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• 1. [Article] Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

  The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Close

• 2. [Article] Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1989

  Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1989 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication of Vapam 18 years after the initial application eliminated fungi which had recolonized the poles. Methylisothiocyanate (MITC) continues to protect Douglas-fir poles 12 years after application. Gelatin encapsulation of MITC or chioropicrin appears to have no negative influence on fungitoxicity of these chemicals. Application of water to decompose the gelatin accelerated initial chemical release, but had no longterm effects on performance. A series of laboratory trials have been established to evaluate the performance of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC), the active ingredient of Vapam. This chemical decomposes more slowly than the liquid formulations and a number of additives are being evaluated to accelerated decomposition. Along with the solid NaMDC, a pelletized formulation of Vapam was evaluated which contained 15 or 40 % NaMDC. These evaluations indicated that the addition of water accelerates release, but the fungal survival in these tests was more variable. The results suggest that a dosage 2 times greater than the liquid formulation is required for effective fungal control; however, further tests are planned to confirm these results. The evaluations of MITC-FUME in Douglas-fir and southern pine poles indicated that MITC has moved to a greater extent in Douglas-fir. Both closed tube bioassays and gas chromatographic analyses of ethyl acetate extracts of wood samples indicated that MITC was present at higher levels in Douglas-fir poles. Southern pine is far more permeable than Douglas-fir and MITC movement should be more rapid in this species. Further tests are planned to identify the nature of this delayed movement. 11 Evaluations of Dazomet, a crystalline solid which decomposes tO produce MITC in wood, indicate that detectable levels of this chemical are present in virtually all of the treatment groups. The decomposition rate of this chemical is normally too slow for effective fungal control and these trials are examining the ability of various additives to accelerate decomposition. Further evaluations of pole sections treated with Dazomet and selected additives are underway. A study to evaluate the effect of voids on fumigant effectivness suggests that voids do not adversely affect MITC movement through Douglas-fir pole sections. These results indicate that treatment of voids should be costeffective if the chemical is not applied directly to the void and if the pole retains a sufficient degree of strength. We continue to develop and refine a model for simulating the movement of MITC through Douglas-fir under varying temperature and moisture conditions. The model has been improved to permit three dimensional evaluations, but the times required for computation are still somewhat long. Further evaluations using a variety of environmental conditions are planned. Evaluations of potential replacements for pentachiorophenol for treatment of western redcedar sapwood and field drilled bolt holes have identified several promising alternatives. These chemicals are now under study in several modified field and laboratory tests. Field trials of several potential treatments for field drilled bolt holes indicate that Boracol 40, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and ammonium bifluoride provided excellent protection over an 8 year period. These formulations all are relatively safe and can be easily applied in the field. 111 A laboratory trial to evaluate the effects of selected basidiomycetes on strength of Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood has concluded. Fungal density, measured as the average number of fungi colonies per beam, gradually increased in all of the beams while longitudinal compression strength (LCS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elesticity (MOE) slowly declined. Of the measurements, LCS appeared to be most useful, probably owing to the increased number of sampling sites per beam. The results indicate that the degree of colonization was not a good indicator of wood strength effects. The value of kerfing for decreasing post-treatment checking and improving the service life of Douglas-fir poles was evaluated using a series of inspection reports from a local utility. Kerfed transmission poles had substantially lower rates of internal decay and rejection, but there appeared to be little difference in the rate of decay between kerfed and non-kerfed distribution poles. The evaluation of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate for preventing colonization of air-seasoning Douglas-fir pole sections has been completed. Spraying with a 10 % boric acid equivalent solution (BAE) at 6 month intervals provided the greatest degree of protection, although dipping in a 20 % BAE solution at the start of air-seasoning produced a similar degree of protection. As expected, fungal colonization was far lower at the dryer Oroville site and borate treatment had little influence on the degree of fungal colonization at this site. The results indicate that borate treatment at the start of airseasoning is a viable method for limiting fungal colonization in moist airseasoning sites west of the Cascade Mountains. Evaluations of the tolerance of Stereum sanguinolentum and Peniophora spp. to elevated temperature exposures indicated that both of these fungi were extremely sensitive to elevated temperatures. The lack of long-term survival structures in these fungi probably accounts for this susceptibility to heat. iv A series of trials which measured internal temperatures in Douglas-fir pole sections during treatment with ammoniacal copper arsenate were used to develop a model for predicting internal heating during steaming. The results indicated that previous heating curves were overly optimistic in their prediction of heating. A series of heating curves for various pole diameters and starting conditions are presented. A number of externally applied groundline treatments are under evaluation in a field trial at Peavy Arboretum and a second trial will be established in the San Francisco Bay area. Seven formulations (including standards) are included. The Peavy site will be sampled in the next few months. The performance of copper naphthenate in western wood species is being evaluated in a series of small western redcedar sapwood stakelets which have been treated to a range of retentions and exposed in the fungus cellar. The results will be used to help confirm the performance of copper naphthenate in this species. Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1989 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication of Vapam 18 years after the initial application eliminated fungi which had recolonized the poles. Methylisothiocyanate (MITC) continues to protect Douglas-fir poles 12 years after application. Gelatin encapsulation of MITC or chioropicrin appears to have no negative influence on fungitoxicity of these chemicals. Application of water to decompose the gelatin accelerated initial chemical release, but had no longterm effects on performance. A series of laboratory trials have been established to evaluate the performance of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC), the active ingredient of Vapam. This chemical decomposes more slowly than the liquid formulations and a number of additives are being evaluated to accelerated decomposition. Along with the solid NaMDC, a pelletized formulation of Vapam was evaluated which contained 15 or 40 % NaMDC. These evaluations indicated that the addition of water accelerates release, but the fungal survival in these tests was more variable. The results suggest that a dosage 2 times greater than the liquid formulation is required for effective fungal control; however, further tests are planned to confirm these results. The evaluations of MITC-FUME in Douglas-fir and southern pine poles indicated that MITC has moved to a greater extent in Douglas-fir. Both closed tube bioassays and gas chromatographic analyses of ethyl acetate extracts of wood samples indicated that MITC was present at higher levels in Douglas-fir poles. Southern pine is far more permeable than Douglas-fir and MITC movement should be more rapid in this species. Further tests are planned to identify the nature of this delayed movement. 11 Evaluations of Dazomet, a crystalline solid which decomposes tO produce MITC in wood, indicate that detectable levels of this chemical are present in virtually all of the treatment groups. The decomposition rate of this chemical is normally too slow for effective fungal control and these trials are examining the ability of various additives to accelerate decomposition. Further evaluations of pole sections treated with Dazomet and selected additives are underway. A study to evaluate the effect of voids on fumigant effectivness suggests that voids do not adversely affect MITC movement through Douglas-fir pole sections. These results indicate that treatment of voids should be costeffective if the chemical is not applied directly to the void and if the pole retains a sufficient degree of strength. We continue to develop and refine a model for simulating the movement of MITC through Douglas-fir under varying temperature and moisture conditions. The model has been improved to permit three dimensional evaluations, but the times required for computation are still somewhat long. Further evaluations using a variety of environmental conditions are planned. Evaluations of potential replacements for pentachiorophenol for treatment of western redcedar sapwood and field drilled bolt holes have identified several promising alternatives. These chemicals are now under study in several modified field and laboratory tests. Field trials of several potential treatments for field drilled bolt holes indicate that Boracol 40, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and ammonium bifluoride provided excellent protection over an 8 year period. These formulations all are relatively safe and can be easily applied in the field. 111 A laboratory trial to evaluate the effects of selected basidiomycetes on strength of Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood has concluded. Fungal density, measured as the average number of fungi colonies per beam, gradually increased in all of the beams while longitudinal compression strength (LCS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elesticity (MOE) slowly declined. Of the measurements, LCS appeared to be most useful, probably owing to the increased number of sampling sites per beam. The results indicate that the degree of colonization was not a good indicator of wood strength effects. The value of kerfing for decreasing post-treatment checking and improving the service life of Douglas-fir poles was evaluated using a series of inspection reports from a local utility. Kerfed transmission poles had substantially lower rates of internal decay and rejection, but there appeared to be little difference in the rate of decay between kerfed and non-kerfed distribution poles. The evaluation of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate for preventing colonization of air-seasoning Douglas-fir pole sections has been completed. Spraying with a 10 % boric acid equivalent solution (BAE) at 6 month intervals provided the greatest degree of protection, although dipping in a 20 % BAE solution at the start of air-seasoning produced a similar degree of protection. As expected, fungal colonization was far lower at the dryer Oroville site and borate treatment had little influence on the degree of fungal colonization at this site. The results indicate that borate treatment at the start of airseasoning is a viable method for limiting fungal colonization in moist airseasoning sites west of the Cascade Mountains. Evaluations of the tolerance of Stereum sanguinolentum and Peniophora spp. to elevated temperature exposures indicated that both of these fungi were extremely sensitive to elevated temperatures. The lack of long-term survival structures in these fungi probably accounts for this susceptibility to heat. iv A series of trials which measured internal temperatures in Douglas-fir pole sections during treatment with ammoniacal copper arsenate were used to develop a model for predicting internal heating during steaming. The results indicated that previous heating curves were overly optimistic in their prediction of heating. A series of heating curves for various pole diameters and starting conditions are presented. A number of externally applied groundline treatments are under evaluation in a field trial at Peavy Arboretum and a second trial will be established in the San Francisco Bay area. Seven formulations (including standards) are included. The Peavy site will be sampled in the next few months. The performance of copper naphthenate in western wood species is being evaluated in a series of small western redcedar sapwood stakelets which have been treated to a range of retentions and exposed in the fungus cellar. The results will be used to help confirm the performance of copper naphthenate in this species. Close

• 3. [Article] Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1990

  Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1990 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication of Vapam 18 years after the initial application eliminated fungi which had recolonized the poles. Methylisothiocyanate (MITC) continues to protect Douglas-fir poles 12 years after application. Gelatin encapsulation of MITC or chioropicrin appears to have no negative influence on fungitoxicity of these chemicals. Application of water to decompose the gelatin accelerated initial chemical release, but had no longterm effects on performance. A series of laboratory trials have been established to evaluate the performance of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC), the active ingredient of Vapam. This chemical decomposes more slowly than the liquid formulations and a number of additives are being evaluated to accelerated decomposition. Along with the solid NaMDC, a pelletized formulation of Vapam was evaluated which contained 15 or 40 % NaMDC. These evaluations indicated that the addition of water accelerates release, but the fungal survival in these tests was more variable. The results suggest that a dosage 2 times greater than the liquid formulation is required for effective fungal control; however, further tests are planned to confirm these results. The evaluations of MITC-FUME in Douglas-fir and southern pine poles indicated that MITC has moved to a greater extent in Douglas-fir. Both closed tube bioassays and gas chromatographic analyses of ethyl acetate extracts of wood samples indicated that MITC was present at higher levels in Douglas-fir poles. Southern pine is far more permeable than Douglas-fir and MITC movement should be more rapid in this species. Further tests are planned to identify the nature of this delayed movement. 11 Evaluations of Dazomet, a crystalline solid which decomposes tO produce MITC in wood, indicate that detectable levels of this chemical are present in virtually all of the treatment groups. The decomposition rate of this chemical is normally too slow for effective fungal control and these trials are examining the ability of various additives to accelerate decomposition. Further evaluations of pole sections treated with Dazomet and selected additives are underway. A study to evaluate the effect of voids on fumigant effectivness suggests that voids do not adversely affect MITC movement through Douglas-fir pole sections. These results indicate that treatment of voids should be costeffective if the chemical is not applied directly to the void and if the pole retains a sufficient degree of strength. We continue to develop and refine a model for simulating the movement of MITC through Douglas-fir under varying temperature and moisture conditions. The model has been improved to permit three dimensional evaluations, but the times required for computation are still somewhat long. Further evaluations using a variety of environmental conditions are planned. Evaluations of potential replacements for pentachiorophenol for treatment of western redcedar sapwood and field drilled bolt holes have identified several promising alternatives. These chemicals are now under study in several modified field and laboratory tests. Field trials of several potential treatments for field drilled bolt holes indicate that Boracol 40, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and ammonium bifluoride provided excellent protection over an 8 year period. These formulations all are relatively safe and can be easily applied in the field. 111 A laboratory trial to evaluate the effects of selected basidiomycetes on strength of Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood has concluded. Fungal density, measured as the average number of fungi colonies per beam, gradually increased in all of the beams while longitudinal compression strength (LCS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elesticity (MOE) slowly declined. Of the measurements, LCS appeared to be most useful, probably owing to the increased number of sampling sites per beam. The results indicate that the degree of colonization was not a good indicator of wood strength effects. The value of kerfing for decreasing post-treatment checking and improving the service life of Douglas-fir poles was evaluated using a series of inspection reports from a local utility. Kerfed transmission poles had substantially lower rates of internal decay and rejection, but there appeared to be little difference in the rate of decay between kerfed and non-kerfed distribution poles. The evaluation of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate for preventing colonization of air-seasoning Douglas-fir pole sections has been completed. Spraying with a 10 % boric acid equivalent solution (BAE) at 6 month intervals provided the greatest degree of protection, although dipping in a 20 % BAE solution at the start of air-seasoning produced a similar degree of protection. As expected, fungal colonization was far lower at the dryer Oroville site and borate treatment had little influence on the degree of fungal colonization at this site. The results indicate that borate treatment at the start of airseasoning is a viable method for limiting fungal colonization in moist airseasoning sites west of the Cascade Mountains. Evaluations of the tolerance of Stereum sanguinolentum and Peniophora spp. to elevated temperature exposures indicated that both of these fungi were extremely sensitive to elevated temperatures. The lack of long-term survival structures in these fungi probably accounts for this susceptibility to heat. iv A series of trials which measured internal temperatures in Douglas-fir pole sections during treatment with ammoniacal copper arsenate were used to develop a model for predicting internal heating during steaming. The results indicated that previous heating curves were overly optimistic in their prediction of heating. A series of heating curves for various pole diameters and starting conditions are presented. A number of externally applied groundline treatments are under evaluation in a field trial at Peavy Arboretum and a second trial will be established in the San Francisco Bay area. Seven formulations (including standards) are included. The Peavy site will be sampled in the next few months. The performance of copper naphthenate in western wood species is being evaluated in a series of small western redcedar sapwood stakelets which have been treated to a range of retentions and exposed in the fungus cellar. The results will be used to help confirm the performance of copper naphthenate in this species. Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1990 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin, and Vorlex continue to provide protection to Douglas-fir poles, although the degree of protection is diminishing. Reapplication of Vapam 18 years after the initial application eliminated fungi which had recolonized the poles. Methylisothiocyanate (MITC) continues to protect Douglas-fir poles 12 years after application. Gelatin encapsulation of MITC or chioropicrin appears to have no negative influence on fungitoxicity of these chemicals. Application of water to decompose the gelatin accelerated initial chemical release, but had no longterm effects on performance. A series of laboratory trials have been established to evaluate the performance of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC), the active ingredient of Vapam. This chemical decomposes more slowly than the liquid formulations and a number of additives are being evaluated to accelerated decomposition. Along with the solid NaMDC, a pelletized formulation of Vapam was evaluated which contained 15 or 40 % NaMDC. These evaluations indicated that the addition of water accelerates release, but the fungal survival in these tests was more variable. The results suggest that a dosage 2 times greater than the liquid formulation is required for effective fungal control; however, further tests are planned to confirm these results. The evaluations of MITC-FUME in Douglas-fir and southern pine poles indicated that MITC has moved to a greater extent in Douglas-fir. Both closed tube bioassays and gas chromatographic analyses of ethyl acetate extracts of wood samples indicated that MITC was present at higher levels in Douglas-fir poles. Southern pine is far more permeable than Douglas-fir and MITC movement should be more rapid in this species. Further tests are planned to identify the nature of this delayed movement. 11 Evaluations of Dazomet, a crystalline solid which decomposes tO produce MITC in wood, indicate that detectable levels of this chemical are present in virtually all of the treatment groups. The decomposition rate of this chemical is normally too slow for effective fungal control and these trials are examining the ability of various additives to accelerate decomposition. Further evaluations of pole sections treated with Dazomet and selected additives are underway. A study to evaluate the effect of voids on fumigant effectivness suggests that voids do not adversely affect MITC movement through Douglas-fir pole sections. These results indicate that treatment of voids should be costeffective if the chemical is not applied directly to the void and if the pole retains a sufficient degree of strength. We continue to develop and refine a model for simulating the movement of MITC through Douglas-fir under varying temperature and moisture conditions. The model has been improved to permit three dimensional evaluations, but the times required for computation are still somewhat long. Further evaluations using a variety of environmental conditions are planned. Evaluations of potential replacements for pentachiorophenol for treatment of western redcedar sapwood and field drilled bolt holes have identified several promising alternatives. These chemicals are now under study in several modified field and laboratory tests. Field trials of several potential treatments for field drilled bolt holes indicate that Boracol 40, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and ammonium bifluoride provided excellent protection over an 8 year period. These formulations all are relatively safe and can be easily applied in the field. 111 A laboratory trial to evaluate the effects of selected basidiomycetes on strength of Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood has concluded. Fungal density, measured as the average number of fungi colonies per beam, gradually increased in all of the beams while longitudinal compression strength (LCS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elesticity (MOE) slowly declined. Of the measurements, LCS appeared to be most useful, probably owing to the increased number of sampling sites per beam. The results indicate that the degree of colonization was not a good indicator of wood strength effects. The value of kerfing for decreasing post-treatment checking and improving the service life of Douglas-fir poles was evaluated using a series of inspection reports from a local utility. Kerfed transmission poles had substantially lower rates of internal decay and rejection, but there appeared to be little difference in the rate of decay between kerfed and non-kerfed distribution poles. The evaluation of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate for preventing colonization of air-seasoning Douglas-fir pole sections has been completed. Spraying with a 10 % boric acid equivalent solution (BAE) at 6 month intervals provided the greatest degree of protection, although dipping in a 20 % BAE solution at the start of air-seasoning produced a similar degree of protection. As expected, fungal colonization was far lower at the dryer Oroville site and borate treatment had little influence on the degree of fungal colonization at this site. The results indicate that borate treatment at the start of airseasoning is a viable method for limiting fungal colonization in moist airseasoning sites west of the Cascade Mountains. Evaluations of the tolerance of Stereum sanguinolentum and Peniophora spp. to elevated temperature exposures indicated that both of these fungi were extremely sensitive to elevated temperatures. The lack of long-term survival structures in these fungi probably accounts for this susceptibility to heat. iv A series of trials which measured internal temperatures in Douglas-fir pole sections during treatment with ammoniacal copper arsenate were used to develop a model for predicting internal heating during steaming. The results indicated that previous heating curves were overly optimistic in their prediction of heating. A series of heating curves for various pole diameters and starting conditions are presented. A number of externally applied groundline treatments are under evaluation in a field trial at Peavy Arboretum and a second trial will be established in the San Francisco Bay area. Seven formulations (including standards) are included. The Peavy site will be sampled in the next few months. The performance of copper naphthenate in western wood species is being evaluated in a series of small western redcedar sapwood stakelets which have been treated to a range of retentions and exposed in the fungus cellar. The results will be used to help confirm the performance of copper naphthenate in this species. Close

• 4. [Article] Ability of natural extracts to limit mold growth on Douglas-fir sapwood

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ability of natural extracts to limit mold growth on Douglas-fir sapwood Author: Maoz, Michal, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Karchesy, Joseph J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources/. Title: Ability of natural extracts to limit mold growth on Douglas-fir sapwood Author: Maoz, Michal, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Karchesy, Joseph J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources/. Close

• 5. [Article] Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1992

  Evaluation of previously established field trials of remedial internal treatments demonstrates the continued performance of chioropicrin, Vorlex, and methylisothiocyanate (MITC). While the degree of protection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1992 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluation of previously established field trials of remedial internal treatments demonstrates the continued performance of chioropicrin, Vorlex, and methylisothiocyanate (MITC). While the degree of protection afforded by these treatments has declined with time, residual fungitoxic levels remain in many tests. Field trials of gelatin encapsulated MITC indicate that gelatin had no negative effect on fumigant performance even when no water was added at the time of treatment. Closed tube bioassays, chemical analyses, and culturing of Douglas-fir and southern pine poles treated with glass encapsulated METC (MITC-Fume) indicate that this chemical is outperforming metham sodium 3 years after application. While the glass vials lost chemical very slowly, the slow release rate did not appear to adversely affect MITC performance. Trials to evaluate the performance of fused borate rods were sampled after 1 or 2 years of exposure. Chemical analysis of cores removed from the test poles revealed that none of the treatments contained boron at levels which would be considered adequate for arresting or preventing colonization by wood decay fungi. Interestingly, boron levels in poles exposed in Hilo, Hawaii were highest above the treatment hole, suggesting that some upward diffusion of this chemical is possible. The low boron levels in these poles are reason for concern, since a number of utilities are considering the using this formulation for remedial treatment at the groundline. Evaluations of new solid fumigants are progressing. Trials with Basamid indicate that the addition of copper compounds improved the rate of decomposition to produce MITC. Simultaneous addition of copper sulfate and Basamid may be useful for accelerating the decomposition of this compound, making it practical for control of internal decay fungi. Trials have been established to evaluate the performance of gelled and pelletized metham sodium and a sodium fluoride/boron rod. These trials will be evaluated in future reports. A third field trial to evaluate the performance of a copper naphthenate/boron paste for internal treatment of Douglas-fir poles is currently be evaluated to determine chemical levels 3 years after treatment. The performance of gelled metham sodium was further evaluated under laboratory conditions to better understand the performance of this chemical. Gelled metham sodium provided improved fungal control in comparison with liquid metham sodium and appeared to produce increased MITC levels under a variety of test conditions. The improved performance of this formulation may reflect the ability of the gell to retain moisture for longer periods of time than the liquid metham sodium formulation. Further studies of this formulation are underway. Laboratory studies were also performed to evaluate the effects of various additives on the performance of Basamid. Once again, the addition of copper compounds enhanced the production of MITC. A number of other compounds shifted decomposition to the production of carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide, two less fungitoxic compounds. Further studies are underway to identify non-sulfur products which may provide some protection against wood decay fungi. Evaluations of the effects of artificial voids on performance of fumigants in Douglas-fir poles indicate that voids had little or no effect on fumigant distribution. As a result, fumigant treatment of solid wood around voids represents a viable strategy for improving pole service life. Evaluation of timbers treated with metham sodium indicate that detectable levels of MITC were present one year after treatment. These timbers will be evaluated in subsequent years to determine the protective period provided by fumigants in sawn material. We continue development of a fumigant movement model using data previously developed on MITC. This year, we evaluated a previously developed system, ANSYS. Results of preliminary trials are similar to data previously developed on MITC-Fume treated poles and indicate that modeling MITC movement should be possible. Further trials are underway to confirm and expand this model. The effect of wood moisture content, temperature and wood species on metham sodium decomposition was investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of dcomposition to MITC varied widely, but was most affected by temperature and wood moisture content. The results suggests that there is considerable potential for improving decomposition efficiency to enhance performance of this fumigant. Further studies to characterize the relationship between chemical content of the wood species and decomposition are underway. Field trials to identify safer treatments for preventing decay of cedar sapwood and protecting field drilled bolt holes are continuing. Diffusible treatments continue to provide excellent protection for field drilled bolt holes. A study to develop estimates of the extent of decay above the groundline in Douglas-fir poles in the Pacific Northwest is underway. The data from this study will be used to develop estimates of the potential for damage and provide some insight into the extent of this problem. Studies to develop guidelines for sterilization of Douglas-fir poles following air-seasoning are continuing. Evaluations of internal temperature development during kiln-drying were completed this year and indicate that internal temperatures during typical pole drying schedules were more than adequate for acheiving sterilization. Further evaluations of the data are underway to develop reliable heating curves for this process. Evaluations of groundline preservative systems have been established at Corvallis, OR and Merced, CA. The results indicate that all of the formulations are moving well through the wood in a manner similar to that found with pentachlorophenol-based systems. Chemical levels in some treatments; however, are beginning to decline 30 months after treatment. Studies are now underway to establish thresholds for combinations of the various formulations. Copper naphthenate treated western redcedar stakelets continue to perform well in fungus cellar trials. Stakes weathered prior to treatment are degrading slightly faster, while freshly sawn stakelets continue to perform well. Field trials have also been established to evaluate the performance of copper naphthenate treated Douglas-fir utility poles in California and Oregon. The chemical levels and fungal colonization will be monitored in these poles to provide a guide to performance of this chemical in western wood species. Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1992 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluation of previously established field trials of remedial internal treatments demonstrates the continued performance of chioropicrin, Vorlex, and methylisothiocyanate (MITC). While the degree of protection afforded by these treatments has declined with time, residual fungitoxic levels remain in many tests. Field trials of gelatin encapsulated MITC indicate that gelatin had no negative effect on fumigant performance even when no water was added at the time of treatment. Closed tube bioassays, chemical analyses, and culturing of Douglas-fir and southern pine poles treated with glass encapsulated METC (MITC-Fume) indicate that this chemical is outperforming metham sodium 3 years after application. While the glass vials lost chemical very slowly, the slow release rate did not appear to adversely affect MITC performance. Trials to evaluate the performance of fused borate rods were sampled after 1 or 2 years of exposure. Chemical analysis of cores removed from the test poles revealed that none of the treatments contained boron at levels which would be considered adequate for arresting or preventing colonization by wood decay fungi. Interestingly, boron levels in poles exposed in Hilo, Hawaii were highest above the treatment hole, suggesting that some upward diffusion of this chemical is possible. The low boron levels in these poles are reason for concern, since a number of utilities are considering the using this formulation for remedial treatment at the groundline. Evaluations of new solid fumigants are progressing. Trials with Basamid indicate that the addition of copper compounds improved the rate of decomposition to produce MITC. Simultaneous addition of copper sulfate and Basamid may be useful for accelerating the decomposition of this compound, making it practical for control of internal decay fungi. Trials have been established to evaluate the performance of gelled and pelletized metham sodium and a sodium fluoride/boron rod. These trials will be evaluated in future reports. A third field trial to evaluate the performance of a copper naphthenate/boron paste for internal treatment of Douglas-fir poles is currently be evaluated to determine chemical levels 3 years after treatment. The performance of gelled metham sodium was further evaluated under laboratory conditions to better understand the performance of this chemical. Gelled metham sodium provided improved fungal control in comparison with liquid metham sodium and appeared to produce increased MITC levels under a variety of test conditions. The improved performance of this formulation may reflect the ability of the gell to retain moisture for longer periods of time than the liquid metham sodium formulation. Further studies of this formulation are underway. Laboratory studies were also performed to evaluate the effects of various additives on the performance of Basamid. Once again, the addition of copper compounds enhanced the production of MITC. A number of other compounds shifted decomposition to the production of carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide, two less fungitoxic compounds. Further studies are underway to identify non-sulfur products which may provide some protection against wood decay fungi. Evaluations of the effects of artificial voids on performance of fumigants in Douglas-fir poles indicate that voids had little or no effect on fumigant distribution. As a result, fumigant treatment of solid wood around voids represents a viable strategy for improving pole service life. Evaluation of timbers treated with metham sodium indicate that detectable levels of MITC were present one year after treatment. These timbers will be evaluated in subsequent years to determine the protective period provided by fumigants in sawn material. We continue development of a fumigant movement model using data previously developed on MITC. This year, we evaluated a previously developed system, ANSYS. Results of preliminary trials are similar to data previously developed on MITC-Fume treated poles and indicate that modeling MITC movement should be possible. Further trials are underway to confirm and expand this model. The effect of wood moisture content, temperature and wood species on metham sodium decomposition was investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of dcomposition to MITC varied widely, but was most affected by temperature and wood moisture content. The results suggests that there is considerable potential for improving decomposition efficiency to enhance performance of this fumigant. Further studies to characterize the relationship between chemical content of the wood species and decomposition are underway. Field trials to identify safer treatments for preventing decay of cedar sapwood and protecting field drilled bolt holes are continuing. Diffusible treatments continue to provide excellent protection for field drilled bolt holes. A study to develop estimates of the extent of decay above the groundline in Douglas-fir poles in the Pacific Northwest is underway. The data from this study will be used to develop estimates of the potential for damage and provide some insight into the extent of this problem. Studies to develop guidelines for sterilization of Douglas-fir poles following air-seasoning are continuing. Evaluations of internal temperature development during kiln-drying were completed this year and indicate that internal temperatures during typical pole drying schedules were more than adequate for acheiving sterilization. Further evaluations of the data are underway to develop reliable heating curves for this process. Evaluations of groundline preservative systems have been established at Corvallis, OR and Merced, CA. The results indicate that all of the formulations are moving well through the wood in a manner similar to that found with pentachlorophenol-based systems. Chemical levels in some treatments; however, are beginning to decline 30 months after treatment. Studies are now underway to establish thresholds for combinations of the various formulations. Copper naphthenate treated western redcedar stakelets continue to perform well in fungus cellar trials. Stakes weathered prior to treatment are degrading slightly faster, while freshly sawn stakelets continue to perform well. Field trials have also been established to evaluate the performance of copper naphthenate treated Douglas-fir utility poles in California and Oregon. The chemical levels and fungal colonization will be monitored in these poles to provide a guide to performance of this chemical in western wood species. Close

• 6. [Article] Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1991

  Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin and Vorlex continue to provide a diminishing level of protection to Douglas-fir poles. Tests of solid methylisothiocyanate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1991 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin and Vorlex continue to provide a diminishing level of protection to Douglas-fir poles. Tests of solid methylisothiocyanate (MITC), now in their thirteenth year, indicate that this chemical continues to prevent recolonization of Douglas-fir poles by decay fungi. MITC appears to provide equivalent or better protection than Vorlex. Gelatin encapsulated MITC and chioropicrin also continue to perform well in field trials. Although the gelatin is water soluble and must decompose to release the chemical, the addition of water to the treatment holes did not appear to significantly enhance long-term MITC performance. Laboratory trials to identify safer fumigants indicate that sodium nmethyldithiocarbamate decomposition occurs even in dry wood, although the rate of decomposition is enhanced by the presence of some moisture. A gelled 40 % NaMDC formulation has also been evaluated for its ability to eliminate decay fungi from Douglas-fir heartwood. This formulation has performed better than liquid metham sodium. Field trials are planned with both the solid and gelled NaMDC. Laboratory trials have also been performed to evaluate the toxicity of fused borate rods to Antrodia carbonica and Postia placenta. These two fungi are important decayers of Douglas-fir utility poles. The results indicate that the boron moved well through both wood species, but complete elimination of the test fungus required 6 to 8 weeks. Antrodia carbonica was generally more tolerant of boron than P. placenta. Field trials of fused borate rods indicate that the boron has moved downward from the point of application, but no evidence of upward movement was noted. Trials to evaluate the efficacy of glass-encapsulated M:[TC in Douglas-fir 1 11 and southern pine poles are now in their second year. The results continue to indicate the MITC levels are higher in Douglas-fir poles. The reasons for this descrepancy are unclear, but may reflect an increased MITC loss from the more permeable southern pine poles. Controlled studies of MITC release rates from the glass vials show that the tubes retain chemical for 1 to 2 years under normal conditions. Faster losses occur under more tropical conditions, while little loss occurs in cold conditions. Evaluations of additives to enhance Basamid decomposition in Douglas-fir pole sections indicate that the presence of copper sulfate and pH 12 buffer markedly improve the rate of decomposition to MuG one year after chemical application. More controlled laboratory studies are underway to better understand this effect. The trials to evaluate the effects of voids on fumigant movement continue to indicate that the void has little effect on chemical concentration. These results indicate that fumigant treatment of poles with voids is feasible provided the wood retains adequate strength. Laboratory trials to develop diffusion coefficients for chloropicri.n movement through Douglas-fir heartwood have been developed. As expected, chioropicrin movement was most rapid longitudinally and at the fiber saturation point. Drier wood retained more chemical, slowing diffusion. The diffusion coefficients will be employed in the fumigant model currently being evaluated on MITC. The model indicates that MITC movement was greatest at moderate moisture levels (22 or 44 %), while higher or lower moisture regimes limited chemical movement. The results obtained using the model will be confirmed through laboratory trials and by comparison with the results of chemical analyses performed on the glass-encapsulated MITC trials. The trials to identify potential replacements for pentachlorophenol for Ii' remedial treatments are continuing. A number of chemicals have been identified for both the protection of field drilled bolt holes and the spray treatment of western redcedar sapwood. Spray treatments of the most promising chemicals will be applied to western redcedar poles in service. The identification of small scale tests for detecting decay or estimating residual strength are continuing. We also continue to evaluate the effectiveness of various pretreatments for improving treatment and performance of poles. The effects of through boring and radial drilling patterns on treatment were evaluated on a glue-laminated Douglas-fir pole. While some differences were noted in the patterns, the pole was too well-treated to permit effective separation of the various patterns. The air-seasoning studies are now completed. Evaluation of the final pahse of this study showed that decay fungi began to colonize the pole sections after only 3 months of air-seasoning. Examination of weather data failed to provide a conclusive relationship between climate and colonization, possibly due to the array of variables to which the seasoning wood is subjected. The test suggests that most poles are adequately dried within three months of air-seasoning so that short air-seasoning exposures could be feasible. Sterilization at some point during the treatment cycle should still be considered as an integral part in the proper treatment of poles. Field trials to evaluate the performance of modified groundline wrap systems are continuing at both the Corvallis site and on a test line near Modesto, CA. The results at the Corvallis site indicate the copper naphthenate, boron, and fluoride are all moving well into the wood eighteen months after application. More controlled laboratory trials on one formulation suggest that the water soluble copper naphthenate can migrate for some distance into the wood within six months after application. As expected, wet wood permits more iv substantial diffusion. Evaluation of copper naphthenate treated western redcedar stakes in a fungus cellar suggests that the specified treatment levels are providing adequate protection, although some decay is occurring. Stakes which were obtained from weathered sapwood appear to be failing more rapidly those cut from freshly sawn lumber, possibly because the former stakes have a more open structure which permits leaching losses and subsequent fungal colonization. Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1991 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) Evaluations of previously established field trials indicate that chioropicrin and Vorlex continue to provide a diminishing level of protection to Douglas-fir poles. Tests of solid methylisothiocyanate (MITC), now in their thirteenth year, indicate that this chemical continues to prevent recolonization of Douglas-fir poles by decay fungi. MITC appears to provide equivalent or better protection than Vorlex. Gelatin encapsulated MITC and chioropicrin also continue to perform well in field trials. Although the gelatin is water soluble and must decompose to release the chemical, the addition of water to the treatment holes did not appear to significantly enhance long-term MITC performance. Laboratory trials to identify safer fumigants indicate that sodium nmethyldithiocarbamate decomposition occurs even in dry wood, although the rate of decomposition is enhanced by the presence of some moisture. A gelled 40 % NaMDC formulation has also been evaluated for its ability to eliminate decay fungi from Douglas-fir heartwood. This formulation has performed better than liquid metham sodium. Field trials are planned with both the solid and gelled NaMDC. Laboratory trials have also been performed to evaluate the toxicity of fused borate rods to Antrodia carbonica and Postia placenta. These two fungi are important decayers of Douglas-fir utility poles. The results indicate that the boron moved well through both wood species, but complete elimination of the test fungus required 6 to 8 weeks. Antrodia carbonica was generally more tolerant of boron than P. placenta. Field trials of fused borate rods indicate that the boron has moved downward from the point of application, but no evidence of upward movement was noted. Trials to evaluate the efficacy of glass-encapsulated M:[TC in Douglas-fir 1 11 and southern pine poles are now in their second year. The results continue to indicate the MITC levels are higher in Douglas-fir poles. The reasons for this descrepancy are unclear, but may reflect an increased MITC loss from the more permeable southern pine poles. Controlled studies of MITC release rates from the glass vials show that the tubes retain chemical for 1 to 2 years under normal conditions. Faster losses occur under more tropical conditions, while little loss occurs in cold conditions. Evaluations of additives to enhance Basamid decomposition in Douglas-fir pole sections indicate that the presence of copper sulfate and pH 12 buffer markedly improve the rate of decomposition to MuG one year after chemical application. More controlled laboratory studies are underway to better understand this effect. The trials to evaluate the effects of voids on fumigant movement continue to indicate that the void has little effect on chemical concentration. These results indicate that fumigant treatment of poles with voids is feasible provided the wood retains adequate strength. Laboratory trials to develop diffusion coefficients for chloropicri.n movement through Douglas-fir heartwood have been developed. As expected, chioropicrin movement was most rapid longitudinally and at the fiber saturation point. Drier wood retained more chemical, slowing diffusion. The diffusion coefficients will be employed in the fumigant model currently being evaluated on MITC. The model indicates that MITC movement was greatest at moderate moisture levels (22 or 44 %), while higher or lower moisture regimes limited chemical movement. The results obtained using the model will be confirmed through laboratory trials and by comparison with the results of chemical analyses performed on the glass-encapsulated MITC trials. The trials to identify potential replacements for pentachlorophenol for Ii' remedial treatments are continuing. A number of chemicals have been identified for both the protection of field drilled bolt holes and the spray treatment of western redcedar sapwood. Spray treatments of the most promising chemicals will be applied to western redcedar poles in service. The identification of small scale tests for detecting decay or estimating residual strength are continuing. We also continue to evaluate the effectiveness of various pretreatments for improving treatment and performance of poles. The effects of through boring and radial drilling patterns on treatment were evaluated on a glue-laminated Douglas-fir pole. While some differences were noted in the patterns, the pole was too well-treated to permit effective separation of the various patterns. The air-seasoning studies are now completed. Evaluation of the final pahse of this study showed that decay fungi began to colonize the pole sections after only 3 months of air-seasoning. Examination of weather data failed to provide a conclusive relationship between climate and colonization, possibly due to the array of variables to which the seasoning wood is subjected. The test suggests that most poles are adequately dried within three months of air-seasoning so that short air-seasoning exposures could be feasible. Sterilization at some point during the treatment cycle should still be considered as an integral part in the proper treatment of poles. Field trials to evaluate the performance of modified groundline wrap systems are continuing at both the Corvallis site and on a test line near Modesto, CA. The results at the Corvallis site indicate the copper naphthenate, boron, and fluoride are all moving well into the wood eighteen months after application. More controlled laboratory trials on one formulation suggest that the water soluble copper naphthenate can migrate for some distance into the wood within six months after application. As expected, wet wood permits more iv substantial diffusion. Evaluation of copper naphthenate treated western redcedar stakes in a fungus cellar suggests that the specified treatment levels are providing adequate protection, although some decay is occurring. Stakes which were obtained from weathered sapwood appear to be failing more rapidly those cut from freshly sawn lumber, possibly because the former stakes have a more open structure which permits leaching losses and subsequent fungal colonization. Close

• 7. [Article] Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties

  Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M. Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood in this environment is often attacked by soft rot fungi. Some wood users attempt to bolster protection by including additives, such as chromium, in the water. Examination of sections cut from a redwood cooling tower revealed that most pieces were colonized by a variety of Fungi Imperfecti, in spite of surface chromium levels that averaged 0.26 lb/ft3. Eleven species were isolated from the material; soft rot tests of these fungi indicated that all of the isolates were capable of causing Type 2 soft rot attack (cell-wall erosion). These fungi caused little or no weight loss on redwood specimens, but did damage less durable ponderosa pine sapwood. The results suggest that the redwood cooling tower was colonized by a variety of fungi; however, the combination of redwood extractives and a shallow chromium barrier appears to protect against soft rot attack. Title: Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M. Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood in this environment is often attacked by soft rot fungi. Some wood users attempt to bolster protection by including additives, such as chromium, in the water. Examination of sections cut from a redwood cooling tower revealed that most pieces were colonized by a variety of Fungi Imperfecti, in spite of surface chromium levels that averaged 0.26 lb/ft3. Eleven species were isolated from the material; soft rot tests of these fungi indicated that all of the isolates were capable of causing Type 2 soft rot attack (cell-wall erosion). These fungi caused little or no weight loss on redwood specimens, but did damage less durable ponderosa pine sapwood. The results suggest that the redwood cooling tower was colonized by a variety of fungi; however, the combination of redwood extractives and a shallow chromium barrier appears to protect against soft rot attack. Close

• 8. [Article] Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1987

  This seventh annual report outlines our continued progress on each of six objectives. Improved fumigants: We continue to evaluate previously established field tests, which inlicate that chioropicrin continues ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1987 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) This seventh annual report outlines our continued progress on each of six objectives. Improved fumigants: We continue to evaluate previously established field tests, which inlicate that chioropicrin continues to protect Douglas-fir poles after 17 years and piling after 12 years. Vorlex treated poles are being gradually recolonized by decay fungi, while the Vapam treated poles appear to have little resistance to decay fungi. The latter poles were retreated last summer and will be used to determine the effectiveness of fumigant retreatment. Solid methylisothiocyanate (NIT) continues to protect Douglasfir poles, although the 20 percent NIT treatment has experienced slightly higher levels of colonization after 9 years. Additional tests to evaluate the effectiveness of gelatin encapsulated MIT or chioropicrin indicate that both chemicals continue to remain effective. In addition, there now appears to be little difference between the levels of control exhibited following addition of varying amounts of water to the poles along with gelatin encapsulated NIT. Closed tube bioassays indicate the chioropicrin remains at fungitoxic levels after 17 years, while no volatile fungitoxins appear to be present in Vapam or Vorlex treated wood. The evaluation of untreated Douglas-fir posts treated with NIT, chloropicrin, or Vapam indicate that fumigants can not ccatletely protect untreated wood in ground contact unless there is sane other type of preservative treated barrier present. Although the NIT treatment provided the best protection, all of the posts experienced some surface decay and termite attack after 10 years. These results appear similar to those found with more recent tests of posts treated with various coLthinations of preservative containing wraps and fuinigants. Evaluation of Mylone and tridipain, two solid chemicals that degrade to produce NIT, initcates that NIT production and fungal control are enhanced by the addition of basic pH buffers; however, only the pH 12 buffer resulted in rapid fungal control. These results Jnitcate that the rate of fumigant release can be tailored to control specific decay problems. We have also investigated the decomposition of Vapam in wood. As previously reported, there are over 14 potential deccmposition products from this chemical. This past year we developed methods for assaying these chemicals, evaluated the long-term stability of each, and prepared test blocks for evaluating decc*,osjtion in wood. In addition, we have studied the migration of volatile compounds from Vapam and NIT treated blocks under controlled aeration. After 5,000 hours, detectable levesis of NIT, carbon disulfide, and carbon oxysulfide are still present in air surrounding the Douglas-fir blocks. These tests indicate that low levels of volatile chemicals are continuously eninitted from fumigant treated wood. While this poses little difficulty for utility poles, it may pose some hazard for wood in closed spaces. Evaluations will continue until the emission levels decline below detectable limits. In addition to Vapam deccmposition studies, we have also evaluated the decoxrosition, movement and fungitoxicity of NIT under a variety of environmental conditions. In general, wet wood held less NIT, but the degree of control produced was more rapid. These results suggest that dry wood will act as a reseivoir of NIT, which will be released as moisture enters and swells the wood. This effect may provide an excellent long-term decay control strategy. The information from these studies will be used to develop more 111 ecific recaimrndations for fumigant treatment. Cedar Saood Decay Control: This past year we reestablished the field test of promising nei pentachiorophenol replacements, incorporating 26 chemicals into these tests. These saitles will be evaluated after 1 and 2 years to determine efficacy. In addition to the field test, we evaluated 13 new formulations or cinations of formulations in our laboratory screening tests. A nuner of chemicals including Isothiazolone, Amical 48 and a nurrer of quaternary aimnonium compounds appear promising and have been included in the field test. Bolt Hole Decay Prevention: Test established 5 years ago to determine the effectiveness of sprays, liquids or pastes applied to field drilled bolts holes indicate that airanonium bifluoride, Boracol 40, and 10% penta provided greater protection than Polybor or Patox washers. In addition, no evidence of corrosion was associated with any of the treatments. Fumigant treatments below the bolt holes continue to eliminate decay fungi, although samples removed from further down the pole indicate an incoIr)1ete distribution of MIT. These tests will be reevaluated this coming year. Detecting Early Decay and Estimating Residual Strength: We continue to evaluate the use of fluorescent coupled lectins and infra-red spectroscopy for detecting fungi in wood and early decay under controlled laboratory conditions. We have also continued evaluation of longitudinal compression (L) as a measure of ultite wood strength using a series of 27 Ldgepole pine posts. While the dense knot clusters interferred with the analysis, LCS, in combination with other parameters, was a reasonably good predictor of bending strength. These tests will continue with more uniform material. iv In addition to tests of LCS, we have evaluated the ability of small scal e tests to determine the strength of various wood pole connectors. Out results were in close agreement with those obtained using full scale tests aii illustrate the value of using small r1 e tests to develop strength information. Initiation of Decay in Air-Seasoning Douglas-fir: We continue to evaluate the data developed in the air-seasoning st1wies. This past year we began to develop information on the effects of various colony sizes on wood strength. This data will help us assign strength values to the colony size data we ha developed frau the air-seasoning study. At present, only Peniophora spp. has been tested, but . carbonica, P. placenta, and Haematostereum sanguinolentuin will also be included. Evaluation of the teinperatures required to eliminate fungi from Douglas-f ir poles also continue. We have ccatpleted 9 test charges which indicate that the penta treatmants involving a Boulton-seasoning cycle result in a ixre than adequate heating of the wood, while steam treants associated with amnniacal copper arsenate are nre variable. We feel that longer heating periods are required for poles greater than 12 inches in diamater, but that the current 6 hour steam period will result in heating of the center to 67 C for over 1 hour in smaller poles. Microfungi in Douglas-fir Poles: We continue to evaluate the effects of nticrofungi on properties of fumigant treated Douglas-fir poles. These tests indicate that prior colonization of fumigant treated wood by Scytalidium or Trichoderma species resulted in lower weight losses by P. placenta and . carbonica. Evaluation of a Cellon treated Douglas-fir laminated beam indicated that V severe penta depletion was associated with virtually all of the surface decay present. This beam had only been in service for 12 years in an extremely dry climate arxl it is unclear why the decay was so rapid. Title: Conserving energy by environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service ; August 1987 Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Dept. of Forest Products, Corden, M. E. (Malcolm E.) This seventh annual report outlines our continued progress on each of six objectives. Improved fumigants: We continue to evaluate previously established field tests, which inlicate that chioropicrin continues to protect Douglas-fir poles after 17 years and piling after 12 years. Vorlex treated poles are being gradually recolonized by decay fungi, while the Vapam treated poles appear to have little resistance to decay fungi. The latter poles were retreated last summer and will be used to determine the effectiveness of fumigant retreatment. Solid methylisothiocyanate (NIT) continues to protect Douglasfir poles, although the 20 percent NIT treatment has experienced slightly higher levels of colonization after 9 years. Additional tests to evaluate the effectiveness of gelatin encapsulated MIT or chioropicrin indicate that both chemicals continue to remain effective. In addition, there now appears to be little difference between the levels of control exhibited following addition of varying amounts of water to the poles along with gelatin encapsulated NIT. Closed tube bioassays indicate the chioropicrin remains at fungitoxic levels after 17 years, while no volatile fungitoxins appear to be present in Vapam or Vorlex treated wood. The evaluation of untreated Douglas-fir posts treated with NIT, chloropicrin, or Vapam indicate that fumigants can not ccatletely protect untreated wood in ground contact unless there is sane other type of preservative treated barrier present. Although the NIT treatment provided the best protection, all of the posts experienced some surface decay and termite attack after 10 years. These results appear similar to those found with more recent tests of posts treated with various coLthinations of preservative containing wraps and fuinigants. Evaluation of Mylone and tridipain, two solid chemicals that degrade to produce NIT, initcates that NIT production and fungal control are enhanced by the addition of basic pH buffers; however, only the pH 12 buffer resulted in rapid fungal control. These results Jnitcate that the rate of fumigant release can be tailored to control specific decay problems. We have also investigated the decomposition of Vapam in wood. As previously reported, there are over 14 potential deccmposition products from this chemical. This past year we developed methods for assaying these chemicals, evaluated the long-term stability of each, and prepared test blocks for evaluating decc*,osjtion in wood. In addition, we have studied the migration of volatile compounds from Vapam and NIT treated blocks under controlled aeration. After 5,000 hours, detectable levesis of NIT, carbon disulfide, and carbon oxysulfide are still present in air surrounding the Douglas-fir blocks. These tests indicate that low levels of volatile chemicals are continuously eninitted from fumigant treated wood. While this poses little difficulty for utility poles, it may pose some hazard for wood in closed spaces. Evaluations will continue until the emission levels decline below detectable limits. In addition to Vapam deccmposition studies, we have also evaluated the decoxrosition, movement and fungitoxicity of NIT under a variety of environmental conditions. In general, wet wood held less NIT, but the degree of control produced was more rapid. These results suggest that dry wood will act as a reseivoir of NIT, which will be released as moisture enters and swells the wood. This effect may provide an excellent long-term decay control strategy. The information from these studies will be used to develop more 111 ecific recaimrndations for fumigant treatment. Cedar Saood Decay Control: This past year we reestablished the field test of promising nei pentachiorophenol replacements, incorporating 26 chemicals into these tests. These saitles will be evaluated after 1 and 2 years to determine efficacy. In addition to the field test, we evaluated 13 new formulations or cinations of formulations in our laboratory screening tests. A nuner of chemicals including Isothiazolone, Amical 48 and a nurrer of quaternary aimnonium compounds appear promising and have been included in the field test. Bolt Hole Decay Prevention: Test established 5 years ago to determine the effectiveness of sprays, liquids or pastes applied to field drilled bolts holes indicate that airanonium bifluoride, Boracol 40, and 10% penta provided greater protection than Polybor or Patox washers. In addition, no evidence of corrosion was associated with any of the treatments. Fumigant treatments below the bolt holes continue to eliminate decay fungi, although samples removed from further down the pole indicate an incoIr)1ete distribution of MIT. These tests will be reevaluated this coming year. Detecting Early Decay and Estimating Residual Strength: We continue to evaluate the use of fluorescent coupled lectins and infra-red spectroscopy for detecting fungi in wood and early decay under controlled laboratory conditions. We have also continued evaluation of longitudinal compression (L) as a measure of ultite wood strength using a series of 27 Ldgepole pine posts. While the dense knot clusters interferred with the analysis, LCS, in combination with other parameters, was a reasonably good predictor of bending strength. These tests will continue with more uniform material. iv In addition to tests of LCS, we have evaluated the ability of small scal e tests to determine the strength of various wood pole connectors. Out results were in close agreement with those obtained using full scale tests aii illustrate the value of using small r1 e tests to develop strength information. Initiation of Decay in Air-Seasoning Douglas-fir: We continue to evaluate the data developed in the air-seasoning st1wies. This past year we began to develop information on the effects of various colony sizes on wood strength. This data will help us assign strength values to the colony size data we ha developed frau the air-seasoning study. At present, only Peniophora spp. has been tested, but . carbonica, P. placenta, and Haematostereum sanguinolentuin will also be included. Evaluation of the teinperatures required to eliminate fungi from Douglas-f ir poles also continue. We have ccatpleted 9 test charges which indicate that the penta treatmants involving a Boulton-seasoning cycle result in a ixre than adequate heating of the wood, while steam treants associated with amnniacal copper arsenate are nre variable. We feel that longer heating periods are required for poles greater than 12 inches in diamater, but that the current 6 hour steam period will result in heating of the center to 67 C for over 1 hour in smaller poles. Microfungi in Douglas-fir Poles: We continue to evaluate the effects of nticrofungi on properties of fumigant treated Douglas-fir poles. These tests indicate that prior colonization of fumigant treated wood by Scytalidium or Trichoderma species resulted in lower weight losses by P. placenta and . carbonica. Evaluation of a Cellon treated Douglas-fir laminated beam indicated that V severe penta depletion was associated with virtually all of the surface decay present. This beam had only been in service for 12 years in an extremely dry climate arxl it is unclear why the decay was so rapid. Close