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• 61. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2000 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2000. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2000 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2000. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate salmon culture performance and achievement of management objectives for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality and smolt-to-adult survival rate. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 1998 and 1999 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning and adult characteristics for the 2000 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2000 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2000 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2000. The main objective of this report is to document and evaluate salmon culture performance and achievement of management objectives for spring Chinook salmon hatchery programs in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality and smolt-to-adult survival rate. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 1998 and 1999 cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon, the collection, spawning and adult characteristics for the 2000 return of adult Chinook salmon, and the collection of eggs for the 2000 cohort. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 62. [Article] Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen

  The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen Author: Onuorah, Michael Chukwuemeka The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel derived demand characteristics for red and pink salmon facing the fishermen in both countries. Secondary sources were used to satisfy the first objective. With respect to the second objective, the least squares method was employed in the estimation of the coeffients of the various linear equations. With these coefficients from the demand equations, price flexibilities were computed at the mean values of the ex-vessel price and quantity (landings) figures (1956 to 1970 (U.S.) and 1947 to 1970 (Canada)). The statistical results indicated that prices are rather inflexible relative to landings. The price flexibility in the U.S. and Canada is almost the same. In each case, a ten percent increase in landings would tend to depress the ex-vessel prices of red and pink salmon by a smaller percentage. The impact of institutional change on the demand for canned salmon was investigated. Britain in 1958 relaxed its restrictive policy on imports of salmon. It was discovered that such an institutional change had a significant effect on the demand analysis of red salmon in the U.S. and Canada; however, the effect on the demand analysis of pink salmon in both countries was inconclusive. Title: Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen Author: Onuorah, Michael Chukwuemeka The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel derived demand characteristics for red and pink salmon facing the fishermen in both countries. Secondary sources were used to satisfy the first objective. With respect to the second objective, the least squares method was employed in the estimation of the coeffients of the various linear equations. With these coefficients from the demand equations, price flexibilities were computed at the mean values of the ex-vessel price and quantity (landings) figures (1956 to 1970 (U.S.) and 1947 to 1970 (Canada)). The statistical results indicated that prices are rather inflexible relative to landings. The price flexibility in the U.S. and Canada is almost the same. In each case, a ten percent increase in landings would tend to depress the ex-vessel prices of red and pink salmon by a smaller percentage. The impact of institutional change on the demand for canned salmon was investigated. Britain in 1958 relaxed its restrictive policy on imports of salmon. It was discovered that such an institutional change had a significant effect on the demand analysis of red salmon in the U.S. and Canada; however, the effect on the demand analysis of pink salmon in both countries was inconclusive. Close

• 63. [Article] Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam

  The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Close

• 64. [Article] The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand

  The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Close

• 65. [Article] Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France

  In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Close

• 66. [Article] The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries

  The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Close

• 67. [Article] Recovery of Wild Coho Salmon In Salmon River Basin, 2008-2010 Report Number: OPSW-ODFW-2011-10

  Abstract -- Hatcheries have been a centerpiece of salmon management in the Pacific Northwest for more than a century but recent evidence of adverse interactions between hatchery and naturally-produced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery of Wild Coho Salmon In Salmon River Basin, 2008-2010 Report Number: OPSW-ODFW-2011-10 Abstract -- Hatcheries have been a centerpiece of salmon management in the Pacific Northwest for more than a century but recent evidence of adverse interactions between hatchery and naturally-produced salmon have resulted in substantial changes in many hatchery programs. In 2007 the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife terminated a 30-year artificial propagation program for coho salmon in the Salmon River basin after a status assessment concluded that wild population viability was threatened by hatchery effects on salmon productivity (Chilcote et al. 2005). Hatchery-reared coho comprised 50-100% of the naturally spawning population in recent years. Low productivity was reflected in a low spawner to recruit ratio, and life-stage specific survival was lower than that of nearby populations. The temporal distribution of adult spawning in the basin was truncated and peaked 1.5 months earlier relative to the pre-hatchery period and adjacent coastal populations. The cessation of hatchery releases into Salmon River not only removed the primary factor believed to limit productivity of the local population, it also constituted a rare management experiment to test whether a naturally-spawning population can recover from a prolonged period of low abundance after interactions with hatchery-produced coho salmon are eliminated. This report summarizes the results of coho population studies at Salmon River for the first three years after the hatchery program was discontinued. The study in Salmon River is timely because ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish have been implicated in the reduced survival and decreased productivity of wild coho and other salmonid populations (Nickelson 2003, Buhle et al. 2009, Chilcote et al. 2011). Recent studies involving a diversity of salmonid species and watersheds have shown a negative relationship between hatchery spawner abundance and wild population productivity regardless of the duration of hatchery influence (Chilcote et al. 2011). Yet neither the mechanisms of these productivity declines nor their potential reversibility have been investigated. Recent management changes at Salmon River provide an opportunity to experimentally evaluate coho salmon survival and productivity following the elimination of a decades-long hatchery program. The results will provide new insights into the reversibility of hatchery effects and the rate, mechanisms, and trajectory of response by a naturally spawning coho salmon population. Hatchery programs have been shown to change the timing and distribution of naturally spawning adults, but ecological and genetic influences on the spatial structure and life history diversity of juvenile populations are poorly understood. Conventional understanding of the life history of juvenile coho has presumed a relatively fixed pattern of rearing and migration. However, recent studies have found much greater variation in juvenile life history and habitat-use patterns than previously expected (Miller and Sadro 2003, Koski 2009), including evidence that estuaries may play a prominent role in the life histories of some coho salmon populations. A recent study in the Salmon River basin found considerable diversity in the life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon, including extended rearing by fry and other subyearling migrants within the complex network of natural and restored estuarine wetlands (Bottom et al. 2005). Unfortunately, interpretation of juvenile life history variations at Salmon River was confounded by the Chinook hatchery program, which has concentrated spawning activity in the lower river near the hatchery and may directly influence juvenile migration and rearing patterns. Discontinuation of the coho hatchery program at Salmon River provides an opportunity to quantify changes in juvenile life history following the elimination of all hatchery-fish interactions with the naturally spawning population. Such responses may provide important insights into the mechanisms of hatchery influence on wild salmon productivity and population resilience. Our research integrates adult and juvenile life stages, examines linkages to physical habitat conditions in fresh water and the estuary, and describes variability between juvenile performance and adult returns. It also monitors the coho salmon population across habitat types and life history stages to identify population responses at a landscape scale. We will determine productivity and survival at each salmon life stage and monitor the response of the adult population following the cessation of the coho salmon hatchery program. From these indicators, we will determine the potential resiliency of the coho salmon population, and evaluate the biological benefits or tradeoffs of returning the ecosystem to natural salmon production. Our study design encompasses four population phases: (1) pre-hatchery conditions (Mullen 1979), (2) dominance by hatchery-reared spawners (2008), (3) first generation naturally produced juveniles (2009-2011), and (4) second generation naturally produced juveniles (starting in 2012). This research will validate assumptions about factors limiting coho recovery and determine whether recovery actions have been effective. Here, we report on findings from 2008-2010 to address four principal objectives: 1. Quantify life stage specific survival and recruits per spawner ratio of the coho salmon population before and after hatchery coho salmon are removed from Salmon River. 2. Assess whether the Salmon River coho population is limited by capacity and complexity of stream habitat. 3. Describe the diversity of juvenile and adult life histories of coho salmon in the Salmon River basin, and estimate the relative contributions of various juvenile life histories to adult returns. 4. Determine seasonal use of the Salmon River estuary and its tidally-inundated wetlands by juvenile coho salmon. The field sampling that supported the study on coho salmon also captured Chinook salmon and steelhead and cutthroat trout during routine sampling in the watershed and estuary. This report emphasizes coho salmon results, but also summarizes catch, distribution, and migration data for other salmonids to compare densities and abundances in freshwater and the estuary. Additional results for Chinook, steelhead, and cutthroat are presented in Appendix A. See Stein et al. (2011) for more detailed information on life history diversity, migration patterns, habitat use, and abundance of cutthroat trout. Title: Recovery of Wild Coho Salmon In Salmon River Basin, 2008-2010 Report Number: OPSW-ODFW-2011-10 Abstract -- Hatcheries have been a centerpiece of salmon management in the Pacific Northwest for more than a century but recent evidence of adverse interactions between hatchery and naturally-produced salmon have resulted in substantial changes in many hatchery programs. In 2007 the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife terminated a 30-year artificial propagation program for coho salmon in the Salmon River basin after a status assessment concluded that wild population viability was threatened by hatchery effects on salmon productivity (Chilcote et al. 2005). Hatchery-reared coho comprised 50-100% of the naturally spawning population in recent years. Low productivity was reflected in a low spawner to recruit ratio, and life-stage specific survival was lower than that of nearby populations. The temporal distribution of adult spawning in the basin was truncated and peaked 1.5 months earlier relative to the pre-hatchery period and adjacent coastal populations. The cessation of hatchery releases into Salmon River not only removed the primary factor believed to limit productivity of the local population, it also constituted a rare management experiment to test whether a naturally-spawning population can recover from a prolonged period of low abundance after interactions with hatchery-produced coho salmon are eliminated. This report summarizes the results of coho population studies at Salmon River for the first three years after the hatchery program was discontinued. The study in Salmon River is timely because ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish have been implicated in the reduced survival and decreased productivity of wild coho and other salmonid populations (Nickelson 2003, Buhle et al. 2009, Chilcote et al. 2011). Recent studies involving a diversity of salmonid species and watersheds have shown a negative relationship between hatchery spawner abundance and wild population productivity regardless of the duration of hatchery influence (Chilcote et al. 2011). Yet neither the mechanisms of these productivity declines nor their potential reversibility have been investigated. Recent management changes at Salmon River provide an opportunity to experimentally evaluate coho salmon survival and productivity following the elimination of a decades-long hatchery program. The results will provide new insights into the reversibility of hatchery effects and the rate, mechanisms, and trajectory of response by a naturally spawning coho salmon population. Hatchery programs have been shown to change the timing and distribution of naturally spawning adults, but ecological and genetic influences on the spatial structure and life history diversity of juvenile populations are poorly understood. Conventional understanding of the life history of juvenile coho has presumed a relatively fixed pattern of rearing and migration. However, recent studies have found much greater variation in juvenile life history and habitat-use patterns than previously expected (Miller and Sadro 2003, Koski 2009), including evidence that estuaries may play a prominent role in the life histories of some coho salmon populations. A recent study in the Salmon River basin found considerable diversity in the life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon, including extended rearing by fry and other subyearling migrants within the complex network of natural and restored estuarine wetlands (Bottom et al. 2005). Unfortunately, interpretation of juvenile life history variations at Salmon River was confounded by the Chinook hatchery program, which has concentrated spawning activity in the lower river near the hatchery and may directly influence juvenile migration and rearing patterns. Discontinuation of the coho hatchery program at Salmon River provides an opportunity to quantify changes in juvenile life history following the elimination of all hatchery-fish interactions with the naturally spawning population. Such responses may provide important insights into the mechanisms of hatchery influence on wild salmon productivity and population resilience. Our research integrates adult and juvenile life stages, examines linkages to physical habitat conditions in fresh water and the estuary, and describes variability between juvenile performance and adult returns. It also monitors the coho salmon population across habitat types and life history stages to identify population responses at a landscape scale. We will determine productivity and survival at each salmon life stage and monitor the response of the adult population following the cessation of the coho salmon hatchery program. From these indicators, we will determine the potential resiliency of the coho salmon population, and evaluate the biological benefits or tradeoffs of returning the ecosystem to natural salmon production. Our study design encompasses four population phases: (1) pre-hatchery conditions (Mullen 1979), (2) dominance by hatchery-reared spawners (2008), (3) first generation naturally produced juveniles (2009-2011), and (4) second generation naturally produced juveniles (starting in 2012). This research will validate assumptions about factors limiting coho recovery and determine whether recovery actions have been effective. Here, we report on findings from 2008-2010 to address four principal objectives: 1. Quantify life stage specific survival and recruits per spawner ratio of the coho salmon population before and after hatchery coho salmon are removed from Salmon River. 2. Assess whether the Salmon River coho population is limited by capacity and complexity of stream habitat. 3. Describe the diversity of juvenile and adult life histories of coho salmon in the Salmon River basin, and estimate the relative contributions of various juvenile life histories to adult returns. 4. Determine seasonal use of the Salmon River estuary and its tidally-inundated wetlands by juvenile coho salmon. The field sampling that supported the study on coho salmon also captured Chinook salmon and steelhead and cutthroat trout during routine sampling in the watershed and estuary. This report emphasizes coho salmon results, but also summarizes catch, distribution, and migration data for other salmonids to compare densities and abundances in freshwater and the estuary. Additional results for Chinook, steelhead, and cutthroat are presented in Appendix A. See Stein et al. (2011) for more detailed information on life history diversity, migration patterns, habitat use, and abundance of cutthroat trout. Close

• 68. [Article] An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

  Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Close

• 69. [Article] Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae)

  This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae) Author: Meyers, Theodore Richard This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 2O to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of the parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels 70 days post-exposure and also against the numbers (dosages) of parasites at 48 hrs post-infection. The 70-day exposure curves represented salmonid susceptibility more than the dosage curves. The 70-day interpolated LE₅₀ values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus rierka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000 respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) were the most susceptible species because mortalities were so high at the lowest exposure levels that LE₅₀'s could not be estimated. As shown by the high LE₅₀ value, coho salmon were the most resistant to infection. Additional evidence supporting the difference in susceptibility between coho and chinook salmon came from in vitro tests. Glochidial attachment on excised gills and their survival in hanging drops of fish mucus and plasma were less for coho salmon than chinook salmon. These results suggest the presence of some inhibiting factor in the mucus and blood of coho salmon. Histological sections of infected gill tissue from sublethally infected coho salmon showed that cellular migration of host tissue, which forms the cyst around the parasites, either did not occur or progressed inadequately such that many glochidia were forced to drop off the gills within 16 hrs post-infection. Of the few glochidia that were encysted, most of them were sloughed intact within their cysts by 2 days post-infection. The sloughing was due to a hyperplastic response of the gill epithelia and stroma to the attached parasites. Host epithelial and stromal cells migrated normally in chinook salmon forming well-structured, discrete cysts that were not sloughed. Hematological examinations were made on blood samples taken from control and sublethally-infectedcoho and chinook salmon at periodic intervals during the parasitic period. In comparison with control fish, the leukocyte numbers and the amount of hemoglobin from infected coho salmon increased significantly. The hematocrits from infected fish of both species were significantly higher than those from respective control fish, however the increase was much greater for chinook salmon. Increased erythrocyte numbers from infected chinook salmon were statistically significant when compared to those of control chinook salmon. The results from a limited number of acrylamide gel electrophoresis trials on blood plasma from infected and control fish indicated that the total plasma protein increased in coho salmon and decreased in chinook salmon after infection. The higher hemoglobin values, leukocyte numbers, and total plasma protein concentrations that occurred after infection suggest that coho salmon may have a greater compensatory or inflammatory response than chinook salmon to glochidial infection. These responses may also aid in resistance to secondary infection. Title: Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae) Author: Meyers, Theodore Richard This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 2O to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of the parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels 70 days post-exposure and also against the numbers (dosages) of parasites at 48 hrs post-infection. The 70-day exposure curves represented salmonid susceptibility more than the dosage curves. The 70-day interpolated LE₅₀ values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus rierka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000 respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) were the most susceptible species because mortalities were so high at the lowest exposure levels that LE₅₀'s could not be estimated. As shown by the high LE₅₀ value, coho salmon were the most resistant to infection. Additional evidence supporting the difference in susceptibility between coho and chinook salmon came from in vitro tests. Glochidial attachment on excised gills and their survival in hanging drops of fish mucus and plasma were less for coho salmon than chinook salmon. These results suggest the presence of some inhibiting factor in the mucus and blood of coho salmon. Histological sections of infected gill tissue from sublethally infected coho salmon showed that cellular migration of host tissue, which forms the cyst around the parasites, either did not occur or progressed inadequately such that many glochidia were forced to drop off the gills within 16 hrs post-infection. Of the few glochidia that were encysted, most of them were sloughed intact within their cysts by 2 days post-infection. The sloughing was due to a hyperplastic response of the gill epithelia and stroma to the attached parasites. Host epithelial and stromal cells migrated normally in chinook salmon forming well-structured, discrete cysts that were not sloughed. Hematological examinations were made on blood samples taken from control and sublethally-infectedcoho and chinook salmon at periodic intervals during the parasitic period. In comparison with control fish, the leukocyte numbers and the amount of hemoglobin from infected coho salmon increased significantly. The hematocrits from infected fish of both species were significantly higher than those from respective control fish, however the increase was much greater for chinook salmon. Increased erythrocyte numbers from infected chinook salmon were statistically significant when compared to those of control chinook salmon. The results from a limited number of acrylamide gel electrophoresis trials on blood plasma from infected and control fish indicated that the total plasma protein increased in coho salmon and decreased in chinook salmon after infection. The higher hemoglobin values, leukocyte numbers, and total plasma protein concentrations that occurred after infection suggest that coho salmon may have a greater compensatory or inflammatory response than chinook salmon to glochidial infection. These responses may also aid in resistance to secondary infection. Close

• 70. [Image] The Cycle

  	A black and white print of the process of a salmon's life cycle. To the left of the print is a man fishing for salmon, with what looks like a net. Below the man is a salmon egg enclosed in a black rectangle. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cycle Author: Cunningham, Dennis, 1949- A black and white print of the process of a salmon's life cycle. To the left of the print is a man fishing for salmon, with what looks like a net. Below the man is a salmon egg enclosed in a black rectangle. To the right of the egg is a salmon jumping upstream, and above that is an open-mouthed salmon's head.; 1987 Title: The Cycle Author: Cunningham, Dennis, 1949- A black and white print of the process of a salmon's life cycle. To the left of the print is a man fishing for salmon, with what looks like a net. Below the man is a salmon egg enclosed in a black rectangle. To the right of the egg is a salmon jumping upstream, and above that is an open-mouthed salmon's head.; 1987 Close