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• 1. [Article] Mesoscale surveys over the shelf and slope in the upwelling region near Point Arena, California

  Repeated mesoscale surveys of a 40-km-wide, 100-km-long, coastal region near Point Arena, California, were conducted during the upwelling season (April-August) in 1981 and 1982. Each survey included conventional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mesoscale surveys over the shelf and slope in the upwelling region near Point Arena, California Author: Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Repeated mesoscale surveys of a 40-km-wide, 100-km-long, coastal region near Point Arena, California, were conducted during the upwelling season (April-August) in 1981 and 1982. Each survey included conventional conductivity-temperature-depth casts at standard locations over the continental shelf and slope between 38°N and 39°10'N, and continuous operation of a Doppler acoustic log to obtain velocity profiles in the 20- to 150-m depth range. "Synoptic" surveys covered the entire grid in 2-3 days. Winds were strongly favorable for upwelling during the three 1981 surveys and were weak or variable during the three 1982 surveys. Surface temperature and salinity fields reflect the influence of both the seasonal winds and day-to-day variations in the wind. Persistently low surface salinities offshore reflect the general southward advection of subarctic waters, and sporadic low salinities over the inner shelf reflect northward advection of local runoff through an intermittent narrow countercurrent along the coast. Circulation patterns during all but one of the surveys were very complex and included meandering equatorward flow, cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, and inshore countercurrents. The simple two-dimensional, equatorward, baroclinic coastal jet usually associated with coastal upwelling was observed during only one of our surveys. Overall average fields are relatively simple. They show broad equatorward surface flow, a very weak inshore countercurrent, and a definite poleward undercurrent at the shelf break. Average temperature, salinity, and density fields are generally congruent with the average flow pattern. Average isotherms and isohalines are not strictly parallel to the coastline: south of the coastline bend at Point Arena, they diverge gradually from the coast. Comparison of average sections calculated from 10 matched pairs of Central and Arena lines (separated by 50 km) shows there are systematic differences between them. Warmer, fresher waters lie nearer shore (and in shallower water) off Point Arena than on the Central line; this suggests that the surface waters flowing past Point Arena have sufficient southward momentum to cross isobaths. Comparison of average velocity sections on these two lines shows some differences in structure; since the variability is large, these may not be significant. Comparison of the measured and geostrophic average shears suggests there is a significant ageostrophic component in the upper layers above 40 m; it may be the signature of an average wind-driven Ekman spira Title: Mesoscale surveys over the shelf and slope in the upwelling region near Point Arena, California Author: Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Repeated mesoscale surveys of a 40-km-wide, 100-km-long, coastal region near Point Arena, California, were conducted during the upwelling season (April-August) in 1981 and 1982. Each survey included conventional conductivity-temperature-depth casts at standard locations over the continental shelf and slope between 38°N and 39°10'N, and continuous operation of a Doppler acoustic log to obtain velocity profiles in the 20- to 150-m depth range. "Synoptic" surveys covered the entire grid in 2-3 days. Winds were strongly favorable for upwelling during the three 1981 surveys and were weak or variable during the three 1982 surveys. Surface temperature and salinity fields reflect the influence of both the seasonal winds and day-to-day variations in the wind. Persistently low surface salinities offshore reflect the general southward advection of subarctic waters, and sporadic low salinities over the inner shelf reflect northward advection of local runoff through an intermittent narrow countercurrent along the coast. Circulation patterns during all but one of the surveys were very complex and included meandering equatorward flow, cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, and inshore countercurrents. The simple two-dimensional, equatorward, baroclinic coastal jet usually associated with coastal upwelling was observed during only one of our surveys. Overall average fields are relatively simple. They show broad equatorward surface flow, a very weak inshore countercurrent, and a definite poleward undercurrent at the shelf break. Average temperature, salinity, and density fields are generally congruent with the average flow pattern. Average isotherms and isohalines are not strictly parallel to the coastline: south of the coastline bend at Point Arena, they diverge gradually from the coast. Comparison of average sections calculated from 10 matched pairs of Central and Arena lines (separated by 50 km) shows there are systematic differences between them. Warmer, fresher waters lie nearer shore (and in shallower water) off Point Arena than on the Central line; this suggests that the surface waters flowing past Point Arena have sufficient southward momentum to cross isobaths. Comparison of average velocity sections on these two lines shows some differences in structure; since the variability is large, these may not be significant. Comparison of the measured and geostrophic average shears suggests there is a significant ageostrophic component in the upper layers above 40 m; it may be the signature of an average wind-driven Ekman spira Close

• 2. [Article] Enhanced southward flow over the Oregon shelf in 2002: a conduit for subarctic water

  Moored current measurements from the Oregon shelf during 1998–2003 are used to estimate time series of anomalous alongshore currents and pseudo-displacements, after accounting for the mean and seasonal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhanced southward flow over the Oregon shelf in 2002: a conduit for subarctic water Author: Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Moored current measurements from the Oregon shelf during 1998–2003 are used to estimate time series of anomalous alongshore currents and pseudo-displacements, after accounting for the mean and seasonal cycle. From early January through mid-June, 2002, currents at 10 m were anomalously strong toward the south by an average 12 cm/s, producing an anomalous displacement of more than 1500 km over about 5 months. This may be compared with the finding by Freeland et al. [2003] that waters at the same latitude off Oregon, and off Vancouver Island, were anomalously cool and fresh at depths between 30 and 150 m, suggesting displacement from a more northern source. Anomalous displacements of several hundred kilometers were also found during at least three other periods in the record. Moored temperature measurements at the same location confirm that local waters were persistently cooler during March to October of 2002 than during the previous two years, with the strongest anomaly near 20 m. Coastal sea levels were lower than usual along the northwest coast during spring and early summer 2002, consistent with a southward current anomaly of large scale. Local winds near Newport did not show strong mean anomalies during this period. Title: Enhanced southward flow over the Oregon shelf in 2002: a conduit for subarctic water Author: Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Moored current measurements from the Oregon shelf during 1998–2003 are used to estimate time series of anomalous alongshore currents and pseudo-displacements, after accounting for the mean and seasonal cycle. From early January through mid-June, 2002, currents at 10 m were anomalously strong toward the south by an average 12 cm/s, producing an anomalous displacement of more than 1500 km over about 5 months. This may be compared with the finding by Freeland et al. [2003] that waters at the same latitude off Oregon, and off Vancouver Island, were anomalously cool and fresh at depths between 30 and 150 m, suggesting displacement from a more northern source. Anomalous displacements of several hundred kilometers were also found during at least three other periods in the record. Moored temperature measurements at the same location confirm that local waters were persistently cooler during March to October of 2002 than during the previous two years, with the strongest anomaly near 20 m. Coastal sea levels were lower than usual along the northwest coast during spring and early summer 2002, consistent with a southward current anomaly of large scale. Local winds near Newport did not show strong mean anomalies during this period. Close

• 3. [Article] Water mass subduction and the transport of phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling system

  Observations during the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment in summer 1988 reveal the presence of deep phytoplankton layers in a coastal upwelling system. The layers occur throughout the CTZ study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water mass subduction and the transport of phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling system Author: Washburn, Libe, Hayward, Thomas, Kadko, David C., Ramp, Steve, Cowles, Timothy, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Stanton, Timothy P., Jones, Burton H. Observations during the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment in summer 1988 reveal the presence of deep phytoplankton layers in a coastal upwelling system. The layers occur throughout the CTZ study area, including a strong baroclinic jet which was present over the period of the experiment. On the basis of a variety of bio-optical, hydrographic, and geochemical indicators, it is concluded that the water masses associated with the layers result from subduction processes. Criteria are developed for identification of subducted water masses based on the beam attenuation coefficient, chlorophyll fluorescence, and distribution of light in the water column. Temperature-salinity characteristics are consistent with two source regions for the subducted layers, one nearshore and a second farther offshore. Most of the layers correspond to the inshore source which is apparently distributed alongshore. Subducted water masses are found in all six grid surveys of the CTZ experiment and probably result from a variety of physical processes. One of these is flow along sloping isopycnal surfaces due to advection and mixing processes. Advection time scales for flow out the axis of the jet range from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the depth of a particular surface, and the bio-optical indicators for subduction processes persist over these time scales Title: Water mass subduction and the transport of phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling system Author: Washburn, Libe, Hayward, Thomas, Kadko, David C., Ramp, Steve, Cowles, Timothy, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Stanton, Timothy P., Jones, Burton H. Observations during the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment in summer 1988 reveal the presence of deep phytoplankton layers in a coastal upwelling system. The layers occur throughout the CTZ study area, including a strong baroclinic jet which was present over the period of the experiment. On the basis of a variety of bio-optical, hydrographic, and geochemical indicators, it is concluded that the water masses associated with the layers result from subduction processes. Criteria are developed for identification of subducted water masses based on the beam attenuation coefficient, chlorophyll fluorescence, and distribution of light in the water column. Temperature-salinity characteristics are consistent with two source regions for the subducted layers, one nearshore and a second farther offshore. Most of the layers correspond to the inshore source which is apparently distributed alongshore. Subducted water masses are found in all six grid surveys of the CTZ experiment and probably result from a variety of physical processes. One of these is flow along sloping isopycnal surfaces due to advection and mixing processes. Advection time scales for flow out the axis of the jet range from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the depth of a particular surface, and the bio-optical indicators for subduction processes persist over these time scales Close

• 4. [Article] On the spatial structure of coastal circulation off Newport, Oregon, during spring and summer 2001 in a region of varying shelf width

  A time series of hourly surface current maps in the shelf waters off Newport, Oregon, was made during April–September 2001 using five SeaSonde HF current mappers, during Coastal Advances in Shelf Transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the spatial structure of coastal circulation off Newport, Oregon, during spring and summer 2001 in a region of varying shelf width Author: Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- A time series of hourly surface current maps in the shelf waters off Newport, Oregon, was made during April–September 2001 using five SeaSonde HF current mappers, during Coastal Advances in Shelf Transport (COAST). The surface currents responded rapidly to the changing winds, in repeated patterns that were strongly affected by bottom topography. An equatorward current jet repeatedly formed in response to upwelling winds, its strength, but not its trajectory, covarying with the meridional wind stress. Near Cape Foulweather (44.8°N), where the shelf begins to widen, the jet rotates, weakens, and trends offshore to the south first along, then across, the isobaths. Below Cape Foulweather, inshore of the jet, a lee region of generally weak currents was commonly observed. The equatorward jet core was most commonly observed near the 80-m isobath between 45.0°N and 44.4°N, but transited offshore between spring and summer over Heceta Bank. At Newport (44.6°N), it was rarely observed less than 8 km from the coast. A second, inshore, equatorward jet, previously unknown, was observed repeatedly south of Waldport (44.4°N). Sustained downwelling wind episodes produced poleward currents, though less responsively north of Cape Foulweather. Strongest poleward flow was generally trapped near the coast. Surface currents were correlated with the northward wind, except regionally far from shore over Heceta Bank, responding within half a day. Response to the wind varies spatially, being intensified in the narrow shelf (northern) region. The equatorward jet persists through periods of zero wind forcing. Coastal sea level covaries with the meridional wind and the primary mode of ocean current response. Title: On the spatial structure of coastal circulation off Newport, Oregon, during spring and summer 2001 in a region of varying shelf width Author: Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- A time series of hourly surface current maps in the shelf waters off Newport, Oregon, was made during April–September 2001 using five SeaSonde HF current mappers, during Coastal Advances in Shelf Transport (COAST). The surface currents responded rapidly to the changing winds, in repeated patterns that were strongly affected by bottom topography. An equatorward current jet repeatedly formed in response to upwelling winds, its strength, but not its trajectory, covarying with the meridional wind stress. Near Cape Foulweather (44.8°N), where the shelf begins to widen, the jet rotates, weakens, and trends offshore to the south first along, then across, the isobaths. Below Cape Foulweather, inshore of the jet, a lee region of generally weak currents was commonly observed. The equatorward jet core was most commonly observed near the 80-m isobath between 45.0°N and 44.4°N, but transited offshore between spring and summer over Heceta Bank. At Newport (44.6°N), it was rarely observed less than 8 km from the coast. A second, inshore, equatorward jet, previously unknown, was observed repeatedly south of Waldport (44.4°N). Sustained downwelling wind episodes produced poleward currents, though less responsively north of Cape Foulweather. Strongest poleward flow was generally trapped near the coast. Surface currents were correlated with the northward wind, except regionally far from shore over Heceta Bank, responding within half a day. Response to the wind varies spatially, being intensified in the narrow shelf (northern) region. The equatorward jet persists through periods of zero wind forcing. Coastal sea level covaries with the meridional wind and the primary mode of ocean current response. Close

• 5. [Article] Iron, nutrient, and phytoplankton distributions in Oregon coastal waters

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Iron, nutrient, and phytoplankton distributions in Oregon coastal waters Author: Wheeler, Patricia A., Chase, Zanna, Marra, John, van Geen, Alexander, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Iron, nutrient, and phytoplankton distributions in Oregon coastal waters Author: Wheeler, Patricia A., Chase, Zanna, Marra, John, van Geen, Alexander, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 6. [Article] The nature of the cold filaments in the California current system

  Data from the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment are used to describe the velocity fields and water properties associate with cold filaments in the California Current. Combined with previous field ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The nature of the cold filaments in the California current system Author: Mackas, D. L., Swenson, M., Chavez, F., James, C., Batteen, M., Strub, P. Ted, Kadko, D., Abbott, Mark R., Hayward, T., Dewey, R., Ramp, S., Brink, K. H., Niiler, Pearn P., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Haidvogel, D., Barber, R., Haney, R., Walstad, L., Hood, R. R., Barth, John A., Washburn, L. A. Data from the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment are used to describe the velocity fields and water properties associate with cold filaments in the California Current. Combined with previous field surveys and satellite imagery, these show seasonal variability with maximum dynamic height ranges and velocities in summer and minimum values in late winter and early spring. North of Point Arenda (between 39ºN and 42ºN) in spring–summer the flow field on the outer edge of the cold water has the character of a meandering jet, carrying fresh, nutrient-poor water from farther north on its offshore side and cold, salty, nutrient-rich water on its inshore side. At Point Arena in midsummer, the jet often flows offshore and continues south without meandering back onshore as strongly as it does farther north. The flow field south of Point Arena in summer takes on more of the character of a field of mesoscale eddies, although the meandering jet from the north continues to be identifiable. The conceptual model for the May–July period between 36ºN and 42ºN is thus of a surface jet that meanders through and interacts with a field of eddies; the eddies are more dominant south of 39ºN, where the jet broadens and where multiple jets and filaments are often present. At the surface, the jet often separates biological communities and may appear as a barrier to cross-jet transport, especially north of Point Arena early in the season (March–May) However, phytoplankton pigment and nutrients are carried on the inshore flank of the jet, and pigment maxima are sometimes found in the core of the jet. The biological effect of the jet is to define a convoluted, 100 to 400-km-wide region next to the coast, within which much of the richer water is contained, and also to carry some of that richer water offshore in meanders along the outer edge of that region. Title: The nature of the cold filaments in the California current system Author: Mackas, D. L., Swenson, M., Chavez, F., James, C., Batteen, M., Strub, P. Ted, Kadko, D., Abbott, Mark R., Hayward, T., Dewey, R., Ramp, S., Brink, K. H., Niiler, Pearn P., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Haidvogel, D., Barber, R., Haney, R., Walstad, L., Hood, R. R., Barth, John A., Washburn, L. A. Data from the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) experiment are used to describe the velocity fields and water properties associate with cold filaments in the California Current. Combined with previous field surveys and satellite imagery, these show seasonal variability with maximum dynamic height ranges and velocities in summer and minimum values in late winter and early spring. North of Point Arenda (between 39ºN and 42ºN) in spring–summer the flow field on the outer edge of the cold water has the character of a meandering jet, carrying fresh, nutrient-poor water from farther north on its offshore side and cold, salty, nutrient-rich water on its inshore side. At Point Arena in midsummer, the jet often flows offshore and continues south without meandering back onshore as strongly as it does farther north. The flow field south of Point Arena in summer takes on more of the character of a field of mesoscale eddies, although the meandering jet from the north continues to be identifiable. The conceptual model for the May–July period between 36ºN and 42ºN is thus of a surface jet that meanders through and interacts with a field of eddies; the eddies are more dominant south of 39ºN, where the jet broadens and where multiple jets and filaments are often present. At the surface, the jet often separates biological communities and may appear as a barrier to cross-jet transport, especially north of Point Arena early in the season (March–May) However, phytoplankton pigment and nutrients are carried on the inshore flank of the jet, and pigment maxima are sometimes found in the core of the jet. The biological effect of the jet is to define a convoluted, 100 to 400-km-wide region next to the coast, within which much of the richer water is contained, and also to carry some of that richer water offshore in meanders along the outer edge of that region. Close

• 7. [Article] The structure of the transition zone between coastal waters and the open ocean off northern California, winter and spring 1987

  Physical and biological fields in the coastal transition zone off northern California were measured during February, March, May and June 1987 in an extended alongshore region between 60 km and 150 km offshore. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structure of the transition zone between coastal waters and the open ocean off northern California, winter and spring 1987 Author: Chavez, F. P., Barber, R. T., Strub, P. Ted, Smith, Robert L. (Robert Lloyd), 1935-, Abbott, Mark R., Cowles, Timothy J., Jessen, P., Ramp, S. R., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Small, Lawrence F. Physical and biological fields in the coastal transition zone off northern California were measured during February, March, May and June 1987 in an extended alongshore region between 60 km and 150 km offshore. The spring transition, as seen in coastal sea level and winds, occurred in mid-March. Surface variability during the two spring cruises was stronger and of larger scale than that seen during the two winter cruises. An equatorward-tending current, flowing along the boundary between low steric sea level inshore and high steric sea level offshore, dominated both the directly-measured (acoustic Doppler current profiler) and geostrophic current fields during spring. Current jets of comparable strength directed both offshore and onshore were seen off Cape Mendocino and Point Arena; these evolved significantly in the 3 weeks between cruises. Inshore of the current, properties associated with upwelled water were found near the surface, including low temperature and high salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll; offshore of the current, waters were warmer, less saline, lower in nutrients and more oligotrophic. Geostrophic and directly measured volume transports in the current were about 2–3 Sv. Isopycnals inshore of the spring upwelling front were displaced vertically by O(40–80 m) from their depths during the winter survey; these displacements extended deep into the water column and were largely independent of depth between 100 and 400 m. Surface mixed layers tended to be deep in winter and shallower inshore of the upwelling front in spring. A connection between the equatorward-tending frontal jet off northern California and the more well-studied California Current further south is suggested by the similarity of their transports and of their dynamic height values. Title: The structure of the transition zone between coastal waters and the open ocean off northern California, winter and spring 1987 Author: Chavez, F. P., Barber, R. T., Strub, P. Ted, Smith, Robert L. (Robert Lloyd), 1935-, Abbott, Mark R., Cowles, Timothy J., Jessen, P., Ramp, S. R., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Small, Lawrence F. Physical and biological fields in the coastal transition zone off northern California were measured during February, March, May and June 1987 in an extended alongshore region between 60 km and 150 km offshore. The spring transition, as seen in coastal sea level and winds, occurred in mid-March. Surface variability during the two spring cruises was stronger and of larger scale than that seen during the two winter cruises. An equatorward-tending current, flowing along the boundary between low steric sea level inshore and high steric sea level offshore, dominated both the directly-measured (acoustic Doppler current profiler) and geostrophic current fields during spring. Current jets of comparable strength directed both offshore and onshore were seen off Cape Mendocino and Point Arena; these evolved significantly in the 3 weeks between cruises. Inshore of the current, properties associated with upwelled water were found near the surface, including low temperature and high salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll; offshore of the current, waters were warmer, less saline, lower in nutrients and more oligotrophic. Geostrophic and directly measured volume transports in the current were about 2–3 Sv. Isopycnals inshore of the spring upwelling front were displaced vertically by O(40–80 m) from their depths during the winter survey; these displacements extended deep into the water column and were largely independent of depth between 100 and 400 m. Surface mixed layers tended to be deep in winter and shallower inshore of the upwelling front in spring. A connection between the equatorward-tending frontal jet off northern California and the more well-studied California Current further south is suggested by the similarity of their transports and of their dynamic height values. Close

• 8. [Article] Currents and water masses of the coastal transition zone off Northern California, June to August 1988

  In summer 1988, we made repeated mesoscale surveys of a grid extending 200 km offshore between 37°N and 39°N in the coastal transition zone off northern California, obtaining continuous acoustic Doppler ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Currents and water masses of the coastal transition zone off Northern California, June to August 1988 Author: Ramp, Steven R., Washburn, Libe, Cowles, Timothy J., Fleischbein, Jane, Stanton, Tim, Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Smith, Robert L. (Robert Lloyd), 1935-, Pierce, Stephen D., Chavez, Francisco P. In summer 1988, we made repeated mesoscale surveys of a grid extending 200 km offshore between 37°N and 39°N in the coastal transition zone off northern California, obtaining continuous acoustic Doppler current profiler data and conductivity-temperature-depth data at standard stations 25 km apart on alongshore sections 40 km apart. All surveys showed a baroclinic equatorward jet, with core velocities of >50 cm/s at the surface decreasing to about 10 cm/s at 200m , a width of 50-75 km, and a baroclinic transporotf about4 Sv. The core of the jet lay between the 8.6 and9 .4 m²/s² contours of geopotential anomaly (relative to 500 dbar). Three current meter moorings, deployed at 25-km separation across the jet at the beginning of the survey sequence, provided time-series of the velocity; throughout the 37-day deployment, at least one mooring was within the core defined by the 8.6 and9 .4 m²/s² contours. The jet flowed southwestward across the grid from late June until mid-July 1988, when the jet axis moved offshore in the north and onshore in the southern portion of the grid. Temperature-salinity analysis shows that jet waters can be distinguished from both the freshly upwelled coastal waters and the offshore waters. Isopycnal maps indicate alongshore advection of relatively fresh, cool water from farther north, as well as small-scale patchiness not resolved by our survey grid. The baroclinic jet observed here may be continuous with the core of the California Current off central California. The later surveys clearly showed a poleward-flowing undercurrent adjacent to the continental slope, with core velocities up to 20 cm/s at depths of 150-250 m. Its baroclinic transport (relative to 500 dbar) increased from <0.5 Sv to >1.0 Sv between late June and early August 1988. Within the survey grid, there was a definite onshore gradient in the characteristics of North Pacific Intermediate Water. The subsurface waters adjacent to the continental margin were warmer and more saline than those offshore, indicating net northward advection by the California Undercurrent over the inshore 100 km and equatorward advection farther from shore. Title: Currents and water masses of the coastal transition zone off Northern California, June to August 1988 Author: Ramp, Steven R., Washburn, Libe, Cowles, Timothy J., Fleischbein, Jane, Stanton, Tim, Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951-, Smith, Robert L. (Robert Lloyd), 1935-, Pierce, Stephen D., Chavez, Francisco P. In summer 1988, we made repeated mesoscale surveys of a grid extending 200 km offshore between 37°N and 39°N in the coastal transition zone off northern California, obtaining continuous acoustic Doppler current profiler data and conductivity-temperature-depth data at standard stations 25 km apart on alongshore sections 40 km apart. All surveys showed a baroclinic equatorward jet, with core velocities of >50 cm/s at the surface decreasing to about 10 cm/s at 200m , a width of 50-75 km, and a baroclinic transporotf about4 Sv. The core of the jet lay between the 8.6 and9 .4 m²/s² contours of geopotential anomaly (relative to 500 dbar). Three current meter moorings, deployed at 25-km separation across the jet at the beginning of the survey sequence, provided time-series of the velocity; throughout the 37-day deployment, at least one mooring was within the core defined by the 8.6 and9 .4 m²/s² contours. The jet flowed southwestward across the grid from late June until mid-July 1988, when the jet axis moved offshore in the north and onshore in the southern portion of the grid. Temperature-salinity analysis shows that jet waters can be distinguished from both the freshly upwelled coastal waters and the offshore waters. Isopycnal maps indicate alongshore advection of relatively fresh, cool water from farther north, as well as small-scale patchiness not resolved by our survey grid. The baroclinic jet observed here may be continuous with the core of the California Current off central California. The later surveys clearly showed a poleward-flowing undercurrent adjacent to the continental slope, with core velocities up to 20 cm/s at depths of 150-250 m. Its baroclinic transport (relative to 500 dbar) increased from <0.5 Sv to >1.0 Sv between late June and early August 1988. Within the survey grid, there was a definite onshore gradient in the characteristics of North Pacific Intermediate Water. The subsurface waters adjacent to the continental margin were warmer and more saline than those offshore, indicating net northward advection by the California Undercurrent over the inshore 100 km and equatorward advection farther from shore. Close

• 9. [Article] CTD and velocity surveys of seaward jets off Northern California, July 1981 and 1982

  Two mesoscale surveys were conducted (in July 1981 and July 1982) near Point Arena, California, to determine the structure and circulation associated with tongues of cold surface water extending seaward from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CTD and velocity surveys of seaward jets off Northern California, July 1981 and 1982 Author: Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Two mesoscale surveys were conducted (in July 1981 and July 1982) near Point Arena, California, to determine the structure and circulation associated with tongues of cold surface water extending seaward from the coastal zone. Both surveys were designed at sea on the basis of available satellite IR data, and each was completed in less than a week. Sampling extended 100 km alongshore and 150 km (1981) to 250 km (1982) offshore, and included conductivity, temperature, and depth casts to 500 dbar, and continuous ocean current profiling to 150 m by means of a Doppler acoustic log. Both surveys showed that the tongues of cold water seen in the satellite images were the surface manifestation of hydrographic and current anomalies that extended to a depth of at least 100 m. In each case, strong seaward flow was observed along the northern edge of the cold tongue, which also marked a shallow water mass boundary between low-salinity (< 32.8 ppt) surface waters to the north and high-salinity (> 33.2 ppt) waters to the south. The seaward jets were very strong (up to 80 cm/s) and narrow (30 km), with strong shears (up to 10- 2 S- 1 in the vertical and up to 10^(-4)/s in the horizontal). They were largely geostrophic, had transports exceeding 1.5 sverdrups, and can persist for 2-3 weeks. The seaward jets seemed to be continuous with southward flowing alongshore coastal jets. There is evidence that the seaward jets are recurrent features in the vicinity of Point Arena. Title: CTD and velocity surveys of seaward jets off Northern California, July 1981 and 1982 Author: Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Two mesoscale surveys were conducted (in July 1981 and July 1982) near Point Arena, California, to determine the structure and circulation associated with tongues of cold surface water extending seaward from the coastal zone. Both surveys were designed at sea on the basis of available satellite IR data, and each was completed in less than a week. Sampling extended 100 km alongshore and 150 km (1981) to 250 km (1982) offshore, and included conductivity, temperature, and depth casts to 500 dbar, and continuous ocean current profiling to 150 m by means of a Doppler acoustic log. Both surveys showed that the tongues of cold water seen in the satellite images were the surface manifestation of hydrographic and current anomalies that extended to a depth of at least 100 m. In each case, strong seaward flow was observed along the northern edge of the cold tongue, which also marked a shallow water mass boundary between low-salinity (< 32.8 ppt) surface waters to the north and high-salinity (> 33.2 ppt) waters to the south. The seaward jets were very strong (up to 80 cm/s) and narrow (30 km), with strong shears (up to 10- 2 S- 1 in the vertical and up to 10^(-4)/s in the horizontal). They were largely geostrophic, had transports exceeding 1.5 sverdrups, and can persist for 2-3 weeks. The seaward jets seemed to be continuous with southward flowing alongshore coastal jets. There is evidence that the seaward jets are recurrent features in the vicinity of Point Arena. Close

• 10. [Article] Surface patterns in temperature, flow, phytoplankton biomass, and species composition in the coastal transition zone of northern California

  Satellite thermal imagery and in situ biological and physical data are presented that describe the spatial variability of phytoplankton biomass and species composition in relation to the physical structure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface patterns in temperature, flow, phytoplankton biomass, and species composition in the coastal transition zone of northern California Author: Abbott, Mark R., Hood, Raleigh R., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Satellite thermal imagery and in situ biological and physical data are presented that describe the spatial variability of phytoplankton biomass and species composition in relation to the physical structure at the sea surface during persistent upwelling off northern California. Surface patterns in temperature, geostrophic velocity, chlorophyll, and particle size structure show that the coastal zone was dominated by two water masses separated by a well-defined physical boundary. This boundary is apparent in satellite thermal imagery as a cold front and in dynamic height as a meandering jet in the California Current. On the landward side of the front (jet) we observed cold, coastal water that was relatively enriched in phytoplankton biomass, due to the presence of large diatoms. On the seaward side of the front (jet) we observed relatively warm water where the phytoplankton biomass was low and the diatoms were largely absent. Broad tongues and narrow filaments of cold, chlorophyll-rich water that extended over 100 km offshore were present in our study area. These features were bounded by the meandering coastal jet. The coldest, most chlorophyll-rich water in these tongues and filaments was located between the onshore and offshore flows in relatively slow moving water, but entrainment of coastal water into the jet was apparent. Title: Surface patterns in temperature, flow, phytoplankton biomass, and species composition in the coastal transition zone of northern California Author: Abbott, Mark R., Hood, Raleigh R., Huyer, Adriana, 1945-, Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Satellite thermal imagery and in situ biological and physical data are presented that describe the spatial variability of phytoplankton biomass and species composition in relation to the physical structure at the sea surface during persistent upwelling off northern California. Surface patterns in temperature, geostrophic velocity, chlorophyll, and particle size structure show that the coastal zone was dominated by two water masses separated by a well-defined physical boundary. This boundary is apparent in satellite thermal imagery as a cold front and in dynamic height as a meandering jet in the California Current. On the landward side of the front (jet) we observed cold, coastal water that was relatively enriched in phytoplankton biomass, due to the presence of large diatoms. On the seaward side of the front (jet) we observed relatively warm water where the phytoplankton biomass was low and the diatoms were largely absent. Broad tongues and narrow filaments of cold, chlorophyll-rich water that extended over 100 km offshore were present in our study area. These features were bounded by the meandering coastal jet. The coldest, most chlorophyll-rich water in these tongues and filaments was located between the onshore and offshore flows in relatively slow moving water, but entrainment of coastal water into the jet was apparent. Close