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• 711. [Article] Fruit color development in red pears

  A fruit color descriptive study was conducted on 'Max' and 'Sensation' Red Bartlett, 'Columbia' and 'Gebhard' Red Anjou, 'Rogue Red', 'Rosired', 'Red Clapp' and 'Cascade' red pear varieties. A parallel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fruit color development in red pears Author: Dussi Dehais, Maria Claudi A fruit color descriptive study was conducted on 'Max' and 'Sensation' Red Bartlett, 'Columbia' and 'Gebhard' Red Anjou, 'Rogue Red', 'Rosired', 'Red Clapp' and 'Cascade' red pear varieties. A parallel comparative study was done to test differences between related red strains. 'Max' was compared with 'Sensation' in three different growing regions: Medford, Hood River high elevation and Hood River low elevation, while 'Columbia' was compared with 'Gebhard' in two locations: Medford and Hood River. The effect of modifying temperature by evaporative cooling and of light quality on color of 'Sensation' Red Bartlett pears were also evaluated. Anthocyanins of red pear skin were characterized and quantified and their concentrations were related to fruit chromaticity values. In all the studies fruit color was measured with a portable tristimulus colorimeter using the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage color space (L*, a* and b*) coordinates at four times during fruit maturation. Visual percentage of blush was also evaluated. Evaporative cooling was done with overtree sprinkler irrigation. Skin anthocyanins were extracted with acetone, isolated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) and recovered in 1% methanolic Hcl. The extract was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Monomeric anthocyanin content was determined in an aqueous extract using a pH differential method. To study the effect of light quality on color development, gelatin filters of different spectral transmittance were attached over the exposed side of 'Sensation' pear fruits one month before harvest. Chromaticity was recorded before the filters were placed and at harvest after their removal. Following color measurements, anthocyanins were extracted from individual skin disks. In the descriptive study, every strain presented different color development. Hue, chroma and L* increased with maturity in fruits of all varieties except for 'Rogue Red' and 'Rosired'. 'Rosired' had the biggest change in hue during maturity and 'Cascade' had the smallest. 'Columbia' and 'Gebhard' showed the smallest change in chroma and 'Rogue Red' had the highest gain in L* value. There were high differences in color between exposed and shaded fruit surfaces and at each stage of maturity for every variety. In the variety comparison study various interactions were found among the main factors: growing location, variety, surface of the fruit and stages of maturity. Gain in chroma, hue and L* with maturity was higher in 'Max' than in 'Sensation', higher in Medford than in the other growing regions, and higher on the shaded sides of fruit than on the exposed ones. Increase in chroma, hue and L* value with maturity was higher in Hood River for 'Columbia' than for 'Gebhard', while the opposite was observed in Medford. Shaded fruit surfaces had higher chromaticity values. Evaporative cooling promoted red skin color. However, the increase in coloration may have been due in part to advanced maturity stimulated by the evaporative cooling. HPLC and TLC analyses confirmed the presence of a major and a minor pigment which coeluted with cyanidin 3-galactoside and peonidin 3-galactoside. The average content of anthocyanins in red pear skins was 6.83 mg/100 g of fruit peels. In the light quality study all filters yielded less hue than the control. Wavelengths above 600 nm had the largest effect in chroma. Aluminum wrapped fruit had the highest luminosity. Wavelengths form 400 to 500 nm gave darker, less chromatic and redder pear fruit. All treatments especially longer wavelengths yielded higher anthocyanin content than the control. Title: Fruit color development in red pears Author: Dussi Dehais, Maria Claudi A fruit color descriptive study was conducted on 'Max' and 'Sensation' Red Bartlett, 'Columbia' and 'Gebhard' Red Anjou, 'Rogue Red', 'Rosired', 'Red Clapp' and 'Cascade' red pear varieties. A parallel comparative study was done to test differences between related red strains. 'Max' was compared with 'Sensation' in three different growing regions: Medford, Hood River high elevation and Hood River low elevation, while 'Columbia' was compared with 'Gebhard' in two locations: Medford and Hood River. The effect of modifying temperature by evaporative cooling and of light quality on color of 'Sensation' Red Bartlett pears were also evaluated. Anthocyanins of red pear skin were characterized and quantified and their concentrations were related to fruit chromaticity values. In all the studies fruit color was measured with a portable tristimulus colorimeter using the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage color space (L*, a* and b*) coordinates at four times during fruit maturation. Visual percentage of blush was also evaluated. Evaporative cooling was done with overtree sprinkler irrigation. Skin anthocyanins were extracted with acetone, isolated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) and recovered in 1% methanolic Hcl. The extract was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Monomeric anthocyanin content was determined in an aqueous extract using a pH differential method. To study the effect of light quality on color development, gelatin filters of different spectral transmittance were attached over the exposed side of 'Sensation' pear fruits one month before harvest. Chromaticity was recorded before the filters were placed and at harvest after their removal. Following color measurements, anthocyanins were extracted from individual skin disks. In the descriptive study, every strain presented different color development. Hue, chroma and L* increased with maturity in fruits of all varieties except for 'Rogue Red' and 'Rosired'. 'Rosired' had the biggest change in hue during maturity and 'Cascade' had the smallest. 'Columbia' and 'Gebhard' showed the smallest change in chroma and 'Rogue Red' had the highest gain in L* value. There were high differences in color between exposed and shaded fruit surfaces and at each stage of maturity for every variety. In the variety comparison study various interactions were found among the main factors: growing location, variety, surface of the fruit and stages of maturity. Gain in chroma, hue and L* with maturity was higher in 'Max' than in 'Sensation', higher in Medford than in the other growing regions, and higher on the shaded sides of fruit than on the exposed ones. Increase in chroma, hue and L* value with maturity was higher in Hood River for 'Columbia' than for 'Gebhard', while the opposite was observed in Medford. Shaded fruit surfaces had higher chromaticity values. Evaporative cooling promoted red skin color. However, the increase in coloration may have been due in part to advanced maturity stimulated by the evaporative cooling. HPLC and TLC analyses confirmed the presence of a major and a minor pigment which coeluted with cyanidin 3-galactoside and peonidin 3-galactoside. The average content of anthocyanins in red pear skins was 6.83 mg/100 g of fruit peels. In the light quality study all filters yielded less hue than the control. Wavelengths above 600 nm had the largest effect in chroma. Aluminum wrapped fruit had the highest luminosity. Wavelengths form 400 to 500 nm gave darker, less chromatic and redder pear fruit. All treatments especially longer wavelengths yielded higher anthocyanin content than the control. Close

• 712. [Article] Creep of tungsten dispersion strengthened by ZrO₂

  Tungsten alloys containing approximately 0.75 and 2.3 vol pct Zr0₂ were prepared by powder metallurgical methods from blends of commercial tungsten powder and ZrW₂ powder. A heat treatment of the extruded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Creep of tungsten dispersion strengthened by ZrO₂ Author: Blickensderfer, Robert Tungsten alloys containing approximately 0.75 and 2.3 vol pct Zr0₂ were prepared by powder metallurgical methods from blends of commercial tungsten powder and ZrW₂ powder. A heat treatment of the extruded rods at 1800°C was found to produce a stable structure with a dispersion of Zr0₂ particles in the tungsten matrix. The mean particle size was about 0.2 μm, the mean particle spacing about 2 pm, and the mean tungsten grain size about 7 μm. There was essentially no difference in microstructure between the two alloys except the 2.3 vol pct Zr0₂ alloy contained more of the coarse Zr0₂ stringers. The tensile strength of the alloys ranged fram 45 ksi at 1500°C to 25 ksi at 2000°C. Stress rupture lives were determined at 1375°C and 1740°C over a stress range of 10 to 60 ksi.Creep measurements were made over the temperature range of 1465° to 1924°C and over a stress range of 3.5 to 20 ksi. The activation energy for creep was found to be a constant 104,200 ± 3,200 cal per g mole °K over the entire range of stress and over the temperature range of 1500° to 1800°C. The activation volume was calculated as 1.3 x 10⁻²¹ cm³. The creep rate was found to vary linearly with stress in the low stress region (σ < 12 ksi), and to vary as stress to the power of 4.6 in the high stress region (σ > 14 ksi), The creep behavior of these tungsten alloys fits the functional relationships of stress and temperature given by the Ansell-Weertman model for dispersion strengthened alloys at both low and high stresses. However, the values of creep rate calculated from the model are about 10³ times greater than the experimental values. The Nabarro-Herring creep model fits the creep behavior of the tungsten alloys at low stresses both with respect to the functional dependence and the values of creep rate. A modification of the Ansell-Weertman model in the high stress region is made in which the area swept out by a dislocation corresponding to a unit of climb is taken as of the order of λ² where λ is the planar interparticle spacing. The density of active Frank -Read sources is taken as 10⁹ per cm³. This modified Ansell-Weertman model is shown to satisfy the stress and temperature relationships for creep of the tungsten alloys and to give values of creep rate which agree very well with experimental results. The modified model is also shown to provide the correction of 10⁴ needed to satisfy earlier experimental results on dispersion strengthened aluminum. Title: Creep of tungsten dispersion strengthened by ZrO₂ Author: Blickensderfer, Robert Tungsten alloys containing approximately 0.75 and 2.3 vol pct Zr0₂ were prepared by powder metallurgical methods from blends of commercial tungsten powder and ZrW₂ powder. A heat treatment of the extruded rods at 1800°C was found to produce a stable structure with a dispersion of Zr0₂ particles in the tungsten matrix. The mean particle size was about 0.2 μm, the mean particle spacing about 2 pm, and the mean tungsten grain size about 7 μm. There was essentially no difference in microstructure between the two alloys except the 2.3 vol pct Zr0₂ alloy contained more of the coarse Zr0₂ stringers. The tensile strength of the alloys ranged fram 45 ksi at 1500°C to 25 ksi at 2000°C. Stress rupture lives were determined at 1375°C and 1740°C over a stress range of 10 to 60 ksi.Creep measurements were made over the temperature range of 1465° to 1924°C and over a stress range of 3.5 to 20 ksi. The activation energy for creep was found to be a constant 104,200 ± 3,200 cal per g mole °K over the entire range of stress and over the temperature range of 1500° to 1800°C. The activation volume was calculated as 1.3 x 10⁻²¹ cm³. The creep rate was found to vary linearly with stress in the low stress region (σ < 12 ksi), and to vary as stress to the power of 4.6 in the high stress region (σ > 14 ksi), The creep behavior of these tungsten alloys fits the functional relationships of stress and temperature given by the Ansell-Weertman model for dispersion strengthened alloys at both low and high stresses. However, the values of creep rate calculated from the model are about 10³ times greater than the experimental values. The Nabarro-Herring creep model fits the creep behavior of the tungsten alloys at low stresses both with respect to the functional dependence and the values of creep rate. A modification of the Ansell-Weertman model in the high stress region is made in which the area swept out by a dislocation corresponding to a unit of climb is taken as of the order of λ² where λ is the planar interparticle spacing. The density of active Frank -Read sources is taken as 10⁹ per cm³. This modified Ansell-Weertman model is shown to satisfy the stress and temperature relationships for creep of the tungsten alloys and to give values of creep rate which agree very well with experimental results. The modified model is also shown to provide the correction of 10⁴ needed to satisfy earlier experimental results on dispersion strengthened aluminum. Close

• 713. [Article] Relationship between pore size, particle size, aggregate size and water characteristics

  Soil pore size distribution and water characteristics are important for water storage, water movement, and soil-plant interaction studies. Laboratory determinations of water characteristics and pore size ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationship between pore size, particle size, aggregate size and water characteristics Author: Wu, Laosheng Soil pore size distribution and water characteristics are important for water storage, water movement, and soil-plant interaction studies. Laboratory determinations of water characteristics and pore size distribution are time consuming and costly. Investigators have proposed many models to predict them from routinely available data. Most of the models are related to soil particle size distribution. However, they do not fit experiments well under different conditions. The objectives of this study are to determine whether some relationship between pore size distribution and particle size distribution exists for soils with different soil properties and to evaluate the influence of aggregation on the soil pore size distribution and water characteristics. After proper adjustment, the particle size, aggregate size, pore size distribution curves and the water characteristic curves were drawn on the same graph for each soil. Comparisons between pore size and particle size, aggregate size, and water characteristics were then made. A linearly transformed logistic response function was used to evaluate the equation d[subscript pore]= R[subscript x]d[subscript x], where R [subscript x] is the ratio coefficient of pore diameter to the diameter of component x, x = particle, aggregate, pore from water characteristics. Soil aggregation was quantitively related to pore size in this study. The calculated R[subscript aggregate] values are from 0.06 to 0.18; R [subscript particle] values are 0.87 to 3.20; and R[subscript water] values are 0.87 to 1.75. The R [subscript aggregate] values are much more consistent than the R [subscript particle] . This suggests that the aggregate size may be a better index for predicting pore size distribution, especially for swelling and high clay content soils. For soils with non-swelling clay, low clay content, and low aggregation, the shape of the pore size distribution, particle size distribution, and aggregate size distribution curves and their density function curves are very similar. The predicted pore size distribution curves fit the experimental curves very well. For soils with high swelling, high clay content and good structure, pore size distribution and aggregate size distribution have a better relation than the pore size and particle size. Water characteristic curves and pore size distribution curves did not coincide because of the different behaviors of particles and aggregates in water and in mercury. A systematic model was suggested to predict pore size distribution from particle size or aggregate size. This model divides the pore size distribution curve into six regions. After a computer program is completed, this model will be able to calculate the packing density and pore size distribution. The input variables are bulk density, particle density, and particle or aggregate size distribution data. Title: Relationship between pore size, particle size, aggregate size and water characteristics Author: Wu, Laosheng Soil pore size distribution and water characteristics are important for water storage, water movement, and soil-plant interaction studies. Laboratory determinations of water characteristics and pore size distribution are time consuming and costly. Investigators have proposed many models to predict them from routinely available data. Most of the models are related to soil particle size distribution. However, they do not fit experiments well under different conditions. The objectives of this study are to determine whether some relationship between pore size distribution and particle size distribution exists for soils with different soil properties and to evaluate the influence of aggregation on the soil pore size distribution and water characteristics. After proper adjustment, the particle size, aggregate size, pore size distribution curves and the water characteristic curves were drawn on the same graph for each soil. Comparisons between pore size and particle size, aggregate size, and water characteristics were then made. A linearly transformed logistic response function was used to evaluate the equation d[subscript pore]= R[subscript x]d[subscript x], where R [subscript x] is the ratio coefficient of pore diameter to the diameter of component x, x = particle, aggregate, pore from water characteristics. Soil aggregation was quantitively related to pore size in this study. The calculated R[subscript aggregate] values are from 0.06 to 0.18; R [subscript particle] values are 0.87 to 3.20; and R[subscript water] values are 0.87 to 1.75. The R [subscript aggregate] values are much more consistent than the R [subscript particle] . This suggests that the aggregate size may be a better index for predicting pore size distribution, especially for swelling and high clay content soils. For soils with non-swelling clay, low clay content, and low aggregation, the shape of the pore size distribution, particle size distribution, and aggregate size distribution curves and their density function curves are very similar. The predicted pore size distribution curves fit the experimental curves very well. For soils with high swelling, high clay content and good structure, pore size distribution and aggregate size distribution have a better relation than the pore size and particle size. Water characteristic curves and pore size distribution curves did not coincide because of the different behaviors of particles and aggregates in water and in mercury. A systematic model was suggested to predict pore size distribution from particle size or aggregate size. This model divides the pore size distribution curve into six regions. After a computer program is completed, this model will be able to calculate the packing density and pore size distribution. The input variables are bulk density, particle density, and particle or aggregate size distribution data. Close

• 714. [Article] Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises

  A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises Author: Sisavic, Florian Michael Year: 1993 A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience (i.e., job attribute preferences), rather than assume they know. This is particularly important to Polish high technology companies that are in transition to a free-market economy and to Polish workers who must be appropriately motivated to compete globally. This study attempts to better understand the job attribute preferences of Polish managers and workers, the potential gaps between Polish managers' perception of their workers' preferences (system), and how these preferences are affected by the worker’s personal economic situation (sub system) and by business organization type (supra system). Managers and workers from five Polish high technology enterprises were surveyed on-site regarding their job attribute preferences. The results compared to a similar survey done with six American high technology firms(Eder 1988). Consistent with Maslow’s prepotentcy theory, workers who tended to be optimistic about their personal economic situation rated all five extrinsic job attributes higher and four of the five intrinsics lower than those workers who tended to be pessimistic. Polish workers at firms that operated under central planning had only a few differences in their job attribute preferences indicating a strong supra-system or organizational effect on individuals in the firm. Contrary to what was expected, the Polish managers and workers rated a number of intrinsic attributes higher than their American counterparts suggesting a pent up need for intrinsic-type motivational policies. Polish managers appeared to be closer and more in touch with their workers than their American counterparts. American managers clearly underestimated the importance of intrinsic job attributes and overestimated the importance of the extrinsics, while Polish managers accurately predicted most of the workers’ job attribute preferences. The results also raised questions regarding the stability of job attributes and the concept of clusters of extrinsic and intrinsic groups of job attributes. Title: Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises Author: Sisavic, Florian Michael Year: 1993 A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience (i.e., job attribute preferences), rather than assume they know. This is particularly important to Polish high technology companies that are in transition to a free-market economy and to Polish workers who must be appropriately motivated to compete globally. This study attempts to better understand the job attribute preferences of Polish managers and workers, the potential gaps between Polish managers' perception of their workers' preferences (system), and how these preferences are affected by the worker’s personal economic situation (sub system) and by business organization type (supra system). Managers and workers from five Polish high technology enterprises were surveyed on-site regarding their job attribute preferences. The results compared to a similar survey done with six American high technology firms(Eder 1988). Consistent with Maslow’s prepotentcy theory, workers who tended to be optimistic about their personal economic situation rated all five extrinsic job attributes higher and four of the five intrinsics lower than those workers who tended to be pessimistic. Polish workers at firms that operated under central planning had only a few differences in their job attribute preferences indicating a strong supra-system or organizational effect on individuals in the firm. Contrary to what was expected, the Polish managers and workers rated a number of intrinsic attributes higher than their American counterparts suggesting a pent up need for intrinsic-type motivational policies. Polish managers appeared to be closer and more in touch with their workers than their American counterparts. American managers clearly underestimated the importance of intrinsic job attributes and overestimated the importance of the extrinsics, while Polish managers accurately predicted most of the workers’ job attribute preferences. The results also raised questions regarding the stability of job attributes and the concept of clusters of extrinsic and intrinsic groups of job attributes. Close

• 715. [Article] NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan

  Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan Author: Viratos, Brea, Binus, Joshua, Dabab, Maoloud, Beltaif, Nader, Laraichi, Oussama, Hanayneh, Shihab Year: 2017 Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are increasingly purchasing smart thermostats; subsequently, market forecasts of consumer demand project a growth market.2 ● The smart thermostat market is a sub-market to a much larger smart home market, with billions of growth potential to Google/Nest in the coming years. Sales of smart thermostats offer a high-value opportunity to establish a beachhead in one of the most promising electronic device-related markets in the coming decades--possibly the most promising ● The biggest barrier capable of being addressed, directly, by Nest is the high purchase price ($250). 2017 U.S. Target Market ● Mid- and high-level income homeowners (with broadband internet access) ● Do-it-yourself (DIY) problem solvers 2017 Sales & Revenue Forecasts ● Total Achievable Market = $1.5B (6M units) ● Serviceable Available Market ○ Low Estimate = $480M total revenue (1.92M units) ■ Assumes 35 percent market share ○ High Estimate = $600M total revenue (2.4M units) ■ Assumes 40 percent market share 2017 Goals and Objectives ● Goals: Increase sales/profit and jump the chasm ● Objectives ○ Increase customer retention by providing high-quality customer services, solving issues quickly and effectively ○ Expand sales to existing customers who have a prior generation Nest thermostat. ○ Leverage utility relationships/programs to lower prices and gain access to midincome market. ○ Expand footprint in retail markets (do-it-yourselfers, home builders, service professionals). Title: NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan Author: Viratos, Brea, Binus, Joshua, Dabab, Maoloud, Beltaif, Nader, Laraichi, Oussama, Hanayneh, Shihab Year: 2017 Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are increasingly purchasing smart thermostats; subsequently, market forecasts of consumer demand project a growth market.2 ● The smart thermostat market is a sub-market to a much larger smart home market, with billions of growth potential to Google/Nest in the coming years. Sales of smart thermostats offer a high-value opportunity to establish a beachhead in one of the most promising electronic device-related markets in the coming decades--possibly the most promising ● The biggest barrier capable of being addressed, directly, by Nest is the high purchase price ($250). 2017 U.S. Target Market ● Mid- and high-level income homeowners (with broadband internet access) ● Do-it-yourself (DIY) problem solvers 2017 Sales & Revenue Forecasts ● Total Achievable Market = $1.5B (6M units) ● Serviceable Available Market ○ Low Estimate = $480M total revenue (1.92M units) ■ Assumes 35 percent market share ○ High Estimate = $600M total revenue (2.4M units) ■ Assumes 40 percent market share 2017 Goals and Objectives ● Goals: Increase sales/profit and jump the chasm ● Objectives ○ Increase customer retention by providing high-quality customer services, solving issues quickly and effectively ○ Expand sales to existing customers who have a prior generation Nest thermostat. ○ Leverage utility relationships/programs to lower prices and gain access to midincome market. ○ Expand footprint in retail markets (do-it-yourselfers, home builders, service professionals). Close

• 716. [Article] The self-efficacy of Irish Guidance Counsellors of Identifying and Assessing Students At Risk for Suicide

  Suicide is the primary cause of death of adolescents in Ireland. While much attention has been given this phenomenon, no research has specifically examined the role of guidance counsellors in secondary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The self-efficacy of Irish Guidance Counsellors of Identifying and Assessing Students At Risk for Suicide Author: Boylan, Mary Suicide is the primary cause of death of adolescents in Ireland. While much attention has been given this phenomenon, no research has specifically examined the role of guidance counsellors in secondary schools in Ireland in addressing this phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to examine the self-efficacy of guidance counsellors in Ireland for identifying and assessing students at risk for suicide, including four hypothesized predictors for such self-efficacy. These predictors were gender, institution of training, membership of the Irish Institute of Guidance and Counselling, and exposure to a suicidal student. The participants were 405 members of the Irish Institute of Guidance Counselling, a professional organization whose membership was inclusive of all guidance counsellors in secondary schools in Ireland. The instrument utilized was entitled Adolescent Suicide, and included fourteen questions measuring the three components of self-efficacy (i.e., efficacy expectations, outcome expectations and outcome values). The results were analyzed using measures of central tendency and logistic regression. Analyses using measures of central tendency indicated that Irish guidance counsellors as a whole had high global self-efficacy when it comes to intervening with suicide. Logistic regression analyses supported two of the four hypothesized predictors. In terms of the gender predictor variable, males were almost three times more likely than females to have high suicide intervention self-efficacy. In terms of the exposure to suicidal ideation variable, Irish guidance counsellors who were exposed to suicide in their work were more than three times more likely to have high suicide intervention self-efficacy than those guidance counsellors who had no such exposure. While the global suicide intervention self-efficacy score was high for the majority of Irish guidance counsellors, individual item level analyses of the Adolescent Suicide instrument revealed areas of low suicide intervention self-efficacy in the efficacy expectation and outcome expectation components. In particular, Irish guidance counsellors questioned their ability to recognize a student at risk for suicide. The limitations of the present study were presented. Also, the research and professional practice implications of the findings of this study were discussed. Title: The self-efficacy of Irish Guidance Counsellors of Identifying and Assessing Students At Risk for Suicide Author: Boylan, Mary Suicide is the primary cause of death of adolescents in Ireland. While much attention has been given this phenomenon, no research has specifically examined the role of guidance counsellors in secondary schools in Ireland in addressing this phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to examine the self-efficacy of guidance counsellors in Ireland for identifying and assessing students at risk for suicide, including four hypothesized predictors for such self-efficacy. These predictors were gender, institution of training, membership of the Irish Institute of Guidance and Counselling, and exposure to a suicidal student. The participants were 405 members of the Irish Institute of Guidance Counselling, a professional organization whose membership was inclusive of all guidance counsellors in secondary schools in Ireland. The instrument utilized was entitled Adolescent Suicide, and included fourteen questions measuring the three components of self-efficacy (i.e., efficacy expectations, outcome expectations and outcome values). The results were analyzed using measures of central tendency and logistic regression. Analyses using measures of central tendency indicated that Irish guidance counsellors as a whole had high global self-efficacy when it comes to intervening with suicide. Logistic regression analyses supported two of the four hypothesized predictors. In terms of the gender predictor variable, males were almost three times more likely than females to have high suicide intervention self-efficacy. In terms of the exposure to suicidal ideation variable, Irish guidance counsellors who were exposed to suicide in their work were more than three times more likely to have high suicide intervention self-efficacy than those guidance counsellors who had no such exposure. While the global suicide intervention self-efficacy score was high for the majority of Irish guidance counsellors, individual item level analyses of the Adolescent Suicide instrument revealed areas of low suicide intervention self-efficacy in the efficacy expectation and outcome expectation components. In particular, Irish guidance counsellors questioned their ability to recognize a student at risk for suicide. The limitations of the present study were presented. Also, the research and professional practice implications of the findings of this study were discussed. Close

• 717. [Article] Distribution patterns of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in relation to environment

  Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout 1964. Observations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution patterns of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in relation to environment Author: Miller, Frank L. Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout 1964. Observations were made from three huts located outside of the enclosure on surrounding prominences. During this period, 1,410 hours of observational time yielded 6,746 sightings of deer. The distribution and activities of these deer were related to forage availability, plant communities, and climatic conditions. Extremes and sharp changes in temperature influenced deer activity. Deer became inactive when temperatures exceeded 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Both low temperature and sudden drops in temperature resulted in greatly reduced activity. Deer showed seasonal preferences for huckleberry-salal, big-leafed maple, and alder plant communities, while use of the vine maple community remained high throughout the year. The thimbleberry and bracken fern communities received relatively low use by deer. Plotted ratios of these preferences indicate winter survival value for deer in the juxtaposition of certain plant communities and a nonrandom distribution of deer. Seasonal distribution of deer was also influenced by elevation Deer sighted above 1,500 feet msl made up 84.7 percent of the total annual sightings. Seasonal peaks of daily activity were recorded as follows: midday peaks during January and February followed by early morning peaks during March, April, and May; slight late morning peaks and high twilight peaks in June through August; high early morning peaks and slighter twilight peaks in September; peaks in early morning and at midday with some revival at twilight in October; high activity throughout the day with a peak at midday in November; and high activity from mid-morning to twilight during December. Home range size was influenced by sex, age, available forage, water, cover, and prevailing weather. The largest annual home range was 312 horizontal acres and the smallest 86 horizontal acres. Size of monthly home ranges varied from 12.8 to 39.6 percent of the annual home range sizes. There was considerable variability in the distribution of deer among major land units. Title: Distribution patterns of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in relation to environment Author: Miller, Frank L. Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout 1964. Observations were made from three huts located outside of the enclosure on surrounding prominences. During this period, 1,410 hours of observational time yielded 6,746 sightings of deer. The distribution and activities of these deer were related to forage availability, plant communities, and climatic conditions. Extremes and sharp changes in temperature influenced deer activity. Deer became inactive when temperatures exceeded 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Both low temperature and sudden drops in temperature resulted in greatly reduced activity. Deer showed seasonal preferences for huckleberry-salal, big-leafed maple, and alder plant communities, while use of the vine maple community remained high throughout the year. The thimbleberry and bracken fern communities received relatively low use by deer. Plotted ratios of these preferences indicate winter survival value for deer in the juxtaposition of certain plant communities and a nonrandom distribution of deer. Seasonal distribution of deer was also influenced by elevation Deer sighted above 1,500 feet msl made up 84.7 percent of the total annual sightings. Seasonal peaks of daily activity were recorded as follows: midday peaks during January and February followed by early morning peaks during March, April, and May; slight late morning peaks and high twilight peaks in June through August; high early morning peaks and slighter twilight peaks in September; peaks in early morning and at midday with some revival at twilight in October; high activity throughout the day with a peak at midday in November; and high activity from mid-morning to twilight during December. Home range size was influenced by sex, age, available forage, water, cover, and prevailing weather. The largest annual home range was 312 horizontal acres and the smallest 86 horizontal acres. Size of monthly home ranges varied from 12.8 to 39.6 percent of the annual home range sizes. There was considerable variability in the distribution of deer among major land units. Close

• 718. [Article] Epidemiological study of low back pain : association with socio-demographic and occupational factors

  Low back pain (LBP) is a major-health and economic problem with uncertain etiology, and no known effective means of prevention and control. Data for this investigation were obtained from the second National Health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Epidemiological study of low back pain : association with socio-demographic and occupational factors Author: Adera, Tilahun Low back pain (LBP) is a major-health and economic problem with uncertain etiology, and no known effective means of prevention and control. Data for this investigation were obtained from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The NHANES II utilized a stratified, multistage, probability cluster sample of households to assess the health and nutritional status of 27,803 persons. The sample population for this study included 10,450 adults aged 25 years or older. The overall lifetime prevalence of LBP lasting at least two weeks was 13.8%. This represented a weighted value, adjusted for the probability of selection, non-response, age, sex, and race composition of the United States population. A major purpose of this study was to characterize population groups at high probability of reporting LBP. Using multivariate methods, the characteristics of three population groups at high probability of reporting low back pain were identified. The first group consisted of a sample of the general population, and it was found that the probability of reporting low back pain was significantly higher for older individuals who were unemployed, had low income, smoked cigarettes, and lived outside of a standard metropolitan statistical area. In order to determine the effect of reproductive factors on the prevalence of low back pain, analysis of the second group was restricted to women. Results indicated that women at high probability of reporting LBP had an early onset of menopause, less than high school education, and lived outside of a standard metropolitan statistical area. The last group consisted of persons of both genders in the work-force; and it was found that older age, low income, and working conditions involving vibration and noise were important predictors of LBP. Such characterization of population groups at high probability of reporting LBP should enable health educators and health promotion specialists to develop effective educational strategies with the goal of reducing the occurrence and severity of LBP. Title: Epidemiological study of low back pain : association with socio-demographic and occupational factors Author: Adera, Tilahun Low back pain (LBP) is a major-health and economic problem with uncertain etiology, and no known effective means of prevention and control. Data for this investigation were obtained from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The NHANES II utilized a stratified, multistage, probability cluster sample of households to assess the health and nutritional status of 27,803 persons. The sample population for this study included 10,450 adults aged 25 years or older. The overall lifetime prevalence of LBP lasting at least two weeks was 13.8%. This represented a weighted value, adjusted for the probability of selection, non-response, age, sex, and race composition of the United States population. A major purpose of this study was to characterize population groups at high probability of reporting LBP. Using multivariate methods, the characteristics of three population groups at high probability of reporting low back pain were identified. The first group consisted of a sample of the general population, and it was found that the probability of reporting low back pain was significantly higher for older individuals who were unemployed, had low income, smoked cigarettes, and lived outside of a standard metropolitan statistical area. In order to determine the effect of reproductive factors on the prevalence of low back pain, analysis of the second group was restricted to women. Results indicated that women at high probability of reporting LBP had an early onset of menopause, less than high school education, and lived outside of a standard metropolitan statistical area. The last group consisted of persons of both genders in the work-force; and it was found that older age, low income, and working conditions involving vibration and noise were important predictors of LBP. Such characterization of population groups at high probability of reporting LBP should enable health educators and health promotion specialists to develop effective educational strategies with the goal of reducing the occurrence and severity of LBP. Close

• 719. [Article] The use of a high-Rydberg lithium beam and a fine mesh target to probe atom-surface interactions

  A new experimental technique for the study of atom-surface interactions is obtained by passing an atomic beam containing high-Rydberg states through a fine mesh target. The technique is demonstrated to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of a high-Rydberg lithium beam and a fine mesh target to probe atom-surface interactions Author: Taylor, Charles Robert, 1956- A new experimental technique for the study of atom-surface interactions is obtained by passing an atomic beam containing high-Rydberg states through a fine mesh target. The technique is demonstrated to be a sensitive probe of the electric fields of adsorbed dipole layers in transmission experiments in which a time-dependent beam reduction is attributable to field-ionization of the high-Rydberg atoms. A thermal-energy Li beam, excited by electron impact to states with principal quantum numbers near n = 35, is passed through a 2.1-μm-thick gold mesh with 6.45-μm square holes. The fraction of excited atoms surviving passage through the target shows a decrease to a minimum as a function of time, followed by a rise to a final constant value. The rate of these changes is unaffected by changes in the Li flux, is decreased by an increase of the mesh temperature, and seems to be increased with a higher residual gas pressure. A model of the time dependence of the transmission based on field-ionization of the high-Rydberg atoms in the presence of dipole layers of adsorbed H₂O and LiOH (formed in the reaction of H₂O and Li) agrees with the experimental observations. A calculation of the rate of diffusion of Li into Au shows that diffusion proceeds too rapidly to allow observation of effects due to adsorbed Li. The field-ionization of a beam of high-Rydberg atoms is shown to be a more sensitive probe of the field of a surface-dipole layer than the deflection of an ion beam in the same experimental geometry. Surface-dipole-moment density measurements with a sensitivity of 6 x 10⁻⁵ ea₀ (1.5 x 10⁻⁴ debye) per adsorption site are within reach by extending the experiments to principal quantum number n = 80. The new technique, with its insensitivity to surface roughness, promises to advance understanding of surface ionization and van der Uaals forces as well as provide measurements of adsorption rates, surface densities, and dipole moments at sub-monolayer coverages. Title: The use of a high-Rydberg lithium beam and a fine mesh target to probe atom-surface interactions Author: Taylor, Charles Robert, 1956- A new experimental technique for the study of atom-surface interactions is obtained by passing an atomic beam containing high-Rydberg states through a fine mesh target. The technique is demonstrated to be a sensitive probe of the electric fields of adsorbed dipole layers in transmission experiments in which a time-dependent beam reduction is attributable to field-ionization of the high-Rydberg atoms. A thermal-energy Li beam, excited by electron impact to states with principal quantum numbers near n = 35, is passed through a 2.1-μm-thick gold mesh with 6.45-μm square holes. The fraction of excited atoms surviving passage through the target shows a decrease to a minimum as a function of time, followed by a rise to a final constant value. The rate of these changes is unaffected by changes in the Li flux, is decreased by an increase of the mesh temperature, and seems to be increased with a higher residual gas pressure. A model of the time dependence of the transmission based on field-ionization of the high-Rydberg atoms in the presence of dipole layers of adsorbed H₂O and LiOH (formed in the reaction of H₂O and Li) agrees with the experimental observations. A calculation of the rate of diffusion of Li into Au shows that diffusion proceeds too rapidly to allow observation of effects due to adsorbed Li. The field-ionization of a beam of high-Rydberg atoms is shown to be a more sensitive probe of the field of a surface-dipole layer than the deflection of an ion beam in the same experimental geometry. Surface-dipole-moment density measurements with a sensitivity of 6 x 10⁻⁵ ea₀ (1.5 x 10⁻⁴ debye) per adsorption site are within reach by extending the experiments to principal quantum number n = 80. The new technique, with its insensitivity to surface roughness, promises to advance understanding of surface ionization and van der Uaals forces as well as provide measurements of adsorption rates, surface densities, and dipole moments at sub-monolayer coverages. Close

• 720. [Image] Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report

  	"August 5, 1999"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 1999, 2005 "August 5, 1999" Title: Evaluation of interim instream flow needs in the Klamath River : Phase I, final report Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 1999, 2005 "August 5, 1999" Close