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• 1. [Article] Leukemia incidence and benzene air pollution in Portland Oregon

  Benzene is a widespread urban pollutant and monitoring results show concentrations are particularly high in Portland, Oregon. Nationally, benzene air pollution is the largest contributor to total cancer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leukemia incidence and benzene air pollution in Portland Oregon Author: Voss, Robert W. Benzene is a widespread urban pollutant and monitoring results show concentrations are particularly high in Portland, Oregon. Nationally, benzene air pollution is the largest contributor to total cancer risk from air pollutants. We used data from several data sets including: modeled benzene distribution at the census block group level from the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, ten-year leukemia incidence from the Oregon State Cancer Registry, and demographic data from the U.S. Census to examine the correlation of benzene with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), total myeloid leukemia (TML) and total leukemia subgroups. Modeled benzene values were averaged to census tracts using GIS methods. We performed Poisson regression on data for all census tracts and also aggregated data to quartiles of benzene concentration and modeled exposure to determine incidence rate ratios (IRR). We mapped the distribution of benzene, and agestandardized leukemia rates to examine spatial patterns which may not be evident in statistical analysis. Our regression results found no significant association between benzene and leukemia at the census tract level. AML IRR was slightly elevated for females at the second, but not the third and fourth quartiles of benzene modeled exposure. We found non-significant elevations in AML IRR for those less than 19 years of age at the second and fourth, but not the third quartiles of benzene modeled exposure. We did not observe a monotonically increasing trend toward higher incidence of leukemia with higher modeled benzene exposure. Nor did we see a tendency toward a stronger association in the myeloid types of leukemia. Similar modeling results were produced for perchloroethylene, a cooccurring air toxin that is not considered a leukemiagen. Although the general spatial pattern of leukemia incidence does not appear visually similar to the benzene distribution, some census tracts near point source emissions of benzene had AML rates in the highest bracket. There were some census tracts with elevated TML in the under 19 year old age group near major highways. Our overall result shows no association between benzene and leukemia at the census tract level. Census tract level ambient air pollution data such as ours is homogenous within census tract measurement units. Most census tracts in our study area are between one and seven miles across so variability of ambient exposure within a few hundred yards of major roads was not captured in our air pollution data. This misclassification of exposure, along with misclassification of case residence in time and place limits the utility of an ecologic design such as ours to detect small changes in disease incidence. The magnitude of cancer risk from ambient benzene is very small, so any misclassifications of exposure or case residence may render even large datasets incapable of detecting elevated incidence rates. Future efforts to investigate health effects of ambient benzene or other mobile source pollutants could incorporate road and residence location as well as modeled air pollution data at the census tract level to achieve more definitive results. Title: Leukemia incidence and benzene air pollution in Portland Oregon Author: Voss, Robert W. Benzene is a widespread urban pollutant and monitoring results show concentrations are particularly high in Portland, Oregon. Nationally, benzene air pollution is the largest contributor to total cancer risk from air pollutants. We used data from several data sets including: modeled benzene distribution at the census block group level from the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, ten-year leukemia incidence from the Oregon State Cancer Registry, and demographic data from the U.S. Census to examine the correlation of benzene with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), total myeloid leukemia (TML) and total leukemia subgroups. Modeled benzene values were averaged to census tracts using GIS methods. We performed Poisson regression on data for all census tracts and also aggregated data to quartiles of benzene concentration and modeled exposure to determine incidence rate ratios (IRR). We mapped the distribution of benzene, and agestandardized leukemia rates to examine spatial patterns which may not be evident in statistical analysis. Our regression results found no significant association between benzene and leukemia at the census tract level. AML IRR was slightly elevated for females at the second, but not the third and fourth quartiles of benzene modeled exposure. We found non-significant elevations in AML IRR for those less than 19 years of age at the second and fourth, but not the third quartiles of benzene modeled exposure. We did not observe a monotonically increasing trend toward higher incidence of leukemia with higher modeled benzene exposure. Nor did we see a tendency toward a stronger association in the myeloid types of leukemia. Similar modeling results were produced for perchloroethylene, a cooccurring air toxin that is not considered a leukemiagen. Although the general spatial pattern of leukemia incidence does not appear visually similar to the benzene distribution, some census tracts near point source emissions of benzene had AML rates in the highest bracket. There were some census tracts with elevated TML in the under 19 year old age group near major highways. Our overall result shows no association between benzene and leukemia at the census tract level. Census tract level ambient air pollution data such as ours is homogenous within census tract measurement units. Most census tracts in our study area are between one and seven miles across so variability of ambient exposure within a few hundred yards of major roads was not captured in our air pollution data. This misclassification of exposure, along with misclassification of case residence in time and place limits the utility of an ecologic design such as ours to detect small changes in disease incidence. The magnitude of cancer risk from ambient benzene is very small, so any misclassifications of exposure or case residence may render even large datasets incapable of detecting elevated incidence rates. Future efforts to investigate health effects of ambient benzene or other mobile source pollutants could incorporate road and residence location as well as modeled air pollution data at the census tract level to achieve more definitive results. Close

• 2. [Article] Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values

  2017

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Close

• 3. [Article] Determinants of the variations in the presence of the subfamily in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980

  Over the years there has been interest in the living arrangements of Americans and the factors which influence those arrangements. Researchers have considered the growth of families headed by women, household ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of the variations in the presence of the subfamily in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 Author: Umude, John Ossaiedeme Year: 1986 Over the years there has been interest in the living arrangements of Americans and the factors which influence those arrangements. Researchers have considered the growth of families headed by women, household consisting of single individuals, and those composed of unrelated individuals. One area, however, on which little attention has been focused is the presence of extended family living, characterized by the subfamily. The aim of this dissertation is to establish if subfamilies are a random or systematic phenomenon, and to identify the factors responsible for the variations in its occurrences within and across U.S. metropolitan areas. A causal model which accounts for the systematic variations in the presence of the subfamily was developed and tested on the metropolitan and census tract levels. The technique of path analysis was employed and analysis was performed on two geographical levels (SMSA and census tract) using the 1980 census data to ascertain if conclusions were consistent at different levels of data aggregation. The variables employed in the analysis were grouped in four major categories--demographic, sociocultural, economic and housing characteristics. A major finding of this study is that the subfamily is systematically predicted by demographic, sociocultural and economic characteristics and not by the housing variables. It suggests that subfamily will exist regardless of the housing conditions. There were some differences and similarities in the results of the two geographical levels, but overall, the findings indicate that variations of subfamilies is consistent between the two aggregate levels. The model developed held fairly well as predicted except for the housing variables. The research findings suggest that subfamily may be both a voluntary and involuntary phenomenon. Given this, a number of questions were raised that must be addressed in determining whether subfamily living is a symptom of a major social problem or if it is an acceptable alternative family structure for some families in contemporary society. It might even represent both possibilities simultaneously. These questions cannot be addressed with the type of data used in this study. Future research should be directed toward addressing them. If subfamily living is determined to be a problem, future research should help planners and policy makers formulate and implement programs that will alleviate the negative consequences of subfamily life. Title: Determinants of the variations in the presence of the subfamily in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 Author: Umude, John Ossaiedeme Year: 1986 Over the years there has been interest in the living arrangements of Americans and the factors which influence those arrangements. Researchers have considered the growth of families headed by women, household consisting of single individuals, and those composed of unrelated individuals. One area, however, on which little attention has been focused is the presence of extended family living, characterized by the subfamily. The aim of this dissertation is to establish if subfamilies are a random or systematic phenomenon, and to identify the factors responsible for the variations in its occurrences within and across U.S. metropolitan areas. A causal model which accounts for the systematic variations in the presence of the subfamily was developed and tested on the metropolitan and census tract levels. The technique of path analysis was employed and analysis was performed on two geographical levels (SMSA and census tract) using the 1980 census data to ascertain if conclusions were consistent at different levels of data aggregation. The variables employed in the analysis were grouped in four major categories--demographic, sociocultural, economic and housing characteristics. A major finding of this study is that the subfamily is systematically predicted by demographic, sociocultural and economic characteristics and not by the housing variables. It suggests that subfamily will exist regardless of the housing conditions. There were some differences and similarities in the results of the two geographical levels, but overall, the findings indicate that variations of subfamilies is consistent between the two aggregate levels. The model developed held fairly well as predicted except for the housing variables. The research findings suggest that subfamily may be both a voluntary and involuntary phenomenon. Given this, a number of questions were raised that must be addressed in determining whether subfamily living is a symptom of a major social problem or if it is an acceptable alternative family structure for some families in contemporary society. It might even represent both possibilities simultaneously. These questions cannot be addressed with the type of data used in this study. Future research should be directed toward addressing them. If subfamily living is determined to be a problem, future research should help planners and policy makers formulate and implement programs that will alleviate the negative consequences of subfamily life. Close

• 4. [Article] Low poverty tracts: less than 10% poverty, 2010-14 American community survey

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low poverty tracts: less than 10% poverty, 2010-14 American community survey Year: 2016 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Low poverty tracts: less than 10% poverty, 2010-14 American community survey Year: 2016 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 5. [Article] Low poverty census tracts : poverty rate less than 10%

  This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low poverty census tracts : poverty rate less than 10% Year: 2013 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Title: Low poverty census tracts : poverty rate less than 10% Year: 2013 This archived document is maintained by the Oregon State Library as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes. Close

• 6. [Article] The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR

  With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR Author: Bonnette, Matthew Ryan Lee Year: 2017 With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying the drivers of urban water use. Due to unavailability of individual or household level data, these studies are often limited to using spatially aggregated data. There is concern that this aggregation of data may be leading to misrepresentations of the drivers of urban water use, yet there have been few studies that have addressed this concern. As in all spatial quantitative analyses, studies in this area should consider how the spatial scales chosen for analysis are affecting the results. The purpose of this research is to use a case study of single-family residential (SFR) water use in Portland, Oregon to determine the extent to which scale variation significantly affects the patterns of SFR water use, and whether household scale water use is influenced by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. The results of this analysis provide evidence that aggregating household scale water use data can mask meaningful patterns in SFR water use and potentially provide misleading information on what is influencing water use habits. This research also shows that using the chosen exploratory variables, there is a statistically significant, but not substantial, cross-scale influence on household scale water use by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. Title: The Effects of Scale Variation on Single-Family Residential Water Use in Portland, OR Author: Bonnette, Matthew Ryan Lee Year: 2017 With growing urban populations and increasing concerns over the effects of climate change on water supplies, there has recently been a significant amount of interdisciplinary research focused on identifying the drivers of urban water use. Due to unavailability of individual or household level data, these studies are often limited to using spatially aggregated data. There is concern that this aggregation of data may be leading to misrepresentations of the drivers of urban water use, yet there have been few studies that have addressed this concern. As in all spatial quantitative analyses, studies in this area should consider how the spatial scales chosen for analysis are affecting the results. The purpose of this research is to use a case study of single-family residential (SFR) water use in Portland, Oregon to determine the extent to which scale variation significantly affects the patterns of SFR water use, and whether household scale water use is influenced by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. The results of this analysis provide evidence that aggregating household scale water use data can mask meaningful patterns in SFR water use and potentially provide misleading information on what is influencing water use habits. This research also shows that using the chosen exploratory variables, there is a statistically significant, but not substantial, cross-scale influence on household scale water use by neighborhood and census tract characteristics. Close

• 7. [Article] Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes

  Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes Author: Wilson, Douglas C., Rathje, William L. Year: 1989 Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected on the components of these wastes are critical for solid wastes systems planning--especially landfill design, hazardous materials collection systems, and resource recovery. A number of recent studies by the University of Arizona's Garbage Project have identified household products as a possible source of hazardous materials in landfills (Wilson 1985, Rathje et al. 1987a, 1987b). Studies have addressed (1) the definition of these "household hazardous wastes" (HHW), (2) the characteristics of HHW from hands-on analyses of residential solid wastes in four United States study cities and Mexico City, Mexico, (3) the relationships between derived waste characteristics and within-study city Socioeconomic variability and variability between the regions studied and (4) the potential biodegradation pathways and characteristics of municipal landfill leachates. Results of these studies suggest that: (1) While HHW comprises a very small proportion of the total residential solid wastes, total quantities generated per year are quite high. (2) Significant differences in HHW discard rates are observed between both study communities and census tracts within study communities. (3) Socioeconomic variability between census tracts (within study communities), are related to the differential discard of HHW and, we believe, can be used to estimate characteristics of HHW in U.S. cities without necessitating further large-scale, costly, refuse sorts. (4) Long-term discard trends for HHW may influence the levels of risk associated with these wastes. Garbage Project HHW studies have been funded at the national level by the Water Quality Engineering Division of the National Science Foundation and the Office of Solid Wastes of the Environmental Protection Agency and at the local level by city and county governments, private research organizations, and university departments. Title: Structure and Dynamics of Household Hazardous Wastes Author: Wilson, Douglas C., Rathje, William L. Year: 1989 Municipal Solid wastes--the majority of which are household refuse--have, increasingly been implicated as a source of hazardous materials in landfill leachate discharges (U.S. EPA 1988). Data collected on the components of these wastes are critical for solid wastes systems planning--especially landfill design, hazardous materials collection systems, and resource recovery. A number of recent studies by the University of Arizona's Garbage Project have identified household products as a possible source of hazardous materials in landfills (Wilson 1985, Rathje et al. 1987a, 1987b). Studies have addressed (1) the definition of these "household hazardous wastes" (HHW), (2) the characteristics of HHW from hands-on analyses of residential solid wastes in four United States study cities and Mexico City, Mexico, (3) the relationships between derived waste characteristics and within-study city Socioeconomic variability and variability between the regions studied and (4) the potential biodegradation pathways and characteristics of municipal landfill leachates. Results of these studies suggest that: (1) While HHW comprises a very small proportion of the total residential solid wastes, total quantities generated per year are quite high. (2) Significant differences in HHW discard rates are observed between both study communities and census tracts within study communities. (3) Socioeconomic variability between census tracts (within study communities), are related to the differential discard of HHW and, we believe, can be used to estimate characteristics of HHW in U.S. cities without necessitating further large-scale, costly, refuse sorts. (4) Long-term discard trends for HHW may influence the levels of risk associated with these wastes. Garbage Project HHW studies have been funded at the national level by the Water Quality Engineering Division of the National Science Foundation and the Office of Solid Wastes of the Environmental Protection Agency and at the local level by city and county governments, private research organizations, and university departments. Close

• 8. [Article] Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic?

  There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic? Author: Zojonc, Angelique, D There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge put out to the public and used by policy makers to create or reform immigration legislation must accurately portray the societal facts. This research explores the relationship between anomie and deviance, using immigration as the measurement for anomie and crime as the measurement for deviance. Data measured at the census tract level came from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2009-2011 Uniform Crime Report for Tucson, Arizona. Using an OLS regression model, the results from this research find a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between anomie and deviance, after controlling for young males, poverty, and ethnicity, three factors known to affect crime. Title: Immigration and crime: Is public opinion pragmatic? Author: Zojonc, Angelique, D There are record numbers of immigrants in the U.S., with no indication of declining in the future. Social debates surrounding issues such as immigration are fragile. It is critical that research and knowledge put out to the public and used by policy makers to create or reform immigration legislation must accurately portray the societal facts. This research explores the relationship between anomie and deviance, using immigration as the measurement for anomie and crime as the measurement for deviance. Data measured at the census tract level came from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2009-2011 Uniform Crime Report for Tucson, Arizona. Using an OLS regression model, the results from this research find a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between anomie and deviance, after controlling for young males, poverty, and ethnicity, three factors known to affect crime. Close

• 9. [Article] Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes

  In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes Author: Stansfield, Richard In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data from the 2000 US census of population and housing with census tract level uniform crime report data from the Austin police department’s records management system in order to examine the impact of recently arrived immigrants predominantly from Mexico. Negative binomial regression models do not provide any support for the assumption that increased immigration is associated with an increased threat to public safety, and in fact show partial evidence to suggest a protective effect off recent immigration against property acquisition crimes and rape. The increase in exclusionary and restrictive immigration policies in the United States have been premised on the increased threat to public safety that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, pose. I discuss the impact of such practices that continue to overlook the empirical evidence. Title: Unsubstantiated fears : assessing the effects of recent immigration on part I index crimes Author: Stansfield, Richard In this paper I examine the impact of recent immigration, in addition to other community predictors on community counts of violent and property crimes in Austin, Texas, a multi-ethnic city. I combine data from the 2000 US census of population and housing with census tract level uniform crime report data from the Austin police department’s records management system in order to examine the impact of recently arrived immigrants predominantly from Mexico. Negative binomial regression models do not provide any support for the assumption that increased immigration is associated with an increased threat to public safety, and in fact show partial evidence to suggest a protective effect off recent immigration against property acquisition crimes and rape. The increase in exclusionary and restrictive immigration policies in the United States have been premised on the increased threat to public safety that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, pose. I discuss the impact of such practices that continue to overlook the empirical evidence. Close

• 10. [Article] Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report

  The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report Author: Portland State University. College of Urban and Public Affairs Year: 1989 The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group methods. These issues were broken into two broad areas--housing stock issues and socio-economic concerns. The critical linkages between the issues were developed through research, interviews, and input from S.E. Coalitions (Inner and outer Southeast Portland, and the Land Use Committee). In order to provide for a quantitative framework for the purposes of analysis, 1980 census data, Metro's "Regional Pactbook" and the City of Portland's "Neighborhood Profiles" were used as source documents. The data was aggradated at the block group, census tract, and neighborhood boundary level in order to pinpoint specific trends and concentrations of housing issues in Southeast Portland. This report provides a detailed summary of the issue findings and their linkages to housing in S.E. Title: Southeast Portland Comprehensive Housing Plan: Background Report Author: Portland State University. College of Urban and Public Affairs Year: 1989 The preliminary data collection and analysis of housing issues in Southeast Portland (S.E.) occurred during the Fall Quarter of 1988. General issues relating to housing stock were identified through group methods. These issues were broken into two broad areas--housing stock issues and socio-economic concerns. The critical linkages between the issues were developed through research, interviews, and input from S.E. Coalitions (Inner and outer Southeast Portland, and the Land Use Committee). In order to provide for a quantitative framework for the purposes of analysis, 1980 census data, Metro's "Regional Pactbook" and the City of Portland's "Neighborhood Profiles" were used as source documents. The data was aggradated at the block group, census tract, and neighborhood boundary level in order to pinpoint specific trends and concentrations of housing issues in Southeast Portland. This report provides a detailed summary of the issue findings and their linkages to housing in S.E. Close