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• 21. [Article] Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi

  Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health (as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, potassium levels, cell regeneration, and copper uptake). Although both cell systems responded to the presence of fungicide, there were some differences in response. Protoplasts tended to absorb higher levels of copper and were less sensitive to copper sulfate than were mycelial fragments. In general, however, protoplasts provided uniform cells for evaluating the effects of fungicides on cell health. Title: Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi Author: Rui, Chen, Morrell, Jeffrey J. Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health (as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, potassium levels, cell regeneration, and copper uptake). Although both cell systems responded to the presence of fungicide, there were some differences in response. Protoplasts tended to absorb higher levels of copper and were less sensitive to copper sulfate than were mycelial fragments. In general, however, protoplasts provided uniform cells for evaluating the effects of fungicides on cell health. Close

• 22. [Article] Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

  The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Title: Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce Author: El-Kasmi, Silham, Rhatigan, Ron, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, although neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers' Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit aspiration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for successfully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate. Close

• 23. [Article] Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_pub...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Close

• 24. [Article] Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures

  The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. Merbau (Intsia bijuga or I. palembanica) and ipe (Tabebuia spp.) were both exceptionally resistant to fungal and termite attack, while western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) heartwood was slightly less resistant to degradation. The presence of heartwood on western juniper samples had no noticeable effect on the performance of adjacent sapwood. The bamboo decking proved to the least durable of the materials and experienced substantial termite and fungal attack over the 32-month test period. Title: Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. Merbau (Intsia bijuga or I. palembanica) and ipe (Tabebuia spp.) were both exceptionally resistant to fungal and termite attack, while western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) heartwood was slightly less resistant to degradation. The presence of heartwood on western juniper samples had no noticeable effect on the performance of adjacent sapwood. The bamboo decking proved to the least durable of the materials and experienced substantial termite and fungal attack over the 32-month test period. Close

• 25. [Article] Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard

  The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard Author: Jeihooni, Asghar, Krahmer, Robert L., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in their centers. The distribution of chemicals was uniform in panels, which indicates that the chemicals did not migrate during hot-pressing. Treatment markedly enhanced resistance to brown rot (Postia placenta). Borate-treated panels had large thickness swelling and often delaminated when exposed to hot, wet conditions. In static bending and internal bond tests, strength reduction for borate- and CCAC-treated panels was evident. Azaconazole showed no deleterious effect on strength. Title: Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard Author: Jeihooni, Asghar, Krahmer, Robert L., Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in their centers. The distribution of chemicals was uniform in panels, which indicates that the chemicals did not migrate during hot-pressing. Treatment markedly enhanced resistance to brown rot (Postia placenta). Borate-treated panels had large thickness swelling and often delaminated when exposed to hot, wet conditions. In static bending and internal bond tests, strength reduction for borate- and CCAC-treated panels was evident. Azaconazole showed no deleterious effect on strength. Close

• 26. [Article] Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content

  The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked differences were noted in the degree of decomposition among some species, the relationship between decomposition and lignin content, extractive levels, wood pH, or I0/o alkali solubility was slight within the various species. Wood moisture content had the greatest influence on decomposition, while temperature had a lesser effect. The results suggest that the wood environment could be manipulated to enhance metham sodium decomposition, thereby allowing dosage to be reduced or the period between applications to be prolonged. Title: Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked differences were noted in the degree of decomposition among some species, the relationship between decomposition and lignin content, extractive levels, wood pH, or I0/o alkali solubility was slight within the various species. Wood moisture content had the greatest influence on decomposition, while temperature had a lesser effect. The results suggest that the wood environment could be manipulated to enhance metham sodium decomposition, thereby allowing dosage to be reduced or the period between applications to be prolonged. Close

• 27. [Article] Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate

  A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies from Douglas-fir heartwood. Also evaluated were the effects of wood moisture content, dosage, incubation period, pH level, and presence of copper sulfate on percentage of kill of the fungus and amount of MITC in the wood. Increasing moisture content produced the most dramatic increases in MITC production and fungal control. The effects of pH and the presence of copper ions were more variable. The results indicate that pelletized NaMDC can effectively control fungal infestations in Douglas-fir heartwood. Field studies are planned. Title: Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate Author: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Newbill, Mark A. A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies from Douglas-fir heartwood. Also evaluated were the effects of wood moisture content, dosage, incubation period, pH level, and presence of copper sulfate on percentage of kill of the fungus and amount of MITC in the wood. Increasing moisture content produced the most dramatic increases in MITC production and fungal control. The effects of pH and the presence of copper ions were more variable. The results indicate that pelletized NaMDC can effectively control fungal infestations in Douglas-fir heartwood. Field studies are planned. Close

• 28. [Article] Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder

  Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mitchoff, M. E. Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block tests. CCA provided the best protection, and ZN and TCMTB provided reasonably good protection. Copper 8 required loadings of at least 6 kg/m3 to provide protection. Title: Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Mitchoff, M. E. Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block tests. CCA provided the best protection, and ZN and TCMTB provided reasonably good protection. Copper 8 required loadings of at least 6 kg/m3 to provide protection. Close

• 29. [Article] Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes

  The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes were relatively slow in Douglas-fir heartwood, suggesting that process conditions involving relatively rapid changes in pressure conditions will have little effect on fluid penetration away from the wood surface. Title: Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes Author: Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Schneider, Philip F. The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes were relatively slow in Douglas-fir heartwood, suggesting that process conditions involving relatively rapid changes in pressure conditions will have little effect on fluid penetration away from the wood surface. Close

• 30. [Article] Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood

  The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Hassan, Ali, Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kumar, Satish, Demessie, Endalkachew Sahle The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority of samples, although nearly one-third of the specimens declined in permeability. Improvements in permeability appeared to be unrelated to variations in temperature, pressure, or the presence of a cosolvent, suggesting that the conditions were uniformly suitable for extractive solubilization. Decreased permeability may reflect redeposition of solubilized extractives to positions where they again diminish permeability as conditions drop out of the critical range, a possibility that will be studied further. Title: Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood Author: Hassan, Ali, Levien, Keith L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Kumar, Satish, Demessie, Endalkachew Sahle The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority of samples, although nearly one-third of the specimens declined in permeability. Improvements in permeability appeared to be unrelated to variations in temperature, pressure, or the presence of a cosolvent, suggesting that the conditions were uniformly suitable for extractive solubilization. Decreased permeability may reflect redeposition of solubilized extractives to positions where they again diminish permeability as conditions drop out of the critical range, a possibility that will be studied further. Close