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• 111. [Article] Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon

  This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Close

• 112. [Article] Classification of native vegetation of Oregon

  This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Title: Classification of native vegetation of Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Titus, Jonathan A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Kagan, James S., Murray, Michael P. This classification lists the native plant associations known to occur in Oregon, and includes both successional and climax vegetation types that were an important part of the presettlement landscape of Oregon. It serves as an index to the diversity, distribution and relative rarity of the state's native plant associations, and as a guide to their literature. Plant assocations are listed by scientific name, followed by common name and acronym. Listings include the global and state rank of each association, the ecoregion in which it occurs, its status as wetland or upland, and references describing the association. A bibliography lists all cited references. The classification is presented in a spreadsheet format, but can also be imported into a database format. Published and unpublished reports were the primary sources for the classification. Descriptions supported by quantitative data were used whenever possible. Publications from other states or provinces in the Pacific Northwest were used for associations known to occur in, but not described from Oregon. Sampling methods and concepts of species and associations differ greatly among researchers. To accommodate variation occurring in the field, some associations have been lumped. Close

• 113. [Article] Local Ecosystem Services Marketplaces: Public Utilities as Development Drivers

  Executive Summary The Institute for Natural Resources (INR) received funding from the Bullitt Foundation in 2009 for Financing Mechanisms that Advance Ecosystem Services Markets and Promote Rural Sustainability. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Ecosystem Services Marketplaces: Public Utilities as Development Drivers Author: Lurie, Sue, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennet, Drew, Institute for Natural Resources Executive Summary The Institute for Natural Resources (INR) received funding from the Bullitt Foundation in 2009 for Financing Mechanisms that Advance Ecosystem Services Markets and Promote Rural Sustainability. 1 That research strongly suggested that, at least for the short- and possibly medium-term, payment for ecosystem services (PES) may best be framed at the local and regional levels. INR therefore proposed examining policy and program options that could facilitate and support local and regional marketplaces, pertaining to all forms of PES, rather than more narrowly conceived credit markets. To pursue this approach, INR proposed expanding its work with the Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB). EWEB is the chief supplier of water for the city of Eugene, Oregon, and its source water protection program coordinator is in the process of developing an innovative voluntary incentive program (VIP) to maintain and restore healthy riparian forests along the McKenzie River. EWEB’s envisioned VIP is a distinct departure from typical restoration and PES models in that it gives highest payment—or dividend—priority to those properties with intact, healthy riparian forests. In other words, it pays for good stewardship, not for restoration. It can be a model for other utilities, which could duplicate or adapt the program in part or in full depending on variables such as watershed ownership patterns, authorizing authorities for such programs, potential partners, and other features. INR’s Bullitt Foundation funding has used the EWEB program to examine institutional aspects that act as both opportunities and constraints to greater public utility PES program development and administration. Also in 2011, INR was awarded a National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) grant to examine public utilities as local PES marketplace drivers. The research includes a case study of the EWEB program, examining funding and structural aspects, testing PES buyers’ and sellers’ preferences and developing a corporate engagement model. Concurrent work on the two projects has enabled INR to leverage information from each to mutually enrich the knowledge and context for both projects. Few, if any, legislative or legal barriers surfaced during our research. However, a number of pivotal institutional issues have emerged; most are administrative and funding related. While there was consistent interest in the concept of PES, there was fairly consistent lack of knowledge and support regarding the use of PES and green or living infrastructure as a cost avoidance strategy and lack of knowledge regarding how to create and fund such programs. (Note that this report uses the terms “green infrastructure” and “living infrastructure” interchangeably. Both refer in this case to the targeted riparian forests doing the job of supporting the utility’s clean drinking water requirements.) Interviews and focus groups provided information for the following recommendations. Greater details can be found in the body of the report. • Knowledge regarding how to design a PES program is a resource. Although many utilities may have heard about PES and living infrastructure, staff may not know where to turn for help and information. • Education for inreach (internal management communications) as well as public outreach will be critical to building support for funding and implementing EWEB-like programs. • Utilities might benefit from expanding the partnership concept to other organizations and agencies that might not be part of the watershed investment district or partnership. This could include larger landowners, other utilities, or additional investors. • All utilities potentially face different resource constraints such as technical support or funding. Larger utilities working with and mentoring the smaller systems can provide comprehensive program ownership and subsequent source protection awareness and actions, to help them face staff, ratepayer base and budget constraints. Regardless of partnership opportunities, utilities and other organizations should think about how PES might be integrated strategically with or into other programs. • Program design should proceed whether or not funding is immediately available, but always with funding options in mind. An effective approach may be to design the program first in concert with landowners and potential partners and follow that with stakeholder education. • Finding the right price point as well as other potential non-monetary incentives to encourage participation is a variable that will be area specific and will differ among landowner types and available alternatives. • Interested utilities will need to acquire realistic valuation of the ecosystem services the program will use. • Creating a watershed investment partnership or similar interorganizational collaborative arrangements will help all partners add capacities and increase efficiencies through sharing program funding for infrastructure, aligning goals, and utilizing existing competencies. Title: Local Ecosystem Services Marketplaces: Public Utilities as Development Drivers Author: Lurie, Sue, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennet, Drew, Institute for Natural Resources Executive Summary The Institute for Natural Resources (INR) received funding from the Bullitt Foundation in 2009 for Financing Mechanisms that Advance Ecosystem Services Markets and Promote Rural Sustainability. 1 That research strongly suggested that, at least for the short- and possibly medium-term, payment for ecosystem services (PES) may best be framed at the local and regional levels. INR therefore proposed examining policy and program options that could facilitate and support local and regional marketplaces, pertaining to all forms of PES, rather than more narrowly conceived credit markets. To pursue this approach, INR proposed expanding its work with the Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB). EWEB is the chief supplier of water for the city of Eugene, Oregon, and its source water protection program coordinator is in the process of developing an innovative voluntary incentive program (VIP) to maintain and restore healthy riparian forests along the McKenzie River. EWEB’s envisioned VIP is a distinct departure from typical restoration and PES models in that it gives highest payment—or dividend—priority to those properties with intact, healthy riparian forests. In other words, it pays for good stewardship, not for restoration. It can be a model for other utilities, which could duplicate or adapt the program in part or in full depending on variables such as watershed ownership patterns, authorizing authorities for such programs, potential partners, and other features. INR’s Bullitt Foundation funding has used the EWEB program to examine institutional aspects that act as both opportunities and constraints to greater public utility PES program development and administration. Also in 2011, INR was awarded a National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) grant to examine public utilities as local PES marketplace drivers. The research includes a case study of the EWEB program, examining funding and structural aspects, testing PES buyers’ and sellers’ preferences and developing a corporate engagement model. Concurrent work on the two projects has enabled INR to leverage information from each to mutually enrich the knowledge and context for both projects. Few, if any, legislative or legal barriers surfaced during our research. However, a number of pivotal institutional issues have emerged; most are administrative and funding related. While there was consistent interest in the concept of PES, there was fairly consistent lack of knowledge and support regarding the use of PES and green or living infrastructure as a cost avoidance strategy and lack of knowledge regarding how to create and fund such programs. (Note that this report uses the terms “green infrastructure” and “living infrastructure” interchangeably. Both refer in this case to the targeted riparian forests doing the job of supporting the utility’s clean drinking water requirements.) Interviews and focus groups provided information for the following recommendations. Greater details can be found in the body of the report. • Knowledge regarding how to design a PES program is a resource. Although many utilities may have heard about PES and living infrastructure, staff may not know where to turn for help and information. • Education for inreach (internal management communications) as well as public outreach will be critical to building support for funding and implementing EWEB-like programs. • Utilities might benefit from expanding the partnership concept to other organizations and agencies that might not be part of the watershed investment district or partnership. This could include larger landowners, other utilities, or additional investors. • All utilities potentially face different resource constraints such as technical support or funding. Larger utilities working with and mentoring the smaller systems can provide comprehensive program ownership and subsequent source protection awareness and actions, to help them face staff, ratepayer base and budget constraints. Regardless of partnership opportunities, utilities and other organizations should think about how PES might be integrated strategically with or into other programs. • Program design should proceed whether or not funding is immediately available, but always with funding options in mind. An effective approach may be to design the program first in concert with landowners and potential partners and follow that with stakeholder education. • Finding the right price point as well as other potential non-monetary incentives to encourage participation is a variable that will be area specific and will differ among landowner types and available alternatives. • Interested utilities will need to acquire realistic valuation of the ecosystem services the program will use. • Creating a watershed investment partnership or similar interorganizational collaborative arrangements will help all partners add capacities and increase efficiencies through sharing program funding for infrastructure, aligning goals, and utilizing existing competencies. Close

• 114. [Article] The Pacific Northwest Regional Gap Analysis Project Final Report on Land Cover Mapping Methods MRLC Mapzones 2 and 7

  This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses land cover map development. It begins by providing background information on the regional division of labor and the regional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Pacific Northwest Regional Gap Analysis Project Final Report on Land Cover Mapping Methods MRLC Mapzones 2 and 7 Author: Institute for Natural Resources, May, Heather, Tobalske, Claudine, Ohmann, Janet L., Gregory, Matthew Jay, Grossmann, Emilie B., Kagan, James S. This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses land cover map development. It begins by providing background information on the regional division of labor and the regional land cover legend. It then focuses on our land cover mapping methods, including a description of data sources, the land cover modeling approach, and the general flow of the mapping process. It concludes with a description of the resulting land cover map product. The second section describes the process of validating the land cover product. Background information on our approach is presented along with descriptions of the methods and results of the land cover product validation. The final section provides a discussion of the land cover mapping experience in general. In this section we discuss some of the “lessons learned” from the regional mapping effort with hopes that future mapping efforts of this nature will benefit from our experience. Title: The Pacific Northwest Regional Gap Analysis Project Final Report on Land Cover Mapping Methods MRLC Mapzones 2 and 7 Author: Institute for Natural Resources, May, Heather, Tobalske, Claudine, Ohmann, Janet L., Gregory, Matthew Jay, Grossmann, Emilie B., Kagan, James S. This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses land cover map development. It begins by providing background information on the regional division of labor and the regional land cover legend. It then focuses on our land cover mapping methods, including a description of data sources, the land cover modeling approach, and the general flow of the mapping process. It concludes with a description of the resulting land cover map product. The second section describes the process of validating the land cover product. Background information on our approach is presented along with descriptions of the methods and results of the land cover product validation. The final section provides a discussion of the land cover mapping experience in general. In this section we discuss some of the “lessons learned” from the regional mapping effort with hopes that future mapping efforts of this nature will benefit from our experience. Close

• 115. [Article] Climate change outreach project : final report

  INR’s mission is to provide Oregonians with ready access to current, science‐based information and methods for better understanding resource management challenges and developing solutions and after the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate change outreach project : final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Yaden, David, Gaines, Lisa, Orscheln, Nell, Davis-Born, Renee, Achterman, Gail, Rice, Bronwen INR’s mission is to provide Oregonians with ready access to current, science‐based information and methods for better understanding resource management challenges and developing solutions and after the 2004 release of the Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming (GAGGW’s) extensive report, The Oregon Strategy for GHG Reductions, INR recognized the need for a grassroots understanding of the issues surrounding climate change in Oregon. INR subsequently was funded to implement Phase I of a three‐phased strategy to address the scientific information issue of climate change. 4 Climate Change Outreach Project Final Report This final report documents the efforts of the INR project team. Section 2 provides the project background, goals, and objectives. Section 3 describes how each of the objectives was achieved and their subsequent impacts. Section 4 highlights some of the overall lessons learned, while Sections 5 and 6 conclude the report by focusing on the project management and the report conclusions. Title: Climate change outreach project : final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Yaden, David, Gaines, Lisa, Orscheln, Nell, Davis-Born, Renee, Achterman, Gail, Rice, Bronwen INR’s mission is to provide Oregonians with ready access to current, science‐based information and methods for better understanding resource management challenges and developing solutions and after the 2004 release of the Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming (GAGGW’s) extensive report, The Oregon Strategy for GHG Reductions, INR recognized the need for a grassroots understanding of the issues surrounding climate change in Oregon. INR subsequently was funded to implement Phase I of a three‐phased strategy to address the scientific information issue of climate change. 4 Climate Change Outreach Project Final Report This final report documents the efforts of the INR project team. Section 2 provides the project background, goals, and objectives. Section 3 describes how each of the objectives was achieved and their subsequent impacts. Section 4 highlights some of the overall lessons learned, while Sections 5 and 6 conclude the report by focusing on the project management and the report conclusions. Close

• 116. [Article] Financing Ecosystem Service Markets: Issues and Opportunities

  INR’s long-term goal with this and other projects is to help revitalize rural economies and contribute to rural sustainability, while increasing ecosystem restoration and thoughtfully developing ecosystem ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Financing Ecosystem Service Markets: Issues and Opportunities Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Duncan, Sally, Lurie, Susan, Aylward, Bruce, Hartwell, Ray, Ecosystem Economics, LLC INR’s long-term goal with this and other projects is to help revitalize rural economies and contribute to rural sustainability, while increasing ecosystem restoration and thoughtfully developing ecosystem services markets. To assist in meeting these goals, this project aims to understand and overcome a significant hurdle on the supply side of these emerging markets: the financing burden and risk shouldered by rural landowners who wish to invest in restoration activities. In order to accomplish these objectives, the project seeks to identify and apply financial mechanisms and institutional arrangements that enable landowners to access ecosystem services markets, a new and potentially long-term source of land and water stewardship income. Our strategy for meeting these objectives combines a number of approaches including: policy research; collaborative inquiry and learning with landowners and financiers; on-the-ground pilot project development; dissemination and outreach of project findings Title: Financing Ecosystem Service Markets: Issues and Opportunities Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Duncan, Sally, Lurie, Susan, Aylward, Bruce, Hartwell, Ray, Ecosystem Economics, LLC INR’s long-term goal with this and other projects is to help revitalize rural economies and contribute to rural sustainability, while increasing ecosystem restoration and thoughtfully developing ecosystem services markets. To assist in meeting these goals, this project aims to understand and overcome a significant hurdle on the supply side of these emerging markets: the financing burden and risk shouldered by rural landowners who wish to invest in restoration activities. In order to accomplish these objectives, the project seeks to identify and apply financial mechanisms and institutional arrangements that enable landowners to access ecosystem services markets, a new and potentially long-term source of land and water stewardship income. Our strategy for meeting these objectives combines a number of approaches including: policy research; collaborative inquiry and learning with landowners and financiers; on-the-ground pilot project development; dissemination and outreach of project findings Close

• 117. [Article] A pilot test of systematic review techniques: evaluating whether wood placements in streams of the Pacific northwest affect salmon abundance, growth, survival, or habitat complexity

  A systematic review of evidence was conducted concerning the effects of large wood placement on salmonids. In contrast to a general literature review, a narrowly focused question was targeted. The question ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A pilot test of systematic review techniques: evaluating whether wood placements in streams of the Pacific northwest affect salmon abundance, growth, survival, or habitat complexity Author: Behan, Jeff, Giannico, Guillermo R., Burnett, Kelly M., Institute for Natural Resources A systematic review of evidence was conducted concerning the effects of large wood placement on salmonids. In contrast to a general literature review, a narrowly focused question was targeted. The question was formulated before the review commenced and specified the subject, treatment, and outcomes of interest. The primary review question was “Does instream wood placement affect salmonid abundance, growth, survival or habitat complexity?” Publications were found with a comprehensive, documented literature search and were selected for review based on explicit inclusion criteria. Two science reviewers evaluated the selected set of publications. The reviewers considered specific criteria to assess how relevant each publication was to the primary review question. Details for each publication considered in reviewing its relevancy, including factors that might have affected study conclusions, are reported. The overall strength of reviewed evidence is summarized in a narrative synthesis. Gaps in research are highlighted. Insights are provided into the process, feasibility, and utility of systematic reviews for assessing and synthesizing the science available to support forest management decisions and policymaking. Title: A pilot test of systematic review techniques: evaluating whether wood placements in streams of the Pacific northwest affect salmon abundance, growth, survival, or habitat complexity Author: Behan, Jeff, Giannico, Guillermo R., Burnett, Kelly M., Institute for Natural Resources A systematic review of evidence was conducted concerning the effects of large wood placement on salmonids. In contrast to a general literature review, a narrowly focused question was targeted. The question was formulated before the review commenced and specified the subject, treatment, and outcomes of interest. The primary review question was “Does instream wood placement affect salmonid abundance, growth, survival or habitat complexity?” Publications were found with a comprehensive, documented literature search and were selected for review based on explicit inclusion criteria. Two science reviewers evaluated the selected set of publications. The reviewers considered specific criteria to assess how relevant each publication was to the primary review question. Details for each publication considered in reviewing its relevancy, including factors that might have affected study conclusions, are reported. The overall strength of reviewed evidence is summarized in a narrative synthesis. Gaps in research are highlighted. Insights are provided into the process, feasibility, and utility of systematic reviews for assessing and synthesizing the science available to support forest management decisions and policymaking. Close

• 118. [Article] Ecosystem Service Market Development: The Role and Opportunity for Finance

  This report is laid out as a progressive exploration of how the economics of ES production interacts with finance, broadly construed, in actual credit transactions. The inquiry proceeds in several steps. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Service Market Development: The Role and Opportunity for Finance Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Central Oregon Intergovernmental Council, Duncan, Sally, Lurie, Sue, Ecosystem Economics This report is laid out as a progressive exploration of how the economics of ES production interacts with finance, broadly construed, in actual credit transactions. The inquiry proceeds in several steps. First, the economics of ecosystem services production is explored to provide critical context for potential financing approaches. This section examines dynamics of production under a number of incentive mechanisms currently employed to produce ecosystem services and also considers how economic incentives affect policy goals. The paper next turns to the role of finance in ES production, examining project cash flows and how financing directly enables development of ES credits through on-the-ground projects. The following section considers the breadth of sources for project finance, with a particular focus on how project design and characteristics shape access to government, philanthropic, and private capital sources. With this framework established, financing tools and recommendations are explored with an emphasis on how different approaches can influence key drivers of access to project funding. Input from stakeholder and financier interviews, as well as workshop findings, are integrated throughout. A brief conclusion completes the report. Title: Ecosystem Service Market Development: The Role and Opportunity for Finance Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Central Oregon Intergovernmental Council, Duncan, Sally, Lurie, Sue, Ecosystem Economics This report is laid out as a progressive exploration of how the economics of ES production interacts with finance, broadly construed, in actual credit transactions. The inquiry proceeds in several steps. First, the economics of ecosystem services production is explored to provide critical context for potential financing approaches. This section examines dynamics of production under a number of incentive mechanisms currently employed to produce ecosystem services and also considers how economic incentives affect policy goals. The paper next turns to the role of finance in ES production, examining project cash flows and how financing directly enables development of ES credits through on-the-ground projects. The following section considers the breadth of sources for project finance, with a particular focus on how project design and characteristics shape access to government, philanthropic, and private capital sources. With this framework established, financing tools and recommendations are explored with an emphasis on how different approaches can influence key drivers of access to project funding. Input from stakeholder and financier interviews, as well as workshop findings, are integrated throughout. A brief conclusion completes the report. Close

• 119. [Article] The Oregon land use system: an assessment of selected goals : draft final report

  Prepared by The Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University for the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon land use system: an assessment of selected goals : draft final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources Prepared by The Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University for the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Title: The Oregon land use system: an assessment of selected goals : draft final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources Prepared by The Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University for the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Close

• 120. [Article] Oregon strategy for greenhouse gas reductions

  The Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming developed this Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reduction.1 Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed the Advisory Group early in 2004 to perform this task. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon strategy for greenhouse gas reductions Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Governor's Advisory Group on Global Warming The Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming developed this Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reduction.1 Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed the Advisory Group early in 2004 to perform this task. This Strategy, if implemented, will complement the agenda of the West Coast Governors’ Global Warming Initiative undertaken by the governors of California, Oregon and Washington to address greenhouse gas emissions at a state and regional level. Title: Oregon strategy for greenhouse gas reductions Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Governor's Advisory Group on Global Warming The Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming developed this Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reduction.1 Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed the Advisory Group early in 2004 to perform this task. This Strategy, if implemented, will complement the agenda of the West Coast Governors’ Global Warming Initiative undertaken by the governors of California, Oregon and Washington to address greenhouse gas emissions at a state and regional level. Close