Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Safe use of preservatives and preservative-treated wood at home and on the farm : a guide for the Pacific Northwest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Safe use of preservatives and preservative-treated wood at home and on the farm : a guide for the Pacific Northwest Author: Miller, D. J., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Graham, R. D. (Robert D.) Title: Safe use of preservatives and preservative-treated wood at home and on the farm : a guide for the Pacific Northwest Author: Miller, D. J., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Graham, R. D. (Robert D.) Close

• 2. [Article] Marine wood maintenance manual : a guide for proper use of Douglas-fir in marine exposures

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine wood maintenance manual : a guide for proper use of Douglas-fir in marine exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Helsing, Guy G., Graham, R. D. (Robert D.) Title: Marine wood maintenance manual : a guide for proper use of Douglas-fir in marine exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Helsing, Guy G., Graham, R. D. (Robert D.) Close

• 3. [Article] Controlling sapstain : trials of product group II on selected western softwoods

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling sapstain : trials of product group II on selected western softwoods Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Mitchoff, Maureen Elaine, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Title: Controlling sapstain : trials of product group II on selected western softwoods Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Mitchoff, Maureen Elaine, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Close

• 4. [Article] Natural durability of wood : a worldwide checklist of species

  Naturally durable woods have a variety of commercial uses. Natural resistance to decay has been evaluated in field and laboratory tests of wood from many species, but there are few places where commercial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural durability of wood : a worldwide checklist of species Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Scheffer, T.C. Naturally durable woods have a variety of commercial uses. Natural resistance to decay has been evaluated in field and laboratory tests of wood from many species, but there are few places where commercial wood users can find comparative assessments of natural durability. In this report, previous studies have been used to assign a numerical resistance rating to 1500 wood species. Species are listed alphabetically by scientific name, along with trade name, decay resistance rating, growing region, and source of resistance information. Species are also listed alphabetically by trade name if available, in the appendix. Title: Natural durability of wood : a worldwide checklist of species Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Scheffer, T.C. Naturally durable woods have a variety of commercial uses. Natural resistance to decay has been evaluated in field and laboratory tests of wood from many species, but there are few places where commercial wood users can find comparative assessments of natural durability. In this report, previous studies have been used to assign a numerical resistance rating to 1500 wood species. Species are listed alphabetically by scientific name, along with trade name, decay resistance rating, growing region, and source of resistance information. Species are also listed alphabetically by trade name if available, in the appendix. Close

• 5. [Article] Service life of treated and untreated fence posts : 1996 post farm report

  Untreated and preservative-treated fence posts were exposed in soil at a test site near Corvallis, OR. Several species, including western juniper and Osage-orange, showed exceptional natural durability. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Service life of treated and untreated fence posts : 1996 post farm report Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James), Schneider, Philip F. Untreated and preservative-treated fence posts were exposed in soil at a test site near Corvallis, OR. Several species, including western juniper and Osage-orange, showed exceptional natural durability. Preservative treatment generally extended the useful life of the posts, but the degree of protection varied with the chemical and the application method. Title: Service life of treated and untreated fence posts : 1996 post farm report Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James), Schneider, Philip F. Untreated and preservative-treated fence posts were exposed in soil at a test site near Corvallis, OR. Several species, including western juniper and Osage-orange, showed exceptional natural durability. Preservative treatment generally extended the useful life of the posts, but the degree of protection varied with the chemical and the application method. Close

• 6. [Article] Controlling sapstain : trials of product group I on selected western softwoods

  Environmental restrictions have induced many sawmills to seek alternatives to pentachlorophenol (penta) or similar chlorinated phenols to control fungal sapstains on green lumber. Five alternative preventives ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling sapstain : trials of product group I on selected western softwoods Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Environmental restrictions have induced many sawmills to seek alternatives to pentachlorophenol (penta) or similar chlorinated phenols to control fungal sapstains on green lumber. Five alternative preventives were evaluated against a traditional penta product (Permatox 101) on Douglas-fir, hem-fir, and pine lumber in an accelerated 6-week test on small specimens in the laboratory and in field trials on bundled studs (2 inch x 4 inch x 8 ft) exposed outdoors for 2 and 6 months. Strong solutions of most alternative preventives provided good protection of Douglas-fir and hem-fir studs for at least 2 months during warming spring weather; some also protected pine studs. Permatox 101 provided superior protection during prolonged outdoor storage, but may permit surface growth of brown mold. Title: Controlling sapstain : trials of product group I on selected western softwoods Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Environmental restrictions have induced many sawmills to seek alternatives to pentachlorophenol (penta) or similar chlorinated phenols to control fungal sapstains on green lumber. Five alternative preventives were evaluated against a traditional penta product (Permatox 101) on Douglas-fir, hem-fir, and pine lumber in an accelerated 6-week test on small specimens in the laboratory and in field trials on bundled studs (2 inch x 4 inch x 8 ft) exposed outdoors for 2 and 6 months. Strong solutions of most alternative preventives provided good protection of Douglas-fir and hem-fir studs for at least 2 months during warming spring weather; some also protected pine studs. Permatox 101 provided superior protection during prolonged outdoor storage, but may permit surface growth of brown mold. Close

• 7. [Article] Wood pole maintenance manual

  The specification, inspection, and remedial treatment of utility poles are addressed. Included are discussions of enhancing specifications for improved performance, techniques for detecting decay and other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood pole maintenance manual Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The specification, inspection, and remedial treatment of utility poles are addressed. Included are discussions of enhancing specifications for improved performance, techniques for detecting decay and other defects, and chemical treatments available for arresting decay of poles in service. Title: Wood pole maintenance manual Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory The specification, inspection, and remedial treatment of utility poles are addressed. Included are discussions of enhancing specifications for improved performance, techniques for detecting decay and other defects, and chemical treatments available for arresting decay of poles in service. Close

• 8. [Article] Controlling decay fungi colonizing air-seasoned Douglas-Fir heartwood with high temperature exposures

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling decay fungi colonizing air-seasoned Douglas-Fir heartwood with high temperature exposures Author: Western Dry Kiln Clubs. Meeting (36th : 1985), Przybylowicz, Paul, Western Dry Kiln Clubs, Corden, Malcolm E., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. Title: Controlling decay fungi colonizing air-seasoned Douglas-Fir heartwood with high temperature exposures Author: Western Dry Kiln Clubs. Meeting (36th : 1985), Przybylowicz, Paul, Western Dry Kiln Clubs, Corden, Malcolm E., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. Close

• 9. [Article] Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2003

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2003 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2003 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Close

• 10. [Article] Annual Reports : Oregon State University Cooperative Pole Research Program 2000

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Cooperative Pole Research Program 2000 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Rhatigan, R., Mankowski, Mark Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Cooperative Pole Research Program 2000 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Rhatigan, R., Mankowski, Mark Close

• 11. [Article] Annual Reports ; OregonState University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2005

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual Reports ; OregonState University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2005 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Title: Annual Reports ; OregonState University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2005 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Close

• 12. [Article] Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2004

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2004 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Title: Annual Reports : Oregon State University Utility Pole Research Cooperative 2004 Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, C., Chen, H. Close

• 13. [Article] Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition

  Morrell, Jeffrey J. 2012. Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition. Research Contribution 51, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. The specification, inspection, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. Morrell, Jeffrey J. 2012. Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition. Research Contribution 51, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. The specification, inspection, and remedial treatment of utility poles are addressed. Included are discussions of enhancing specifications for improved performance, techniques for detecting decay and other defects, and chemical treatments available for arresting decay of poles in service. Title: Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. Morrell, Jeffrey J. 2012. Wood Pole Maintenance Manual: 2012 Edition. Research Contribution 51, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. The specification, inspection, and remedial treatment of utility poles are addressed. Included are discussions of enhancing specifications for improved performance, techniques for detecting decay and other defects, and chemical treatments available for arresting decay of poles in service. Close

• 14. [Article] Effects of End Plates on Reducing Checking of Pentachlorophenol-Treated Douglas-Fir Crossarms

  The effect of metal end plates on reducing checking of pentachlorophenol-treated Douglas-fir crossarms was evaluated over 13 wet–dry cycles. Check development was variable over the first three to four ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of End Plates on Reducing Checking of Pentachlorophenol-Treated Douglas-Fir Crossarms Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, Connie S. The effect of metal end plates on reducing checking of pentachlorophenol-treated Douglas-fir crossarms was evaluated over 13 wet–dry cycles. Check development was variable over the first three to four cycles, and then steadily increased for both plated and nonplated ends of arms; however, both the number of checks and the maximum width of the checks were significantly lower on plated ends. The results suggest that end plating reduces the potential for deep check development in crossarms that could lead to early failure. Title: Effects of End Plates on Reducing Checking of Pentachlorophenol-Treated Douglas-Fir Crossarms Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Love, Connie S. The effect of metal end plates on reducing checking of pentachlorophenol-treated Douglas-fir crossarms was evaluated over 13 wet–dry cycles. Check development was variable over the first three to four cycles, and then steadily increased for both plated and nonplated ends of arms; however, both the number of checks and the maximum width of the checks were significantly lower on plated ends. The results suggest that end plating reduces the potential for deep check development in crossarms that could lead to early failure. Close

• 15. [Article] Effect of process variations during supercritical fluid impregnation on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood

  The effect of process variations under supercritical conditions on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood boards was assessed. While pressure and temperature appeared to affect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of process variations during supercritical fluid impregnation on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kang, Sung-Mo The effect of process variations under supercritical conditions on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood boards was assessed. While pressure and temperature appeared to affect biocide solubility to some extent, the overall results suggested that biocide movement into wood was influenced more by diffusion than bulk flow. Biocide distribution also varied along the specimen length and within the treatment vessel illustrating the importance of mixing and the need to ensure that adequate levels of biocide are available in the supercritical fluid. The role of fluid phase changes near the critical region on final biocide distribution in the wood is also discussed. Title: Effect of process variations during supercritical fluid impregnation on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kang, Sung-Mo The effect of process variations under supercritical conditions on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood boards was assessed. While pressure and temperature appeared to affect biocide solubility to some extent, the overall results suggested that biocide movement into wood was influenced more by diffusion than bulk flow. Biocide distribution also varied along the specimen length and within the treatment vessel illustrating the importance of mixing and the need to ensure that adequate levels of biocide are available in the supercritical fluid. The role of fluid phase changes near the critical region on final biocide distribution in the wood is also discussed. Close

• 16. [Article] Assessing Fungal Decay of Wood by Small-scale Toughness Tests

  Impact bending and breaking radius were used to measure loss in toughness caused by basidiomycetes isolated from wood. Small test pieces were used to accelerate testing. Wide differences were found among, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Fungal Decay of Wood by Small-scale Toughness Tests Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Corden, Malcolm E. Impact bending and breaking radius were used to measure loss in toughness caused by basidiomycetes isolated from wood. Small test pieces were used to accelerate testing. Wide differences were found among, and sometimes within, the 26 species tested. Brown-rot fungi tended to cause greater losses than white-rot fungi, but no consistent difference was found between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Title: Assessing Fungal Decay of Wood by Small-scale Toughness Tests Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Corden, Malcolm E. Impact bending and breaking radius were used to measure loss in toughness caused by basidiomycetes isolated from wood. Small test pieces were used to accelerate testing. Wide differences were found among, and sometimes within, the 26 species tested. Brown-rot fungi tended to cause greater losses than white-rot fungi, but no consistent difference was found between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Close

• 17. [Article] A Note on the Sensitivity of A Closed-Tube Bioassay To Volatile Methylisothiocyanate Residues In Fumigant-Treated Wood

  A closed-tube bioassay with Poria placenta was used to measure residual fungistatic vapors in wood fumigated with methylisothiocyanate (MIT). This bioassay showed an inverse linear relationship between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Note on the Sensitivity of A Closed-Tube Bioassay To Volatile Methylisothiocyanate Residues In Fumigant-Treated Wood Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Zahora, Andrew R. A closed-tube bioassay with Poria placenta was used to measure residual fungistatic vapors in wood fumigated with methylisothiocyanate (MIT). This bioassay showed an inverse linear relationship between fungal growth and the amount of MIT in the wood samples. For fumigated increment-core sections of unseasoned Douglas-fir heartwood (4.8 mm in diameter by 25 mm long), the sensitivity of the bioassay ranged from 2 to 10 ug MIT per section. Closed-tube-bioassay response was also determined for small slivers of seasoned ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, and was influenced by the size of the samples. Title: A Note on the Sensitivity of A Closed-Tube Bioassay To Volatile Methylisothiocyanate Residues In Fumigant-Treated Wood Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Zahora, Andrew R. A closed-tube bioassay with Poria placenta was used to measure residual fungistatic vapors in wood fumigated with methylisothiocyanate (MIT). This bioassay showed an inverse linear relationship between fungal growth and the amount of MIT in the wood samples. For fumigated increment-core sections of unseasoned Douglas-fir heartwood (4.8 mm in diameter by 25 mm long), the sensitivity of the bioassay ranged from 2 to 10 ug MIT per section. Closed-tube-bioassay response was also determined for small slivers of seasoned ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, and was influenced by the size of the samples. Close

• 18. [Article] Fungal associates of Buprestis aurulenta in western Oregon

  Associations between the golden metallic beetle, Buprestis aurulenta L., and wood-destroying fungi were explored with adult beetles collected from log decks. A variety of fungi were isolated from the beetle ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungal associates of Buprestis aurulenta in western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Garcia, Carlos M. Associations between the golden metallic beetle, Buprestis aurulenta L., and wood-destroying fungi were explored with adult beetles collected from log decks. A variety of fungi were isolated from the beetle bodies by four methods. A total of 863 isolations were made from 59 females and 21 males. There was no significant difference between the microflora associated with male and female adult beetles. Hyphomycetes constituted 91.4% of all isolates. Zygomycetes and yeasts represented 5.8% of the total number of isolates. Basidiomycetes were infrequently isolated (2.8%), suggesting that this buprestid does not consistently vector decay fungi into woody debris. Title: Fungal associates of Buprestis aurulenta in western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Garcia, Carlos M. Associations between the golden metallic beetle, Buprestis aurulenta L., and wood-destroying fungi were explored with adult beetles collected from log decks. A variety of fungi were isolated from the beetle bodies by four methods. A total of 863 isolations were made from 59 females and 21 males. There was no significant difference between the microflora associated with male and female adult beetles. Hyphomycetes constituted 91.4% of all isolates. Zygomycetes and yeasts represented 5.8% of the total number of isolates. Basidiomycetes were infrequently isolated (2.8%), suggesting that this buprestid does not consistently vector decay fungi into woody debris. Close

• 19. [Article] Fungal staining of ponderosa pine sapwood: Effects of wood preconditioning and bioprotectants

  Differences in stain susceptibility were evaluated on sterile and unsterile samples of freshly sawn, frozen and thawed, or oven-dried and rewetted ponderosa pine sapwood. Samples treated with sterile medium ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungal staining of ponderosa pine sapwood: Effects of wood preconditioning and bioprotectants Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Differences in stain susceptibility were evaluated on sterile and unsterile samples of freshly sawn, frozen and thawed, or oven-dried and rewetted ponderosa pine sapwood. Samples treated with sterile medium or with medium inoculated with either Pseudomonas putida or Bacillus subtilis were inoculated with selected wood-staining fungi. In general, fresh unsterile samples were less stained than either frozen or oven-dried wood. Sterilization by either steaming or gamma irradiation generally eliminated the differences in degree of stain noted in unsterilized specimens exposed to the various initial wood conditions. Sterilization alters either the microflora or the nutritional quality of the wood, enhancing fungal wood-staining. Therefore, unsterile, freshly sawn wood should be used in assessing the efficacy of bioprotectants. Title: Fungal staining of ponderosa pine sapwood: Effects of wood preconditioning and bioprotectants Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Differences in stain susceptibility were evaluated on sterile and unsterile samples of freshly sawn, frozen and thawed, or oven-dried and rewetted ponderosa pine sapwood. Samples treated with sterile medium or with medium inoculated with either Pseudomonas putida or Bacillus subtilis were inoculated with selected wood-staining fungi. In general, fresh unsterile samples were less stained than either frozen or oven-dried wood. Sterilization by either steaming or gamma irradiation generally eliminated the differences in degree of stain noted in unsterilized specimens exposed to the various initial wood conditions. Sterilization alters either the microflora or the nutritional quality of the wood, enhancing fungal wood-staining. Therefore, unsterile, freshly sawn wood should be used in assessing the efficacy of bioprotectants. Close

• 20. [Article] Effect of mixtures of carbon disulfide and methylisothiocyanate on survival of wood-colonizing fungi

  The fungitoxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2), methylisothiocyanate (MITC), or a mixture of these two gases, to selected wood-degrading fungi was studied by using a fumigation apparatus. Both gases are important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of mixtures of carbon disulfide and methylisothiocyanate on survival of wood-colonizing fungi Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Canessa, Edwin F. The fungitoxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2), methylisothiocyanate (MITC), or a mixture of these two gases, to selected wood-degrading fungi was studied by using a fumigation apparatus. Both gases are important decomposition products of metham sodium, the most commonly used fumigant for internal treatment of large wood members. Carbon disulfide (up to 8,000-9,000 ppm) was mildly toxic to most of the test fungi, and MITC (up to 18 ppm) was uniformly toxic. A combination of sublethal levels of both gases (3,000-4,000 ppm CS2/5 ppm MITC) was more toxic than either chemical alone. The results suggest a synergism between various metham sodium decomposition products, and this interaction may account for the protection afforded by this treatment. Further studies of other decomposition products are suggested. Title: Effect of mixtures of carbon disulfide and methylisothiocyanate on survival of wood-colonizing fungi Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Canessa, Edwin F. The fungitoxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2), methylisothiocyanate (MITC), or a mixture of these two gases, to selected wood-degrading fungi was studied by using a fumigation apparatus. Both gases are important decomposition products of metham sodium, the most commonly used fumigant for internal treatment of large wood members. Carbon disulfide (up to 8,000-9,000 ppm) was mildly toxic to most of the test fungi, and MITC (up to 18 ppm) was uniformly toxic. A combination of sublethal levels of both gases (3,000-4,000 ppm CS2/5 ppm MITC) was more toxic than either chemical alone. The results suggest a synergism between various metham sodium decomposition products, and this interaction may account for the protection afforded by this treatment. Further studies of other decomposition products are suggested. Close

• 21. [Article] Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi

  Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health (as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, potassium levels, cell regeneration, and copper uptake). Although both cell systems responded to the presence of fungicide, there were some differences in response. Protoplasts tended to absorb higher levels of copper and were less sensitive to copper sulfate than were mycelial fragments. In general, however, protoplasts provided uniform cells for evaluating the effects of fungicides on cell health. Title: Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health (as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, potassium levels, cell regeneration, and copper uptake). Although both cell systems responded to the presence of fungicide, there were some differences in response. Protoplasts tended to absorb higher levels of copper and were less sensitive to copper sulfate than were mycelial fragments. In general, however, protoplasts provided uniform cells for evaluating the effects of fungicides on cell health. Close

• 22. [Article] Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

  The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Close

• 23. [Article] Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_pub...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Close

• 24. [Article] Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures

  The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. Merbau (Intsia bijuga or I. palembanica) and ipe (Tabebuia spp.) were both exceptionally resistant to fungal and termite attack, while western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) heartwood was slightly less resistant to degradation. The presence of heartwood on western juniper samples had no noticeable effect on the performance of adjacent sapwood. The bamboo decking proved to the least durable of the materials and experienced substantial termite and fungal attack over the 32-month test period. Title: Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. Merbau (Intsia bijuga or I. palembanica) and ipe (Tabebuia spp.) were both exceptionally resistant to fungal and termite attack, while western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) heartwood was slightly less resistant to degradation. The presence of heartwood on western juniper samples had no noticeable effect on the performance of adjacent sapwood. The bamboo decking proved to the least durable of the materials and experienced substantial termite and fungal attack over the 32-month test period. Close

• 25. [Article] Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard

  The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard Author: Jeihooni, Asghar, Krahmer, Robert L., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in their centers. The distribution of chemicals was uniform in panels, which indicates that the chemicals did not migrate during hot-pressing. Treatment markedly enhanced resistance to brown rot (Postia placenta). Borate-treated panels had large thickness swelling and often delaminated when exposed to hot, wet conditions. In static bending and internal bond tests, strength reduction for borate- and CCAC-treated panels was evident. Azaconazole showed no deleterious effect on strength. Title: Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard Author: Jeihooni, Asghar, Krahmer, Robert L., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in their centers. The distribution of chemicals was uniform in panels, which indicates that the chemicals did not migrate during hot-pressing. Treatment markedly enhanced resistance to brown rot (Postia placenta). Borate-treated panels had large thickness swelling and often delaminated when exposed to hot, wet conditions. In static bending and internal bond tests, strength reduction for borate- and CCAC-treated panels was evident. Azaconazole showed no deleterious effect on strength. Close

• 26. [Article] Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content

  The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked differences were noted in the degree of decomposition among some species, the relationship between decomposition and lignin content, extractive levels, wood pH, or I0/o alkali solubility was slight within the various species. Wood moisture content had the greatest influence on decomposition, while temperature had a lesser effect. The results suggest that the wood environment could be manipulated to enhance metham sodium decomposition, thereby allowing dosage to be reduced or the period between applications to be prolonged. Title: Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked differences were noted in the degree of decomposition among some species, the relationship between decomposition and lignin content, extractive levels, wood pH, or I0/o alkali solubility was slight within the various species. Wood moisture content had the greatest influence on decomposition, while temperature had a lesser effect. The results suggest that the wood environment could be manipulated to enhance metham sodium decomposition, thereby allowing dosage to be reduced or the period between applications to be prolonged. Close

• 27. [Article] Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate

  A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies from Douglas-fir heartwood. Also evaluated were the effects of wood moisture content, dosage, incubation period, pH level, and presence of copper sulfate on percentage of kill of the fungus and amount of MITC in the wood. Increasing moisture content produced the most dramatic increases in MITC production and fungal control. The effects of pH and the presence of copper ions were more variable. The results indicate that pelletized NaMDC can effectively control fungal infestations in Douglas-fir heartwood. Field studies are planned. Title: Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies from Douglas-fir heartwood. Also evaluated were the effects of wood moisture content, dosage, incubation period, pH level, and presence of copper sulfate on percentage of kill of the fungus and amount of MITC in the wood. Increasing moisture content produced the most dramatic increases in MITC production and fungal control. The effects of pH and the presence of copper ions were more variable. The results indicate that pelletized NaMDC can effectively control fungal infestations in Douglas-fir heartwood. Field studies are planned. Close

• 28. [Article] Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder

  Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mitchoff, M. E. Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block tests. CCA provided the best protection, and ZN and TCMTB provided reasonably good protection. Copper 8 required loadings of at least 6 kg/m3 to provide protection. Title: Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mitchoff, M. E. Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block tests. CCA provided the best protection, and ZN and TCMTB provided reasonably good protection. Copper 8 required loadings of at least 6 kg/m3 to provide protection. Close

• 29. [Article] Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes

  The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes were relatively slow in Douglas-fir heartwood, suggesting that process conditions involving relatively rapid changes in pressure conditions will have little effect on fluid penetration away from the wood surface. Title: Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes were relatively slow in Douglas-fir heartwood, suggesting that process conditions involving relatively rapid changes in pressure conditions will have little effect on fluid penetration away from the wood surface. Close

• 30. [Article] Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood

  The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Hassan, Ali, Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kumar, Satish, Demessie, Endalkachew Sahle The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority of samples, although nearly one-third of the specimens declined in permeability. Improvements in permeability appeared to be unrelated to variations in temperature, pressure, or the presence of a cosolvent, suggesting that the conditions were uniformly suitable for extractive solubilization. Decreased permeability may reflect redeposition of solubilized extractives to positions where they again diminish permeability as conditions drop out of the critical range, a possibility that will be studied further. Title: Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Hassan, Ali, Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kumar, Satish, Demessie, Endalkachew Sahle The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority of samples, although nearly one-third of the specimens declined in permeability. Improvements in permeability appeared to be unrelated to variations in temperature, pressure, or the presence of a cosolvent, suggesting that the conditions were uniformly suitable for extractive solubilization. Decreased permeability may reflect redeposition of solubilized extractives to positions where they again diminish permeability as conditions drop out of the critical range, a possibility that will be studied further. Close

• 31. [Article] Decay resistance of saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles

  Wood that is submerged in fresh water for long periods has increased permeability and other changed properties. Wood that is submerged in salt water may absorb considerable quantities of salts, which may ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Decay resistance of saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. Wood that is submerged in fresh water for long periods has increased permeability and other changed properties. Wood that is submerged in salt water may absorb considerable quantities of salts, which may render the wood resistant to microbial colonization. In this report, we describe decay tests on Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood after long-term exposure in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. This wood was generally resistant to fungal attack, but was susceptible to leaching. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that salt crystals in the wood were primarily sodium chloride, which was readily removed in a leaching procedure. Decay resistance attributed to saltwater exposure declined with prolonged leaching. Title: Decay resistance of saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. Wood that is submerged in fresh water for long periods has increased permeability and other changed properties. Wood that is submerged in salt water may absorb considerable quantities of salts, which may render the wood resistant to microbial colonization. In this report, we describe decay tests on Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood after long-term exposure in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. This wood was generally resistant to fungal attack, but was susceptible to leaching. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that salt crystals in the wood were primarily sodium chloride, which was readily removed in a leaching procedure. Decay resistance attributed to saltwater exposure declined with prolonged leaching. Close

• 32. [Article] Copper, chromium, and arsenic levels in soils surrounding posts treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA)

  The levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic in soil surrounding CCA-treated posts and beneath CCA-treated stakes were investigated at a plot near Gainesville, Florida. Metal levels were elevated in soil ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Copper, chromium, and arsenic levels in soils surrounding posts treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Huffman, Jacob The levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic in soil surrounding CCA-treated posts and beneath CCA-treated stakes were investigated at a plot near Gainesville, Florida. Metal levels were elevated in soil immediately adjacent to the treated wood, but decreased with distance away or depth. Mean extractable arsenic levels ranged from 1.74 to 8.19 ppm immediately adjacent to the posts, but declined to less than 1 ppm in samples 150 and 300 mm away, regardless of depth sampled. The results suggest that soil contamination due to the presence of CCA-treated wood for 45 years is minimal. Title: Copper, chromium, and arsenic levels in soils surrounding posts treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Huffman, Jacob The levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic in soil surrounding CCA-treated posts and beneath CCA-treated stakes were investigated at a plot near Gainesville, Florida. Metal levels were elevated in soil immediately adjacent to the treated wood, but decreased with distance away or depth. Mean extractable arsenic levels ranged from 1.74 to 8.19 ppm immediately adjacent to the posts, but declined to less than 1 ppm in samples 150 and 300 mm away, regardless of depth sampled. The results suggest that soil contamination due to the presence of CCA-treated wood for 45 years is minimal. Close

• 33. [Article] Durability of a changing western redcedar resource

  The heartwood of western redcedar (Thuja plicuta) is known for its natural resistance to fungal attack, but some users of western redcedar utility poles have suggested that its durability may be diminished ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Durability of a changing western redcedar resource Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The heartwood of western redcedar (Thuja plicuta) is known for its natural resistance to fungal attack, but some users of western redcedar utility poles have suggested that its durability may be diminished as suppliers begin to harvest trees from younger stands. The decay resistance of western redcedar samples from the Pacific Northwest and Idaho was tested by using Postia placenta in a soil block test. Weight losses varied widely among and between sites and were not correlated with position in the heartwood cross section, tree age, or silvicultural factors. With results similar to those from a 1957 study, we can infer that the durability of the currently used younger material has not changed from that of earlier, older stocks. Title: Durability of a changing western redcedar resource Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The heartwood of western redcedar (Thuja plicuta) is known for its natural resistance to fungal attack, but some users of western redcedar utility poles have suggested that its durability may be diminished as suppliers begin to harvest trees from younger stands. The decay resistance of western redcedar samples from the Pacific Northwest and Idaho was tested by using Postia placenta in a soil block test. Weight losses varied widely among and between sites and were not correlated with position in the heartwood cross section, tree age, or silvicultural factors. With results similar to those from a 1957 study, we can infer that the durability of the currently used younger material has not changed from that of earlier, older stocks. Close

• 34. [Article] Methylisothiocyanate fumigant content of Douglas-fir heartwood at various moisture levels after treatment with solid sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate

  The relationship between moisture content and the presence of methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in wood following various applications of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) was investigated with small Douglas-fir ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methylisothiocyanate fumigant content of Douglas-fir heartwood at various moisture levels after treatment with solid sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The relationship between moisture content and the presence of methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in wood following various applications of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) was investigated with small Douglas-fir heartwood blocks. While MITC levels were initially higher in wetter blocks, MITC levels in drier blocks remained more stable over the 8-week test period. The addition of water as well as NaMDC to blocks enhanced MITC levels only initially; this effect declined over the test period for blocks at 30% MC or greater. In comparing the effect on MITC levels of applying the NaMDC in powder or pellet form, no significant difference between the two application methods emerged. Title: Methylisothiocyanate fumigant content of Douglas-fir heartwood at various moisture levels after treatment with solid sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The relationship between moisture content and the presence of methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in wood following various applications of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) was investigated with small Douglas-fir heartwood blocks. While MITC levels were initially higher in wetter blocks, MITC levels in drier blocks remained more stable over the 8-week test period. The addition of water as well as NaMDC to blocks enhanced MITC levels only initially; this effect declined over the test period for blocks at 30% MC or greater. In comparing the effect on MITC levels of applying the NaMDC in powder or pellet form, no significant difference between the two application methods emerged. Close

• 35. [Article] In-situ measurement of dimensional changes during supercritical fluid impregnation of white spruce lumber

  Supercritical fluids can markedly enhance preservative treatment of wood, but the high pressures employed can lead to collapse. We investigated the effects of the rates of pressure application and release ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: In-situ measurement of dimensional changes during supercritical fluid impregnation of white spruce lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kim, Gyu Hyeok Supercritical fluids can markedly enhance preservative treatment of wood, but the high pressures employed can lead to collapse. We investigated the effects of the rates of pressure application and release on displacement of white spruce lumber during supercritical impregnation with carbon dioxide. Displacement was greatest when pressure was rapidly increased at the start of the process. Conversely, rapid pressure release at the conclusion of the treatment process resulted in the lowest level of permanent displacement. The results suggest that wood displacement during supercritical fluid impregnation can be controlled by altering process variables for a given species. Title: In-situ measurement of dimensional changes during supercritical fluid impregnation of white spruce lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kim, Gyu Hyeok Supercritical fluids can markedly enhance preservative treatment of wood, but the high pressures employed can lead to collapse. We investigated the effects of the rates of pressure application and release on displacement of white spruce lumber during supercritical impregnation with carbon dioxide. Displacement was greatest when pressure was rapidly increased at the start of the process. Conversely, rapid pressure release at the conclusion of the treatment process resulted in the lowest level of permanent displacement. The results suggest that wood displacement during supercritical fluid impregnation can be controlled by altering process variables for a given species. Close

• 36. [Article] Controlling hardwood sapstain : trials of stain-preventive products on red alder lumber

  Production of hardwood lumber (mostly red alder) has been a small but growing part of the forest products industry in the Pacific Northwest. In laboratory tests, Rodewod® 200 EC plus borax protected alder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling hardwood sapstain : trials of stain-preventive products on red alder lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Production of hardwood lumber (mostly red alder) has been a small but growing part of the forest products industry in the Pacific Northwest. In laboratory tests, Rodewod® 200 EC plus borax protected alder at nearly all levels tested. Eight other chemicals provided some protection at the highest level tested. Fungal-stain preventive treatments were evaluated on red alder lumber in both an accelerated 6-week test on small specimens In the laboratory and on bundled boards (1 inch x 4 inches x 8 feet) exposed outdoors for 2 or 6 months. Strong solutions of RODEWOD® 300. PQ-8 plus borax, and Permatox 101 protected freshly sawed red alder lumber that was solid-piled and stored for 2 months during which summer temperatures peaked. None of the treatments provided good protection through 6 months of storage that included summer weather. Title: Controlling hardwood sapstain : trials of stain-preventive products on red alder lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Miller, Donald J. (Donald James) Production of hardwood lumber (mostly red alder) has been a small but growing part of the forest products industry in the Pacific Northwest. In laboratory tests, Rodewod® 200 EC plus borax protected alder at nearly all levels tested. Eight other chemicals provided some protection at the highest level tested. Fungal-stain preventive treatments were evaluated on red alder lumber in both an accelerated 6-week test on small specimens In the laboratory and on bundled boards (1 inch x 4 inches x 8 feet) exposed outdoors for 2 or 6 months. Strong solutions of RODEWOD® 300. PQ-8 plus borax, and Permatox 101 protected freshly sawed red alder lumber that was solid-piled and stored for 2 months during which summer temperatures peaked. None of the treatments provided good protection through 6 months of storage that included summer weather. Close

• 37. [Article] Effects of Postlayup Borate Treatment on Appearance and Flexural Properties of Douglas-Fir Glued Laminated Beams

  Preservative treatments are required whenever glued laminated beams are exposed outdoors. Treatments can be either water-based systems applied to individual laminations prior to layup or organic solvent–borne ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Postlayup Borate Treatment on Appearance and Flexural Properties of Douglas-Fir Glued Laminated Beams Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Long, Brady Preservative treatments are required whenever glued laminated beams are exposed outdoors. Treatments can be either water-based systems applied to individual laminations prior to layup or organic solvent–borne systems applied after the beams are fabricated. Water-based systems are not recommended for posttreatment because of concerns over checking and the potential for reductions in flexural properties, but there are few data on the effects of these treatments. The effects of pressure treatment with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (boron) on flexural properties, glue-line shear, and visual appearance were investigated using Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) glued laminated beams. While treatment did result in the presence of drying checks on some beams, boron treatment followed by air seasoning or mild kiln drying did not produce any significant effects on modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, or glue-line shear. The results indicate that boron treatment does not affect load-bearing properties. Title: Effects of Postlayup Borate Treatment on Appearance and Flexural Properties of Douglas-Fir Glued Laminated Beams Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Long, Brady Preservative treatments are required whenever glued laminated beams are exposed outdoors. Treatments can be either water-based systems applied to individual laminations prior to layup or organic solvent–borne systems applied after the beams are fabricated. Water-based systems are not recommended for posttreatment because of concerns over checking and the potential for reductions in flexural properties, but there are few data on the effects of these treatments. The effects of pressure treatment with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (boron) on flexural properties, glue-line shear, and visual appearance were investigated using Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) glued laminated beams. While treatment did result in the presence of drying checks on some beams, boron treatment followed by air seasoning or mild kiln drying did not produce any significant effects on modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, or glue-line shear. The results indicate that boron treatment does not affect load-bearing properties. Close

• 38. [Article] Antifungal effects of hinokitiol and its sodium salt for wood protection

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antifungal effects of hinokitiol and its sodium salt for wood protection Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Okabe, Toshihiro, Li, Shujun This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources/. Title: Antifungal effects of hinokitiol and its sodium salt for wood protection Author: Freitag, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Okabe, Toshihiro, Li, Shujun This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by North Carolina State University, Department of Wood and Paper Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources/. Close

• 39. [Article] Supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment: Its effect on bending strength and stiffness of ponderosa pine sapwood

  Adverse effects on mechanical properties from using a supercritical fluid (SCF) to increase preservative penetration of refractory woods were evaluated by treating small ponderosa pine sapwood specimens ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment: Its effect on bending strength and stiffness of ponderosa pine sapwood Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M., Ng, Harry, Demessie, E. Sahle Adverse effects on mechanical properties from using a supercritical fluid (SCF) to increase preservative penetration of refractory woods were evaluated by treating small ponderosa pine sapwood specimens with supercritical carbon dioxide at 64 combinations of temperatures (35 to 80 C), pressure (1,000 to 4,000 psig), and time (0.5 to 2 h). Thereafter, the treated and identical untreated specimens were equilibrated to constant moisture content and tested for bending strength and stiffness. The SCF-treated and untreated specimens were not significantly different in modulus of rupture (MOR) or modulus of elasticity (MOE). Temperature, pressure, and time had no significant effect on MOR; there were interacting effects of these variables on MOE, although these interactions had no meaningful patterns. Title: Supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment: Its effect on bending strength and stiffness of ponderosa pine sapwood Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M., Ng, Harry, Demessie, E. Sahle Adverse effects on mechanical properties from using a supercritical fluid (SCF) to increase preservative penetration of refractory woods were evaluated by treating small ponderosa pine sapwood specimens with supercritical carbon dioxide at 64 combinations of temperatures (35 to 80 C), pressure (1,000 to 4,000 psig), and time (0.5 to 2 h). Thereafter, the treated and identical untreated specimens were equilibrated to constant moisture content and tested for bending strength and stiffness. The SCF-treated and untreated specimens were not significantly different in modulus of rupture (MOR) or modulus of elasticity (MOE). Temperature, pressure, and time had no significant effect on MOR; there were interacting effects of these variables on MOE, although these interactions had no meaningful patterns. Close

• 40. [Article] Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber

  This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Rakesh, Winandy, Jerrold E., Riyanto, Djoko S. This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). Three species groups (Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir. and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South) and two commercially produced machine-stress-rated grades per species group were tested in torsion to determine their shear strength. Incising and preservative treatment produced significant reductions in the average shear strength of Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South dimension lumber. These effects need to be addressed through the development of more appropriate design values for uses of preservative-treated wood of these species when shear is a governing factor. An adjustment factor of 0.70 is proposed for incised and preservative-treated nominal 2-inch lumber. Title: Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Rakesh, Winandy, Jerrold E., Riyanto, Djoko S. This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). Three species groups (Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir. and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South) and two commercially produced machine-stress-rated grades per species group were tested in torsion to determine their shear strength. Incising and preservative treatment produced significant reductions in the average shear strength of Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South dimension lumber. These effects need to be addressed through the development of more appropriate design values for uses of preservative-treated wood of these species when shear is a governing factor. An adjustment factor of 0.70 is proposed for incised and preservative-treated nominal 2-inch lumber. Close

• 41. [Article] Patterns of fungal attack in wood-plastic composites following exposure in a soil block test

  The ability of white and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes. Three composite materials were evaluated. The material containing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of fungal attack in wood-plastic composites following exposure in a soil block test Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mankowski, Mark The ability of white and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes. Three composite materials were evaluated. The material containing a 70/30 wood-high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixture was most susceptible to fungal attack, while two different 50/50 wood-HDPE composites experienced little or no attack. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of samples not exposed to fungus revealed the presence of voids between the wood and HDPE in all three materials. Similar examination of decayed samples of the composite with a higher wood content revealed that the fungi had thoroughly colonized the particles, particularly near the point of initial fungal exposure. Fungal hyphae were also prevalent in the voids deeper in the composite. The two composites containing higher HDPE levels had little evidence of fungal attack, despite the presence of voids. Title: Patterns of fungal attack in wood-plastic composites following exposure in a soil block test Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mankowski, Mark The ability of white and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes. Three composite materials were evaluated. The material containing a 70/30 wood-high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixture was most susceptible to fungal attack, while two different 50/50 wood-HDPE composites experienced little or no attack. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of samples not exposed to fungus revealed the presence of voids between the wood and HDPE in all three materials. Similar examination of decayed samples of the composite with a higher wood content revealed that the fungi had thoroughly colonized the particles, particularly near the point of initial fungal exposure. Fungal hyphae were also prevalent in the voids deeper in the composite. The two composites containing higher HDPE levels had little evidence of fungal attack, despite the presence of voids. Close

• 42. [Article] Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties

  Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M. Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood in this environment is often attacked by soft rot fungi. Some wood users attempt to bolster protection by including additives, such as chromium, in the water. Examination of sections cut from a redwood cooling tower revealed that most pieces were colonized by a variety of Fungi Imperfecti, in spite of surface chromium levels that averaged 0.26 lb/ft3. Eleven species were isolated from the material; soft rot tests of these fungi indicated that all of the isolates were capable of causing Type 2 soft rot attack (cell-wall erosion). These fungi caused little or no weight loss on redwood specimens, but did damage less durable ponderosa pine sapwood. The results suggest that the redwood cooling tower was colonized by a variety of fungi; however, the combination of redwood extractives and a shallow chromium barrier appears to protect against soft rot attack. Title: Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Smith, Susan M. Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood in this environment is often attacked by soft rot fungi. Some wood users attempt to bolster protection by including additives, such as chromium, in the water. Examination of sections cut from a redwood cooling tower revealed that most pieces were colonized by a variety of Fungi Imperfecti, in spite of surface chromium levels that averaged 0.26 lb/ft3. Eleven species were isolated from the material; soft rot tests of these fungi indicated that all of the isolates were capable of causing Type 2 soft rot attack (cell-wall erosion). These fungi caused little or no weight loss on redwood specimens, but did damage less durable ponderosa pine sapwood. The results suggest that the redwood cooling tower was colonized by a variety of fungi; however, the combination of redwood extractives and a shallow chromium barrier appears to protect against soft rot attack. Close

• 43. [Article] The effect of pH on decomposition of Mylone (dazomet) and tridipam to fungitoxic methylisothiocyanate in wood

  Mylone@ and tridipam are two solid chemicals that decompose to produce methylisothiocyanate (MIT), a highly effective wood fumigant. In this study, two techniques -- a rapid, test-tube method and small-scale, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of pH on decomposition of Mylone (dazomet) and tridipam to fungitoxic methylisothiocyanate in wood Author: Lebow, Stan, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Sexton, Camille M. Mylone@ and tridipam are two solid chemicals that decompose to produce methylisothiocyanate (MIT), a highly effective wood fumigant. In this study, two techniques -- a rapid, test-tube method and small-scale, wood-block assay -- were used to determine the effect of the pH of various chemical buffers on the decomposition of Mylone@ and tridipam in Douglas-fir heartwood samples colonized by Poria carbonica. Both chemicals were sensitive to pH, and higher levels of MIT were produced as the pH of the buffers increased. In general, fungal survival was not affected 1 week after chemical treatment. Complete control of P. carbonica, however, resulted after 4 weeks of exposure to 50 mg Mylone@/block or 150 mg tridipam/block, when each chemical was combined with a pH-12 buffer. These results suggest that regulating fumigant treatments according to the degree of fungal attack can substantially improve the precision of decay control in wood maintenance programs. Title: The effect of pH on decomposition of Mylone (dazomet) and tridipam to fungitoxic methylisothiocyanate in wood Author: Lebow, Stan, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Sexton, Camille M. Mylone@ and tridipam are two solid chemicals that decompose to produce methylisothiocyanate (MIT), a highly effective wood fumigant. In this study, two techniques -- a rapid, test-tube method and small-scale, wood-block assay -- were used to determine the effect of the pH of various chemical buffers on the decomposition of Mylone@ and tridipam in Douglas-fir heartwood samples colonized by Poria carbonica. Both chemicals were sensitive to pH, and higher levels of MIT were produced as the pH of the buffers increased. In general, fungal survival was not affected 1 week after chemical treatment. Complete control of P. carbonica, however, resulted after 4 weeks of exposure to 50 mg Mylone@/block or 150 mg tridipam/block, when each chemical was combined with a pH-12 buffer. These results suggest that regulating fumigant treatments according to the degree of fungal attack can substantially improve the precision of decay control in wood maintenance programs. Close

• 44. [Article] Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir

  Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes. Arsenic leaching was minimized with high solution ratios of metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide, and with formulations containing zinc. Zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. The metal cations were leach-resistant regardless of ACZA formulation because of their low water solubility and their ability to adsorb to the wood. Copper was readily adsorbed by lignin and by model compounds that possessed phenolic hydroxyl groups, which suggests that phenolic hydroxyl groups were the primary reaction sites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy analysis also supported this conclusion. Multiple copper species and increased free radical content were detected within lignin that had adsorbed copper. Adsorption of copper and zinc has important ramifications for arsenic fixation. Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes. Arsenic leaching was minimized with high solution ratios of metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide, and with formulations containing zinc. Zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. The metal cations were leach-resistant regardless of ACZA formulation because of their low water solubility and their ability to adsorb to the wood. Copper was readily adsorbed by lignin and by model compounds that possessed phenolic hydroxyl groups, which suggests that phenolic hydroxyl groups were the primary reaction sites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy analysis also supported this conclusion. Multiple copper species and increased free radical content were detected within lignin that had adsorbed copper. Adsorption of copper and zinc has important ramifications for arsenic fixation. Close

• 45. [Article] Interactions between sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate and Douglas-fir heartwood

  Vapam(r) (NaMDC) is the fumigant most commonly used to arrest and control decay of utility poles. While volatile fungitoxins are detectable only 1 to 2 years after treatment, poles treated with Vapam(r) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions between sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate and Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Miller, D. B., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Vapam(r) (NaMDC) is the fumigant most commonly used to arrest and control decay of utility poles. While volatile fungitoxins are detectable only 1 to 2 years after treatment, poles treated with Vapam(r) remain free of decay fungi for 6 to 17 years. Vapam(r) decomposes to produce volatile fungicides as well as a number of nonvolatile products that may provide long-term protection. The degree and rate of decomposition of NaMDC were evaluated by using a gas chromatograph and a high-performance liquid chromatograph to analyze extracts from Vapam(r) mixtures with wood, cellulose, vanillin, starch and glass. Compounds similar to those produced from Vapam(r)-soil mixtures were found in the mixtures tested. Of the materials identified, sulfur was the most abundant nonvolatile product in wood mixtures and may play a role in long-term wood protection. Sulfur was present only at low levels in cellulose mixtures. These results, coupled with the low levels of volatile MIT produced in the cellulose mixtures, suggest that lignin is an important site for Vapam(r) decomposition reactions. Further studies are suggested to determine the role of nonvolatile decomposition products in arresting decay away from the point of application. Title: Interactions between sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate and Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Miller, D. B., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Vapam(r) (NaMDC) is the fumigant most commonly used to arrest and control decay of utility poles. While volatile fungitoxins are detectable only 1 to 2 years after treatment, poles treated with Vapam(r) remain free of decay fungi for 6 to 17 years. Vapam(r) decomposes to produce volatile fungicides as well as a number of nonvolatile products that may provide long-term protection. The degree and rate of decomposition of NaMDC were evaluated by using a gas chromatograph and a high-performance liquid chromatograph to analyze extracts from Vapam(r) mixtures with wood, cellulose, vanillin, starch and glass. Compounds similar to those produced from Vapam(r)-soil mixtures were found in the mixtures tested. Of the materials identified, sulfur was the most abundant nonvolatile product in wood mixtures and may play a role in long-term wood protection. Sulfur was present only at low levels in cellulose mixtures. These results, coupled with the low levels of volatile MIT produced in the cellulose mixtures, suggest that lignin is an important site for Vapam(r) decomposition reactions. Further studies are suggested to determine the role of nonvolatile decomposition products in arresting decay away from the point of application. Close

• 46. [Article] Steady-state diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir heartwood

  The effects of moisture content, flow direction, concentration, and temperature on the diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) heartwood were investigated. Diffusion ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steady-state diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Peralta, Perry N., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effects of moisture content, flow direction, concentration, and temperature on the diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) heartwood were investigated. Diffusion coefficients were strongly affected by wood moisture content. Coefficients for radial and tangential diffusion at the fiber-saturation point were twice as high as those at the oven-dry condition. Longitudinal diffusion coefficients, however, increased only 12.5% when the moisture content was increased over the same range. Longitudinal diffusion coefficients were about three orders of magnitude higher than those in the transverse directions, while there was no significant difference between radial and tangential diffusion coefficients. Diffusion coefficients were independent of concentration, showing the validity of Fick's law of diffusion in characterizing the flow of the fumigant in wood. Diffusion coefficients were always higher at 35 C than at 20 C; however, the difference was not statistically significant, suggesting that the flow of the fumigant is not a temperature-activated process. Title: Steady-state diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Peralta, Perry N., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effects of moisture content, flow direction, concentration, and temperature on the diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) heartwood were investigated. Diffusion coefficients were strongly affected by wood moisture content. Coefficients for radial and tangential diffusion at the fiber-saturation point were twice as high as those at the oven-dry condition. Longitudinal diffusion coefficients, however, increased only 12.5% when the moisture content was increased over the same range. Longitudinal diffusion coefficients were about three orders of magnitude higher than those in the transverse directions, while there was no significant difference between radial and tangential diffusion coefficients. Diffusion coefficients were independent of concentration, showing the validity of Fick's law of diffusion in characterizing the flow of the fumigant in wood. Diffusion coefficients were always higher at 35 C than at 20 C; however, the difference was not statistically significant, suggesting that the flow of the fumigant is not a temperature-activated process. Close

• 47. [Article] Potential for Using Essential Oils to Protect Viscoelastic Thermal Compression–Treated Hybrid Poplar

  The potential for using pretreatment with cinnamon leaf oil or juniper foliage oil to improve the durability of viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC)–treated hybrid poplar was explored in a field termite ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for Using Essential Oils to Protect Viscoelastic Thermal Compression–Treated Hybrid Poplar Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Scouse, Adam, Kamke, Frederick A. The potential for using pretreatment with cinnamon leaf oil or juniper foliage oil to improve the durability of viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC)–treated hybrid poplar was explored in a field termite test and a laboratory mold test. The addition of oils prior to VTC processing had variable effects on resistance to both mold and termite attack. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy assessment of residual oil components in VTC processed material suggested that the heating associated with the process was associated with substantial degradation of oil components that might help explain the lack of protective effect. The results suggest that further attempts to use essential oils to improve the durability of VTC processed materials must first explore less aggressive heating conditions to reduce the potential for thermal degradation of oil components while still achieving the attractive gains in physical properties associated with the process. Title: Potential for Using Essential Oils to Protect Viscoelastic Thermal Compression–Treated Hybrid Poplar Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Scouse, Adam, Kamke, Frederick A. The potential for using pretreatment with cinnamon leaf oil or juniper foliage oil to improve the durability of viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC)–treated hybrid poplar was explored in a field termite test and a laboratory mold test. The addition of oils prior to VTC processing had variable effects on resistance to both mold and termite attack. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy assessment of residual oil components in VTC processed material suggested that the heating associated with the process was associated with substantial degradation of oil components that might help explain the lack of protective effect. The results suggest that further attempts to use essential oils to improve the durability of VTC processed materials must first explore less aggressive heating conditions to reduce the potential for thermal degradation of oil components while still achieving the attractive gains in physical properties associated with the process. Close

• 48. [Article] Production of fungal protoplasts from selected wood-degrading fungi

  Studies of the effects of various chemicals on fungal growth are difficult to perform on filamentous fungi because of the difficulty of observing the protoplasm through the rigid hyphal wall, and because ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production of fungal protoplasts from selected wood-degrading fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Studies of the effects of various chemicals on fungal growth are difficult to perform on filamentous fungi because of the difficulty of observing the protoplasm through the rigid hyphal wall, and because most activity occurs in the region near the hyphal tip. However, hyphae can be exposed to certain enzymes that degrade the cell walls, producing protoplasts. There are few reports of protoplast production from economically important wood decayers. In this report, protoplasts were produced from hyphae of the common wood-degrading fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Trametes versicolor with a commercially prepared mixture of cell-wall degrading enzymes (Novozyme 234). Protoplasts were more readily produced from young hyphae; however, regeneration was better with older hyphae. Magnesium sulfate and mannitol (0.5 M) performed comparably well as osmotic stabilizers. Title: Production of fungal protoplasts from selected wood-degrading fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Studies of the effects of various chemicals on fungal growth are difficult to perform on filamentous fungi because of the difficulty of observing the protoplasm through the rigid hyphal wall, and because most activity occurs in the region near the hyphal tip. However, hyphae can be exposed to certain enzymes that degrade the cell walls, producing protoplasts. There are few reports of protoplast production from economically important wood decayers. In this report, protoplasts were produced from hyphae of the common wood-degrading fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Trametes versicolor with a commercially prepared mixture of cell-wall degrading enzymes (Novozyme 234). Protoplasts were more readily produced from young hyphae; however, regeneration was better with older hyphae. Magnesium sulfate and mannitol (0.5 M) performed comparably well as osmotic stabilizers. Close

• 49. [Article] Nutritional Quality of Douglas-fir Wood: Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Position on Nutrient Levels

  The chemical composition of the boles of 14 Douglas-fir trees growing in the central Willamette Valley of western Oregon was examined to determine whether differences in various chemical component levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutritional Quality of Douglas-fir Wood: Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Position on Nutrient Levels Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schowalter, Timothy D. The chemical composition of the boles of 14 Douglas-fir trees growing in the central Willamette Valley of western Oregon was examined to determine whether differences in various chemical component levels might help to explain arthropod or microbial colonization patterns. Levels of nearly all cations as well as N and P tended to be highest in the inner bark. Nitrogen levels were similar in sapwood and heartwood, but both were lower than those in the inner bark. Levels of N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn tended to be significantly higher farther up the tree, suggesting that this zone might be a more suitable substrate of colonization. Water-soluble sugars tended to be present at higher levels closer to the live crown, a finding that implies that these compounds may be allocated to cells closer to the regions where active photosynthesis is occurring. Water-soluble sugars tended to be present at higher levels in the heartwood, an unexpected finding since these compounds are presumed to be consumed during heartwood formation. A broader sample of Douglas-fir boles is recommended to confirm these results. Title: Nutritional Quality of Douglas-fir Wood: Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Position on Nutrient Levels Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schowalter, Timothy D. The chemical composition of the boles of 14 Douglas-fir trees growing in the central Willamette Valley of western Oregon was examined to determine whether differences in various chemical component levels might help to explain arthropod or microbial colonization patterns. Levels of nearly all cations as well as N and P tended to be highest in the inner bark. Nitrogen levels were similar in sapwood and heartwood, but both were lower than those in the inner bark. Levels of N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn tended to be significantly higher farther up the tree, suggesting that this zone might be a more suitable substrate of colonization. Water-soluble sugars tended to be present at higher levels closer to the live crown, a finding that implies that these compounds may be allocated to cells closer to the regions where active photosynthesis is occurring. Water-soluble sugars tended to be present at higher levels in the heartwood, an unexpected finding since these compounds are presumed to be consumed during heartwood formation. A broader sample of Douglas-fir boles is recommended to confirm these results. Close

• 50. [Article] Bioassaying wood preservatives with Aspergillus niger

  The bioassay with Aspergillus niger is a simple way of determining the presence and amount of pentachlorophenol or tributyltin oxide in wood, but it does not appear useful for measuring strongly fixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bioassaying wood preservatives with Aspergillus niger Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The bioassay with Aspergillus niger is a simple way of determining the presence and amount of pentachlorophenol or tributyltin oxide in wood, but it does not appear useful for measuring strongly fixed chemicals such as chromated copper arsenate, borate, and fluoride. Its effectiveness in detecting other preservatives has not been reported. Accordingly, the bioassay was evaluated for its ability to detect various concentrations of 15 preservatives introduced into blocks of ponderosa pine. These results were compared with those from modified soil-block tests involving the same chemicals. Several of the formulations-three quaternary ammonium compounds, copper naphthenate, and Folpet imparted some decay resistance to the blocks but were not detectable with the bioassay. The remaining chemicals were all detectable, although sensitivities varied. These results suggest that the Aspergillus bioassay can be useful for detecting many wood preservatives. Title: Bioassaying wood preservatives with Aspergillus niger Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The bioassay with Aspergillus niger is a simple way of determining the presence and amount of pentachlorophenol or tributyltin oxide in wood, but it does not appear useful for measuring strongly fixed chemicals such as chromated copper arsenate, borate, and fluoride. Its effectiveness in detecting other preservatives has not been reported. Accordingly, the bioassay was evaluated for its ability to detect various concentrations of 15 preservatives introduced into blocks of ponderosa pine. These results were compared with those from modified soil-block tests involving the same chemicals. Several of the formulations-three quaternary ammonium compounds, copper naphthenate, and Folpet imparted some decay resistance to the blocks but were not detectable with the bioassay. The remaining chemicals were all detectable, although sensitivities varied. These results suggest that the Aspergillus bioassay can be useful for detecting many wood preservatives. Close