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• 1. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield

  	ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1995, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Emmett Blanchfield Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1995, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on March 7, 1995; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p. Close

• 2. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Donald M. Spaulding

  	ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on April 2, 1991; transcribed by Darci Desharnais Gomolski, 1993-1994." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Donald M. Spaulding Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1991, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on April 2, 1991; transcribed by Darci Desharnais Gomolski, 1993-1994." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Donald M. Spaulding Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1991, 2010 ill.; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on April 2, 1991; transcribed by Darci Desharnais Gomolski, 1993-1994." - T.p. Close

• 3. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Wendell Wood

  	ill.; Unbound photocopy; "Conducted and transcribed by Stephen R. Mark, May 1997." - T.p.; Paper produced in correlation with a Southern Oregon University class. - information provided by Stephen R. Mark; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Wendell Wood Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1997, 2010 ill.; Unbound photocopy; "Conducted and transcribed by Stephen R. Mark, May 1997." - T.p.; Paper produced in correlation with a Southern Oregon University class. - information provided by Stephen R. Mark; Includes index (p. 118-123). Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Wendell Wood Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1997, 2010 ill.; Unbound photocopy; "Conducted and transcribed by Stephen R. Mark, May 1997." - T.p.; Paper produced in correlation with a Southern Oregon University class. - information provided by Stephen R. Mark; Includes index (p. 118-123). Close

• 4. [Image] Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series

  	INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2000, 2009 INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some explanation about the program. The first section describes the origin and development of formalized oral history at Crater Lake in an operational context, concluding with suggestions for consulting additional sources of information. A summary of each interview in alphabetical order by consultant constitutes the second part and should convey the circumstances of how each consultant was interviewed. The third section begins with listing the abbreviations assigned to consultants and the various types of interviews as they appear in the index. Organized by topic, this index also includes people and places mentioned in the interviews as they pertain to the park. Beginnings Interest in doing oral history at Crater Lake can be traced to the 1970s when seasonal ranger Larry Smith informally discussed past events in the park with visitors and former employees. He used this information to compile and update the Smith Brothers Chronological History of Crater Lake National Park, a work that evolved from agency direction to generate "important event logs" at each park starting in 1967.1 Concurrently, more formal oral history interviews gained popularity as part of a national trend toward greater interest in social history. Funding for oral history in places like southern Oregon increased in anticipation of the bicentennial celebrations in 1976, and coincided with the term "public history" gaining currency in academic circles. While the field of history was undergoing an important change, the National Park Service drafted its first general management plan for Crater Lake throughout 1976. This plan was approved in December 1977 and issued without its resources management component, something intended to complement the visitor use/interpretation and general development sections of the plan. A first draft of the resources management section followed almost four years later and included a number of project statements. They were aimed primarily at natural resources, but included several for cultural resources written by Ron Warfield, then chief of interpretation. One project statement articulated the need for taping and transcribing ethnographic and oral history interviews for permanent retention. This effort would "provide material for the Park administrative history and would give background for interpretive programs [intended] to enrich the visitor 1 These logs were intended to replace the superintendent's annual report, a requirement dropped by the Washington Office of the NPS in 1966. Emphasis on maintaining the logs waned, however, by 1974. Smith and his brother Lloyd saw the need for maintaining some record of past events in the park since a large portion of the official files that had been previously stored on-site by the NPS were either shipped to the Federal Record Center in Seattle or dumped. experience by emphasizing the life, culture, history of local inhabitants and park management."2 Although the RMP draft included a programming sheet that made a modest five-year budget projection needed to support oral history, none of the cultural resources endeavors listed were funded immediately. The RMP was updated in 1985, though the oral history project statement remained virtually unchanged. This time, however, the plan was approved by the acting regional director and began to attract greater levels of funding directed from NPS staff in Seattle. Bob Benton, park superintendent at the time, hoped that a permanent curator would conduct and then transcribe interviews for three years, beginning in FY87.3 Budget constraints limited the NPS to hiring a part-time museum technician who had to subsequently devote all of her time to dealing with a massive backlog of objects. Program development The NPS regional historian at that time, Stephanie Toothman, eventually persuaded Benton to fund a historian on a temporary appointment for the summer of 1987. My predecessor conducted several taped interviews during his short tenure at the park, though these interviews remained unprocessed for a number of years. The writer was hired in the spring of 1988 partly because of management's desire to continue conducting oral history interviews, though I little in the way of previous job experience with this method of gathering source material. My first interviews (with Bob Foster and Ethel Wilkinson) were not taped and fairly unfocused other than centering on their experiences in the park. Taped interviews, however, demand a certain amount of structure and generally involved submitting questions in advance of the interview. In this way some focal points could be developed during the interview and it increased the chances of obtaining more in-depth information. My supervisor and other park managers could not express what level or type of information they desired, but this worked to some advantage as the number of consultants interviewed was restricted only by their geographic proximity. Besides supplying interpretation and leads about documentary information that I found in any number of repositories, former NPS employees also provided me with a valuable (and probably very unusual) orientation to the agency. Many consultants donated photographs and archival material to the park, generally in conjunction with an interview. The oral history program thus gave management tangible results for funds expended in conducting interviews, well beyond the obvious public relations value to the NPS. More than a few of these consultants 2 Warfield, Project Statement CRLA-C-5, Provide Oral History Documentation, Cultural Resources Management Program, RMP drafted by superintendent James S. Rouse, 11/27/81. 3 Natural and Cultural Resource Management and Environmental Assessment, Crater Lake National Park, 1986, p. 89. Ill gave follow up interviews and research assistance to the writer. Many are or were quite elderly, and the lack of funds allocated for transcribing taped interviews hindered the program for the first several years. Interview transcripts began to appear in 1992, when the first funding was allocated for transcribing and has continued intermittently to the present. This allowed consultants to review what was on tape, sign release forms, and allow the writer to finalize transcripts for retention in the park's museum collections and library. The lag in transcription furnishes one reason why more interviews are not freely available to library users. Several consultants died before transcripts were available and therefore could not sign a release. Interviews recorded through field notes remain lodged in the writer's biographical files established for many consultants, since releases were not obtained. Notes from shorter conversations with other consultants have been placed together in files labeled "Personages of CRLA." Correspondence containing oral history information is in either of these two places. The writer and/or curator should be contacted for access to these documents. Without an index, most researchers have thus far expressed little interest in material obtained through oral history. There are only a couple of notable exceptions, but these interviews have never really been integrated into interpretive programs. It is hoped that this document will aid both research and interpretation, but the index will not allow readers to access ethnographic information. The latter is the domain of an ongoing traditional use study conducted under contract by Douglas Deur.4 Oral history pertinent to Crater Lake from other than NPS sources is not indexed, though interested readers are encouraged to consult interviews conducted by other institutions. Suggested sources are noted below.5 Acknowledgments The writer wishes to thank all of the people who labored to produce finished transcripts. In chronological order, they include: Darci Descharnais Gomolski, Anton Briefer, Amelia Bruno, Chris Prout, Cheryl Ryan, Renee Edwards, and Kelli Bacher. The laborious work of actually indexing the entries that follow can be credited to Kelli Bacher, who began her work on this document in 1999. Park curator Mary Benterou helped process interviews for retention in 4 At the time of writing this study (which covers both Crater Lake and Lava Beds) entered its second phase. A confidentiality agreement with the Klamath Tribes limits the interview data can be released to the NPS, though a summary report on traditional uses in both parks will be available. For an overview of ethnographic information pertaining to Crater Lake, see chapters 3 and 4 by Robert Winthrop in Mairs, et al, Archeological and Ethnological Studies of Southwest Oregon and Crater Lake National Park, pp. 29-73. 5 These include the Southern Oregon Historical Society (see the indicated interviews on "Preliminary Guide to the Oral History Collection, version dated 2/12/97), the Rogue River National Forest (see vol. 3, "Recollections: People and the Forest," available in the park library), and several in the Oregon Historical Society's collections. Copies of interviews with a more general scope have been obtained from the NPS library at Harpers Ferry (in the writer's files) and the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (available in the park library). IV the museum collection. The work of other interviewers such as Royal Jackson, Pat Erigero, and John Morrison is included in the index because they were funded to conduct interviews in 1986-87. Consultants deserve the largest measure of appreciation since they made time for these interviews and gave their recollections freely. More than a few rendered ready assistance with editing transcripts, usually waiting months or years before each interview reached that stage of development. My sincerest apologies go to each of them for this inconvenience, as well as regrets about those consultants I could not reach in time. Stephen R. Mark October 20, 2000 Title: Reference guide to the Crater Lake National Park oral history series Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2000, 2009 INTRODUCTION This document is not only directed at making the Crater Lake National Park Oral History Series more useful to readers by providing an index for faster reference, but also to give some explanation about the program. The first section describes the origin and development of formalized oral history at Crater Lake in an operational context, concluding with suggestions for consulting additional sources of information. A summary of each interview in alphabetical order by consultant constitutes the second part and should convey the circumstances of how each consultant was interviewed. The third section begins with listing the abbreviations assigned to consultants and the various types of interviews as they appear in the index. Organized by topic, this index also includes people and places mentioned in the interviews as they pertain to the park. Beginnings Interest in doing oral history at Crater Lake can be traced to the 1970s when seasonal ranger Larry Smith informally discussed past events in the park with visitors and former employees. He used this information to compile and update the Smith Brothers Chronological History of Crater Lake National Park, a work that evolved from agency direction to generate "important event logs" at each park starting in 1967.1 Concurrently, more formal oral history interviews gained popularity as part of a national trend toward greater interest in social history. Funding for oral history in places like southern Oregon increased in anticipation of the bicentennial celebrations in 1976, and coincided with the term "public history" gaining currency in academic circles. While the field of history was undergoing an important change, the National Park Service drafted its first general management plan for Crater Lake throughout 1976. This plan was approved in December 1977 and issued without its resources management component, something intended to complement the visitor use/interpretation and general development sections of the plan. A first draft of the resources management section followed almost four years later and included a number of project statements. They were aimed primarily at natural resources, but included several for cultural resources written by Ron Warfield, then chief of interpretation. One project statement articulated the need for taping and transcribing ethnographic and oral history interviews for permanent retention. This effort would "provide material for the Park administrative history and would give background for interpretive programs [intended] to enrich the visitor 1 These logs were intended to replace the superintendent's annual report, a requirement dropped by the Washington Office of the NPS in 1966. Emphasis on maintaining the logs waned, however, by 1974. Smith and his brother Lloyd saw the need for maintaining some record of past events in the park since a large portion of the official files that had been previously stored on-site by the NPS were either shipped to the Federal Record Center in Seattle or dumped. experience by emphasizing the life, culture, history of local inhabitants and park management."2 Although the RMP draft included a programming sheet that made a modest five-year budget projection needed to support oral history, none of the cultural resources endeavors listed were funded immediately. The RMP was updated in 1985, though the oral history project statement remained virtually unchanged. This time, however, the plan was approved by the acting regional director and began to attract greater levels of funding directed from NPS staff in Seattle. Bob Benton, park superintendent at the time, hoped that a permanent curator would conduct and then transcribe interviews for three years, beginning in FY87.3 Budget constraints limited the NPS to hiring a part-time museum technician who had to subsequently devote all of her time to dealing with a massive backlog of objects. Program development The NPS regional historian at that time, Stephanie Toothman, eventually persuaded Benton to fund a historian on a temporary appointment for the summer of 1987. My predecessor conducted several taped interviews during his short tenure at the park, though these interviews remained unprocessed for a number of years. The writer was hired in the spring of 1988 partly because of management's desire to continue conducting oral history interviews, though I little in the way of previous job experience with this method of gathering source material. My first interviews (with Bob Foster and Ethel Wilkinson) were not taped and fairly unfocused other than centering on their experiences in the park. Taped interviews, however, demand a certain amount of structure and generally involved submitting questions in advance of the interview. In this way some focal points could be developed during the interview and it increased the chances of obtaining more in-depth information. My supervisor and other park managers could not express what level or type of information they desired, but this worked to some advantage as the number of consultants interviewed was restricted only by their geographic proximity. Besides supplying interpretation and leads about documentary information that I found in any number of repositories, former NPS employees also provided me with a valuable (and probably very unusual) orientation to the agency. Many consultants donated photographs and archival material to the park, generally in conjunction with an interview. The oral history program thus gave management tangible results for funds expended in conducting interviews, well beyond the obvious public relations value to the NPS. More than a few of these consultants 2 Warfield, Project Statement CRLA-C-5, Provide Oral History Documentation, Cultural Resources Management Program, RMP drafted by superintendent James S. Rouse, 11/27/81. 3 Natural and Cultural Resource Management and Environmental Assessment, Crater Lake National Park, 1986, p. 89. Ill gave follow up interviews and research assistance to the writer. Many are or were quite elderly, and the lack of funds allocated for transcribing taped interviews hindered the program for the first several years. Interview transcripts began to appear in 1992, when the first funding was allocated for transcribing and has continued intermittently to the present. This allowed consultants to review what was on tape, sign release forms, and allow the writer to finalize transcripts for retention in the park's museum collections and library. The lag in transcription furnishes one reason why more interviews are not freely available to library users. Several consultants died before transcripts were available and therefore could not sign a release. Interviews recorded through field notes remain lodged in the writer's biographical files established for many consultants, since releases were not obtained. Notes from shorter conversations with other consultants have been placed together in files labeled "Personages of CRLA." Correspondence containing oral history information is in either of these two places. The writer and/or curator should be contacted for access to these documents. Without an index, most researchers have thus far expressed little interest in material obtained through oral history. There are only a couple of notable exceptions, but these interviews have never really been integrated into interpretive programs. It is hoped that this document will aid both research and interpretation, but the index will not allow readers to access ethnographic information. The latter is the domain of an ongoing traditional use study conducted under contract by Douglas Deur.4 Oral history pertinent to Crater Lake from other than NPS sources is not indexed, though interested readers are encouraged to consult interviews conducted by other institutions. Suggested sources are noted below.5 Acknowledgments The writer wishes to thank all of the people who labored to produce finished transcripts. In chronological order, they include: Darci Descharnais Gomolski, Anton Briefer, Amelia Bruno, Chris Prout, Cheryl Ryan, Renee Edwards, and Kelli Bacher. The laborious work of actually indexing the entries that follow can be credited to Kelli Bacher, who began her work on this document in 1999. Park curator Mary Benterou helped process interviews for retention in 4 At the time of writing this study (which covers both Crater Lake and Lava Beds) entered its second phase. A confidentiality agreement with the Klamath Tribes limits the interview data can be released to the NPS, though a summary report on traditional uses in both parks will be available. For an overview of ethnographic information pertaining to Crater Lake, see chapters 3 and 4 by Robert Winthrop in Mairs, et al, Archeological and Ethnological Studies of Southwest Oregon and Crater Lake National Park, pp. 29-73. 5 These include the Southern Oregon Historical Society (see the indicated interviews on "Preliminary Guide to the Oral History Collection, version dated 2/12/97), the Rogue River National Forest (see vol. 3, "Recollections: People and the Forest," available in the park library), and several in the Oregon Historical Society's collections. Copies of interviews with a more general scope have been obtained from the NPS library at Harpers Ferry (in the writer's files) and the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (available in the park library). IV the museum collection. The work of other interviewers such as Royal Jackson, Pat Erigero, and John Morrison is included in the index because they were funded to conduct interviews in 1986-87. Consultants deserve the largest measure of appreciation since they made time for these interviews and gave their recollections freely. More than a few rendered ready assistance with editing transcripts, usually waiting months or years before each interview reached that stage of development. My sincerest apologies go to each of them for this inconvenience, as well as regrets about those consultants I could not reach in time. Stephen R. Mark October 20, 2000 Close

• 5. [Image] Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index Title: Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index Close