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• 1. [Article] Nesting of double-crested and Brandt's cormorants in Tillamook and Lane Counties, Oregon in 1983

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nesting of double-crested and Brandt's cormorants in Tillamook and Lane Counties, Oregon in 1983 Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- Title: Nesting of double-crested and Brandt's cormorants in Tillamook and Lane Counties, Oregon in 1983 Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- Close

• 2. [Article] Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon

  The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast steelhead are a candidate for listing. Although cormorants have been hazed at the Nehalem Estuary for at least 10 years and at the Tillamook and Nestucca Estuaries for at least three years, spawning ground counts of wild coho salmon, winter steelhead, and fall chinook have averaged less since hazing began. Thus, hazing does not appear to be useful in recovering wild salmonids. Hazing is not correlated with consistently improved hatchery returns. The survival of Coded Wire Tag marked coho smolts at the Nehalem was about the same whether hazing occurred or not, the percent return for coho smolts was not significantly greater at the hazed Nehalem than at the nonhazed Salmon River, and the number of returning adult coho salmon was significantly greater with hazing at the Nehalem hatchery but not at the Trask hatchery in the Tillamook Basin. For winter steelhead, the number of returning adults to the Nehalem and jacks to the Cedar Creek hatchery in the Nestucca Basin did not increase significantly with hazing, but the number of jacks returning to the Nehalem did. Changes in fisheries subsequent to hazing are mixed. Coho catches increased with hazing at the Nehalem but not at the Tillamook Basin. Nehalem steelhead catches averaged less with hazing, but chinook fisheries have grown. However, the increase in chinook catches occurred as the number of wild chinook at spawning areas declined, so the larger catch may be a consequence of a greater harvest of wild chinook rather than hazing. Returns may not have increased with hazing because it was ineffective in substantially reducing predation, because smolts saved by hazing died anyway, or because other factors such as unfavorable ocean conditions may have been much more important in affecting smolt survival than hazing. In any case, hazing does not appear to be a panacea for salmonid recovery, and it has costs. During 1996-1999, the Oregon Legislature spent $100,000 for cormorant hazing, and a biological cost of hazing is the disturbance of wildlife other than cormorants. Title: Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast steelhead are a candidate for listing. Although cormorants have been hazed at the Nehalem Estuary for at least 10 years and at the Tillamook and Nestucca Estuaries for at least three years, spawning ground counts of wild coho salmon, winter steelhead, and fall chinook have averaged less since hazing began. Thus, hazing does not appear to be useful in recovering wild salmonids. Hazing is not correlated with consistently improved hatchery returns. The survival of Coded Wire Tag marked coho smolts at the Nehalem was about the same whether hazing occurred or not, the percent return for coho smolts was not significantly greater at the hazed Nehalem than at the nonhazed Salmon River, and the number of returning adult coho salmon was significantly greater with hazing at the Nehalem hatchery but not at the Trask hatchery in the Tillamook Basin. For winter steelhead, the number of returning adults to the Nehalem and jacks to the Cedar Creek hatchery in the Nestucca Basin did not increase significantly with hazing, but the number of jacks returning to the Nehalem did. Changes in fisheries subsequent to hazing are mixed. Coho catches increased with hazing at the Nehalem but not at the Tillamook Basin. Nehalem steelhead catches averaged less with hazing, but chinook fisheries have grown. However, the increase in chinook catches occurred as the number of wild chinook at spawning areas declined, so the larger catch may be a consequence of a greater harvest of wild chinook rather than hazing. Returns may not have increased with hazing because it was ineffective in substantially reducing predation, because smolts saved by hazing died anyway, or because other factors such as unfavorable ocean conditions may have been much more important in affecting smolt survival than hazing. In any case, hazing does not appear to be a panacea for salmonid recovery, and it has costs. During 1996-1999, the Oregon Legislature spent $100,000 for cormorant hazing, and a biological cost of hazing is the disturbance of wildlife other than cormorants. Close

• 3. [Article] Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon

  This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Ferris, Reed William, 1901- This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly 33% of the birds banded along the Oregon coast that were later recovered. Ferris banded 8,000 seabirds (including 4,996 gulls and 2,820 Common Murres), 3,042 terrestrial birds (including 1,089 Dark-eyed Juncos) at Beaver, and 61 Song Sparrows and Red-winged Blackbirds at Daley Lake. Ferris also colorbanded many terrestrial birds at Beaver. Except for the gulls, details about the recoveries of all birds banded by Ferris are given. Highlights of Ferris' bird work include: Lewis' Woodpeckers were abundant at Beaver, Bank Swallows nested near Beaver, Western Bluebirds were being driven out of nest boxes at Beaver by House Sparrows long before Eurasian Starlings arrived, Song Sparrows banded at Beaver included one population of permanent residents and another population of winter residents, White-crowned Sparrows (mostly immatures) were uncommon in winter at Beaver, Peregrine Falcons were probably nesting at Haystack Rock, 27% of the banded Common Murre chicks were found south of the colony where they were banded, murre chicks began appearing off the outer coast of Washington in August and in British Columbian waters in September, American Coots nested at Daley Lake, and Red-winged Blackbirds banded at Daley Lake were later found elsewhere in western Oregon. Ferris' very limited incidental bird observations in Clatsop, Yamhill, and Lincoln counties are also incorporated. Title: Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Ferris, Reed William, 1901- This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly 33% of the birds banded along the Oregon coast that were later recovered. Ferris banded 8,000 seabirds (including 4,996 gulls and 2,820 Common Murres), 3,042 terrestrial birds (including 1,089 Dark-eyed Juncos) at Beaver, and 61 Song Sparrows and Red-winged Blackbirds at Daley Lake. Ferris also colorbanded many terrestrial birds at Beaver. Except for the gulls, details about the recoveries of all birds banded by Ferris are given. Highlights of Ferris' bird work include: Lewis' Woodpeckers were abundant at Beaver, Bank Swallows nested near Beaver, Western Bluebirds were being driven out of nest boxes at Beaver by House Sparrows long before Eurasian Starlings arrived, Song Sparrows banded at Beaver included one population of permanent residents and another population of winter residents, White-crowned Sparrows (mostly immatures) were uncommon in winter at Beaver, Peregrine Falcons were probably nesting at Haystack Rock, 27% of the banded Common Murre chicks were found south of the colony where they were banded, murre chicks began appearing off the outer coast of Washington in August and in British Columbian waters in September, American Coots nested at Daley Lake, and Red-winged Blackbirds banded at Daley Lake were later found elsewhere in western Oregon. Ferris' very limited incidental bird observations in Clatsop, Yamhill, and Lincoln counties are also incorporated. Close

• 4. [Article] The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon

  The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, have been blamed for the "ruin" of the Tillamook fisheries, but the effects of cormorant predation have been exaggerated. Actually, current salmon and steelhead catches are similar to or greater than many catches prior to 1972, when several "predators" (including Double-crested Cormorants) were not protected by law. Although it is clear that cormorants can eat some smolts in Tillamook Bay, it is unreasonable to assume that they eat as many as has been suggested. For example, when figures that appeared in a Tillamook newspaper are added up, cormorants in Tillamook Bay in 1988 were suggested to eat nearly three times as many smolts as were released there! Because a few Tillamook County fishing guides and fishermen felt that cormorants were destroying their salmon and steelhead fisheries, they pressured the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) into giving them permits to harass (but not kill) cormorants in the spring of 1988 on public waters of Nehalem and Tillamook Bays. The permittees were not supervised to be sure that they did not disturb or harm nontarget wildlife (i.e., wildlife other than the targeted cormorants) or did not kill cormorants. After the ODFW announced in late November 1988 that they would not be issuing cormorant harassment permits in 1989, a few Tillamook fishing guides and fishermen worked to pass House Bill 3185 during the 1989 Oregon Legislative session. House Bill 3185 would have allowed cormorant harassment along the entire Oregon Coast any time during the year, but the Bill failed. Then, in July 1989, the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission refused to consider granting harassment permits to fishing guides and fishermen. Thus, cormorant harassment in 1989 was not legalized, although some harassment apparently occurred illegally. Cormorant harassment in Tillamook County does not currently meet the requirements to justify an animal damage control program. For example, one criterion of such a program is that there be minimal compensatory predation (i.e., prey saved from the controlled predator is taken by noncontrolled predators). But if cormorants are harassed, there are many other predators that could eat the "saved" smolts, including adult coho and chinook salmon, steelhead, cutthroat trout, and striped bass that may eat millions of salmon and steelhead smolts along the Oregon Coast each year. Current information indicates that documented smolt losses from cormorant predation may not compensate the economic, biological, aesthetic, and social costs of harassment. Biological costs include disturbance to nontarget wildlife such as waterfowl or threatened and endangered birds like the Bald Eagle and Brown Pelican; disturbance would unavoidably accompany cormorant harassment. One social cost of interest is that predator control of cormorants to "save" salmon is arbitrary and capricious, since salmon are themselves a significant predator of young Dungeness crabs and fish important to other Oregon commercial and sports fishermen. Alternatives to cormorant harassment exist and would address all smolt predation, not just that by cormorants. These alternatives include changing hatchery practices, so that smolts survive better after release. These alternatives should be at least considered. Biologists may have somewhat defused the cormorant harassment issue if they were more able to communicate with nonbiologically-trained fishermen, but even so, there are a few fishing guides and fishermen who refuse to believe any information that does not agree with their own opinions. Title: The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, have been blamed for the "ruin" of the Tillamook fisheries, but the effects of cormorant predation have been exaggerated. Actually, current salmon and steelhead catches are similar to or greater than many catches prior to 1972, when several "predators" (including Double-crested Cormorants) were not protected by law. Although it is clear that cormorants can eat some smolts in Tillamook Bay, it is unreasonable to assume that they eat as many as has been suggested. For example, when figures that appeared in a Tillamook newspaper are added up, cormorants in Tillamook Bay in 1988 were suggested to eat nearly three times as many smolts as were released there! Because a few Tillamook County fishing guides and fishermen felt that cormorants were destroying their salmon and steelhead fisheries, they pressured the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) into giving them permits to harass (but not kill) cormorants in the spring of 1988 on public waters of Nehalem and Tillamook Bays. The permittees were not supervised to be sure that they did not disturb or harm nontarget wildlife (i.e., wildlife other than the targeted cormorants) or did not kill cormorants. After the ODFW announced in late November 1988 that they would not be issuing cormorant harassment permits in 1989, a few Tillamook fishing guides and fishermen worked to pass House Bill 3185 during the 1989 Oregon Legislative session. House Bill 3185 would have allowed cormorant harassment along the entire Oregon Coast any time during the year, but the Bill failed. Then, in July 1989, the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission refused to consider granting harassment permits to fishing guides and fishermen. Thus, cormorant harassment in 1989 was not legalized, although some harassment apparently occurred illegally. Cormorant harassment in Tillamook County does not currently meet the requirements to justify an animal damage control program. For example, one criterion of such a program is that there be minimal compensatory predation (i.e., prey saved from the controlled predator is taken by noncontrolled predators). But if cormorants are harassed, there are many other predators that could eat the "saved" smolts, including adult coho and chinook salmon, steelhead, cutthroat trout, and striped bass that may eat millions of salmon and steelhead smolts along the Oregon Coast each year. Current information indicates that documented smolt losses from cormorant predation may not compensate the economic, biological, aesthetic, and social costs of harassment. Biological costs include disturbance to nontarget wildlife such as waterfowl or threatened and endangered birds like the Bald Eagle and Brown Pelican; disturbance would unavoidably accompany cormorant harassment. One social cost of interest is that predator control of cormorants to "save" salmon is arbitrary and capricious, since salmon are themselves a significant predator of young Dungeness crabs and fish important to other Oregon commercial and sports fishermen. Alternatives to cormorant harassment exist and would address all smolt predation, not just that by cormorants. These alternatives include changing hatchery practices, so that smolts survive better after release. These alternatives should be at least considered. Biologists may have somewhat defused the cormorant harassment issue if they were more able to communicate with nonbiologically-trained fishermen, but even so, there are a few fishing guides and fishermen who refuse to believe any information that does not agree with their own opinions. Close

• 5. [Article] Harlequin Duck records mostly from Lincoln County, Oregon

  612 Harlequin Duck records are given for Lincoln County, and another 74 records are listed for other coastal counties. In Lincoln County, Harlequins are found mostly in winter, there were often more males ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harlequin Duck records mostly from Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- 612 Harlequin Duck records are given for Lincoln County, and another 74 records are listed for other coastal counties. In Lincoln County, Harlequins are found mostly in winter, there were often more males than females, the most ever counted was 14, and there is no indication that they nested. In contrast, Alex Walker's unpublished nesting record in 1940 is given for Tillamook County, and as many as 75 Harlequins were found in June along the Lane County coast, so they may nest nearby, as Gordon (1984) reports. Title: Harlequin Duck records mostly from Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- 612 Harlequin Duck records are given for Lincoln County, and another 74 records are listed for other coastal counties. In Lincoln County, Harlequins are found mostly in winter, there were often more males than females, the most ever counted was 14, and there is no indication that they nested. In contrast, Alex Walker's unpublished nesting record in 1940 is given for Tillamook County, and as many as 75 Harlequins were found in June along the Lane County coast, so they may nest nearby, as Gordon (1984) reports. Close

• 6. [Article] Records of bird skins collected along the Oregon coast

  In spite of imperfections, this monograph is useful in locating bird skins collected along the Oregon Coast that are stored in about 80 museums. This monograph lists over 11,000 records of skins for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Records of bird skins collected along the Oregon coast Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In spite of imperfections, this monograph is useful in locating bird skins collected along the Oregon Coast that are stored in about 80 museums. This monograph lists over 11,000 records of skins for 279 bird species and 192 records of skeletons for 52 bird species. Each record includes the species, subspecies (if given), sex or age class, date of collection, location of collection, collector, and museum number. Most bird skins were collected in Tillamook County, but most bird skeletons were from Lincoln County. 62% of the bird skins were collected in the 1930's and 1940's with five collectors accounting for 74% of the skins. 61% of the bird skeletons were collected in the 1970's and 1980's with the top five collectors collecting 65% of the skeletons. Each record is indexed by species, subspecies, collection site (i.e., county, beached or pelagic specimen, offshore island, lake, and/or shell mound), and collector. Title: Records of bird skins collected along the Oregon coast Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- In spite of imperfections, this monograph is useful in locating bird skins collected along the Oregon Coast that are stored in about 80 museums. This monograph lists over 11,000 records of skins for 279 bird species and 192 records of skeletons for 52 bird species. Each record includes the species, subspecies (if given), sex or age class, date of collection, location of collection, collector, and museum number. Most bird skins were collected in Tillamook County, but most bird skeletons were from Lincoln County. 62% of the bird skins were collected in the 1930's and 1940's with five collectors accounting for 74% of the skins. 61% of the bird skeletons were collected in the 1970's and 1980's with the top five collectors collecting 65% of the skeletons. Each record is indexed by species, subspecies, collection site (i.e., county, beached or pelagic specimen, offshore island, lake, and/or shell mound), and collector. Close

• 7. [Article] Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties

  The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Macnab, James A., McKey-Fender, Dorothy, Dirks-Edmunds, Jane Claire The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the year for any site above 1,000 ft in Lincoln County and hint that bird communities at sites above 1,400 ft are less diverse than sites nearer sea level. However, many more systematic observations throughout the year are needed to elucidate the significance of elevation on bird diversity. Two marshes on Saddle Bag Mountain are the only locations where Common Snipe appear to nest in Lincoln County. Title: Bird records for the Saddle Bag Mountain area of Lincoln and Tillamook Counties Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Macnab, James A., McKey-Fender, Dorothy, Dirks-Edmunds, Jane Claire The results of 703 observations are given; most of these were made in the 1930's by James Macnab, Jane Claire Dirks-Edmunds, Dorothy McKey-Fender, and others. These results are the most comprehensive throughout the year for any site above 1,000 ft in Lincoln County and hint that bird communities at sites above 1,400 ft are less diverse than sites nearer sea level. However, many more systematic observations throughout the year are needed to elucidate the significance of elevation on bird diversity. Two marshes on Saddle Bag Mountain are the only locations where Common Snipe appear to nest in Lincoln County. Close