cycles of each harvest method. Close

• 8. [Article] Practical methodology for operational layout of commercial skyline thinning systems

  On-the-ground harvest unit layout, especially in skyline-thinning operations, is critical to meeting multiple resource objectives of the land manager and maintaining the economic viability of the timber ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Practical methodology for operational layout of commercial skyline thinning systems Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Cornell, Jennie L., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) On-the-ground harvest unit layout, especially in skyline-thinning operations, is critical to meeting multiple resource objectives of the land manager and maintaining the economic viability of the timber harvesting operator. This phase of an operation can optimize the layout and harvesting of a sale or unit. Detailed layout by a knowledgeable professional can help to identify areas in the sale or unit that may be operationally or economically unfeasible to thin. This publication is an overview of practical methodology aspects for the layout of skyline thinning operations. The information presented is drawn largely from the personal experiences of the authors, the individuals cited, and publications from research at Oregon State University. The publication provides a general outline of the components of the overall planning process that results in the implementation of skyline thinning operations on the ground. Title: Practical methodology for operational layout of commercial skyline thinning systems Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Cornell, Jennie L., Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) On-the-ground harvest unit layout, especially in skyline-thinning operations, is critical to meeting multiple resource objectives of the land manager and maintaining the economic viability of the timber harvesting operator. This phase of an operation can optimize the layout and harvesting of a sale or unit. Detailed layout by a knowledgeable professional can help to identify areas in the sale or unit that may be operationally or economically unfeasible to thin. This publication is an overview of practical methodology aspects for the layout of skyline thinning operations. The information presented is drawn largely from the personal experiences of the authors, the individuals cited, and publications from research at Oregon State University. The publication provides a general outline of the components of the overall planning process that results in the implementation of skyline thinning operations on the ground. Close

• 9. [Article] Thinning young timber stands in mountainous terrain

  The Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, has evaluated several systems for thinning young timber stands on steep terrain. Stands averaged 35 to 40 years old and 25.4 to 35.6 cm (10-14 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thinning young timber stands in mountainous terrain Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) The Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, has evaluated several systems for thinning young timber stands on steep terrain. Stands averaged 35 to 40 years old and 25.4 to 35.6 cm (10-14 in.) dbh. Approximately 40 percent of the stems per hectare were removed in the thinning operations. This paper discusses research findings from 1972 to 1979 on felling and bucking as well as yarding. Felling and bucking production increased with thinning intensity. Tractor yarding production decreased with increasing slope percent. Total skyline logging cost ranged from 1.5 to 1.67 times that of tractor logging on slopes up to 40 percent. Prebunching logs to the skyline corridor increased yarding production for the machine on the landing. Using intermediate supports has extended yarding distances on convex slopes for short towers such as the Igland-Jones Trailer Alp. Title: Thinning young timber stands in mountainous terrain Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) The Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, has evaluated several systems for thinning young timber stands on steep terrain. Stands averaged 35 to 40 years old and 25.4 to 35.6 cm (10-14 in.) dbh. Approximately 40 percent of the stems per hectare were removed in the thinning operations. This paper discusses research findings from 1972 to 1979 on felling and bucking as well as yarding. Felling and bucking production increased with thinning intensity. Tractor yarding production decreased with increasing slope percent. Total skyline logging cost ranged from 1.5 to 1.67 times that of tractor logging on slopes up to 40 percent. Prebunching logs to the skyline corridor increased yarding production for the machine on the landing. Using intermediate supports has extended yarding distances on convex slopes for short towers such as the Igland-Jones Trailer Alp. Close

• 10. [Article] Key issues and future directions of mechanized harvesting : discussions and guidance from working groups

  Recognition of the problems and opportunities in mechanized harvesting should help in development of solutions and maximum realization of its potential. This paper presents feedback from five working groups, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Key issues and future directions of mechanized harvesting : discussions and guidance from working groups Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Olsen, Eldon D., Bettinger, Pete, 1962-, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Recognition of the problems and opportunities in mechanized harvesting should help in development of solutions and maximum realization of its potential. This paper presents feedback from five working groups, the members of which were involved in mechanized harvesting issues with various organizations in the Pacific Northwest. The groups identified needs and assigned priorities for research in all areas of mechanized harvesting. Most participants thought the working groups were effective. Suggestions for future workshops included encouraging a broader mix of participants, scheduling a longer session for working groups, and providing more guidance to summarizers. Plans for future studies and stronger interactions with other interests in the forest industry may develop from suggestions of the working groups. Title: Key issues and future directions of mechanized harvesting : discussions and guidance from working groups Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Olsen, Eldon D., Bettinger, Pete, 1962-, Kellogg, L. D. (Loren D.) Recognition of the problems and opportunities in mechanized harvesting should help in development of solutions and maximum realization of its potential. This paper presents feedback from five working groups, the members of which were involved in mechanized harvesting issues with various organizations in the Pacific Northwest. The groups identified needs and assigned priorities for research in all areas of mechanized harvesting. Most participants thought the working groups were effective. Suggestions for future workshops included encouraging a broader mix of participants, scheduling a longer session for working groups, and providing more guidance to summarizers. Plans for future studies and stronger interactions with other interests in the forest industry may develop from suggestions of the working groups. Close