Search

Search Results

• 571. [Article] The determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and analysis with a portable clinical analyzer of serum and peritoneal fluid from horses suffering colic

  Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme present in intestinal mucosa, bile, bone and renal tubule cells. Bile acids have been shown to decrease ALP activity from bone and kidney but not those from intestinal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and analysis with a portable clinical analyzer of serum and peritoneal fluid from horses suffering colic Author: Saulez, Montague N. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme present in intestinal mucosa, bile, bone and renal tubule cells. Bile acids have been shown to decrease ALP activity from bone and kidney but not those from intestinal origin. This action can be mimicked in serum and peritoneal fluid samples by the use of an L-phenylalanine buffer which specifically measures intestinal ALP activity only; while the standard buffer measures total ALP activity. We sought to assess the diagnostic and prognostic relationship of intestinal and total ALP activity between serum and peritoneal fluid in 126 horses with acute colic. Blood and peritoneal fluid samples were analyzed for ALP activity using both the standard and L-phenylalanine based buffers. Neither total nor intestinal serum ALP activity was useful in classifying type or severity of intestinal damage. Total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity were lowest in horses suffering simple medical colic and non-strangulated surgical lesions, and highest in surgical cases with suspected ulceration, strangulation, peritonitis and intestinal rupture. High total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity was associated with greater intestinal damage, increased probability of surgical intervention and a worse prognosis while low total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity was unable to accurately differentiate between simple medical colics and surgical colics. The use of L-phenylalanine buffer in both serum and peritoneal fluid did not improve the sensitivity of the test. Based on these results, determination of total ALP activity in peritoneal fluid may be helpful in identifying ischemic or inflammatory bowel lesions in horses with acute colic. A portable clinical analyzer (PCA) was used for the determination of venous blood and peritoneal fluid pH value, glucose, lactate and electrolyte concentrations in a hospital setting. Blood and peritoneal fluid glucose, lactate, sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations, and pH value were determined using both a portable clinical analyzer with test cartridges and an in-house analyzer in 56 horses with acute abdominal disease. Results were compared by the Bland-Altman method of comparison and linear regression. The PCA yielded higher blood and peritoneal pH values, with greater variability in the alkaline range and lower pH values in the acidic range. The PCA glucose concentrations (<150 mg/dL) were significantly lower, and were higher in the high range (>150 mg/dL). Venous lactate concentration (<5 mmol/dL) arid peritoneal fluid lactate concentration (<2 mmol/dL) had the smallest variability. On average, the PCA underestimated peritoneal lactate and glucose concentration. Peritoneal fluid sodium and chloride concentration had higher bias and variability than venous sodium and chloride concentration. Venous and peritoneal fluid potassium concentration was closely clustered around the mean with a low bias and variability. Correlation coefficients were >0.80 for all values except venous and peritoneal sodium concentration; venous chloride concentration and venous pH value. The PCA may be suitable for point-of-care biochemical analysis of blood and peritoneal fluid for horses suffering colic and may provide further diagnostic and prognostic information. The PCA may be of help in diagnosing metabolic acidosis, uroperitoneum, septic and non-septic peritonitis and intestinal ischemia. This may be of benefit to ambulatory equine clinicians. Title: The determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and analysis with a portable clinical analyzer of serum and peritoneal fluid from horses suffering colic Author: Saulez, Montague N. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme present in intestinal mucosa, bile, bone and renal tubule cells. Bile acids have been shown to decrease ALP activity from bone and kidney but not those from intestinal origin. This action can be mimicked in serum and peritoneal fluid samples by the use of an L-phenylalanine buffer which specifically measures intestinal ALP activity only; while the standard buffer measures total ALP activity. We sought to assess the diagnostic and prognostic relationship of intestinal and total ALP activity between serum and peritoneal fluid in 126 horses with acute colic. Blood and peritoneal fluid samples were analyzed for ALP activity using both the standard and L-phenylalanine based buffers. Neither total nor intestinal serum ALP activity was useful in classifying type or severity of intestinal damage. Total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity were lowest in horses suffering simple medical colic and non-strangulated surgical lesions, and highest in surgical cases with suspected ulceration, strangulation, peritonitis and intestinal rupture. High total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity was associated with greater intestinal damage, increased probability of surgical intervention and a worse prognosis while low total and intestinal peritoneal fluid ALP activity was unable to accurately differentiate between simple medical colics and surgical colics. The use of L-phenylalanine buffer in both serum and peritoneal fluid did not improve the sensitivity of the test. Based on these results, determination of total ALP activity in peritoneal fluid may be helpful in identifying ischemic or inflammatory bowel lesions in horses with acute colic. A portable clinical analyzer (PCA) was used for the determination of venous blood and peritoneal fluid pH value, glucose, lactate and electrolyte concentrations in a hospital setting. Blood and peritoneal fluid glucose, lactate, sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations, and pH value were determined using both a portable clinical analyzer with test cartridges and an in-house analyzer in 56 horses with acute abdominal disease. Results were compared by the Bland-Altman method of comparison and linear regression. The PCA yielded higher blood and peritoneal pH values, with greater variability in the alkaline range and lower pH values in the acidic range. The PCA glucose concentrations (<150 mg/dL) were significantly lower, and were higher in the high range (>150 mg/dL). Venous lactate concentration (<5 mmol/dL) arid peritoneal fluid lactate concentration (<2 mmol/dL) had the smallest variability. On average, the PCA underestimated peritoneal lactate and glucose concentration. Peritoneal fluid sodium and chloride concentration had higher bias and variability than venous sodium and chloride concentration. Venous and peritoneal fluid potassium concentration was closely clustered around the mean with a low bias and variability. Correlation coefficients were >0.80 for all values except venous and peritoneal sodium concentration; venous chloride concentration and venous pH value. The PCA may be suitable for point-of-care biochemical analysis of blood and peritoneal fluid for horses suffering colic and may provide further diagnostic and prognostic information. The PCA may be of help in diagnosing metabolic acidosis, uroperitoneum, septic and non-septic peritonitis and intestinal ischemia. This may be of benefit to ambulatory equine clinicians. Close

• 572. [Article] Water and Soil Management Practices to Enhance Plant Growth, Berry Development, and Fruit Quality of Northern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

  Drought and mandatory water restrictions are limiting the availability of irrigation water in many important blueberry growing regions and new strategies are needed to maintain yield and fruit quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and Soil Management Practices to Enhance Plant Growth, Berry Development, and Fruit Quality of Northern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Author: Almutairi, Khalid F. Drought and mandatory water restrictions are limiting the availability of irrigation water in many important blueberry growing regions and new strategies are needed to maintain yield and fruit quality with less water. Three potential options for reducing water use, including deficit irrigation, irrigation cut-offs, and crop thinning, were evaluated for 2 years in a mature planting of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Elliott’). Treatments consisted of no thinning and 50% crop removal in combination with either full irrigation at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETsubscript c]), deficit irrigation at 50% ET[subscript c] (applied for the entire growing season), or full irrigation with irrigation cut-off for 4–6 weeks during early or late stages of fruit development. Stem water potential was similar with full and deficit irrigation but, regardless of crop thinning, declined by 0.5–0.6 MPa when irrigation was cut-off early and by > 2.0 MPa when irrigation was cut-off late. In one or both years, the fruiting season was advanced with either deficit irrigation or late cut-off, whereas cutting off irrigation early delayed the season. Yield was not affected by deficit irrigation in plants with a full crop load but was reduced by an average of 35% when irrigation was cut-off late each year. Cutting off irrigation early likewise reduced yield, but only in the second year when the plants were not thinned; however, early cut-off also reduced fruit soluble solids and berry weight by 7% to 24%compared to full irrigation. Cutting off irrigation late produced the smallest and firmest fruit with the highest soluble solids and total acidity among the treatments, as well as the slowest rate of fruit loss in cold storage. Deficit irrigation had the least effect on fruit quality and, based on these results, appears to be the most viable option for maintaining yield with less water (2.5 ML·ha⁻¹ less water per season). A second study was conducted in a 7-year-old field of certified organic highbush blueberry. Two cultivars (‘Duke’ and ‘Liberty’) mulched with either porous polyethylene ground cover (“weed mat”) or yard debris compost topped with sawdust (sawdust+compost) and each fertilized with either feather meal or fish emulsion were evaluated. One-year-old fruiting laterals were randomly-selected at three heights (top, middle, and bottom) on the east and west side of the plants. Bud, flower, and fruit development were monitored through fruit harvest. There was relatively little effect of mulch type or fertilizer source on the measured variables. Fruit harvest occurred ≈8 d after the fruit were fully blue and ranged from 2-25 July 2012 and 26 June-3 July 2013 in ‘Duke’ and from 1-20 Aug. 2012 and 17 July-7 Aug. 2013 in ‘Liberty’. Proportionally more fruit buds occurred on middle laterals than upper and lower laterals. The dates of bud swell and bud break were not affected by cultivar or lateral position. ‘Duke’ and ‘Liberty’ produced 6-8 and 7-9 flowers/bud, respectively. Fruit set was high in both cultivars, averaging ≈95%. However, 13-18% and 29-38 % of the initial set fruit dropped in ’Duke’ and ‘Liberty’ in late May to early June. Fruit ripening was more uniform within clusters in ‘Duke’ than in ‘Liberty’, and average fruit size was similar among harvests in ‘Duke’ but decreased by 25-40% between the first and last harvest in ‘Liberty’. Fruit matured 3−5 d earlier on the east side of the canopy than on the west side. The results suggest that pruning proportionally more on the lower part of the canopy than on the upper part will result in larger fruit at harvest than uniform pruning throughout the bush. The final study was conducted to determine the potential of applying micronized elemental sulfur (S°) by chemigation through the drip system to reduce high soil pH in a new planting of ‘Duke’ blueberry. The S° was mixed with water and injected weekly for 2 months prior to planting, as well as 2 years after planting, atrates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg·ha⁻¹ per year, and was compared to the conventional practice of incorporating prilled S° into the soil prior to planting (two applications of 750 kg·ha⁻¹ each). Chemigation quickly reduced soil pH (0-10 cm) within a month from 6.6 with no S° to 6.1 with 50 kg·ha-1 S° and 5.8 with 100 or 150 kg·ha⁻¹ S°. The change was short-term, however, and by May of the following year, soil pH averaged 6.7, 6.5, 6.2, and 6.1 with each increasing rate of S° chemigation, respectively. The conventional treatment, in comparison, averaged 6.6 on the first date and 6.3 on the second date. In July of the following year, soil pH ranged from an average of 6.4 with no S° to 6.2 with 150 kg·ha⁻¹ S° and 5.5 with prilled S°. Soil pH declined thereafter to as low as 5.9 with additional S° chemigation and at lower depths (10-30 cm) was similar to the conventional treatment. None of the treatments had any effect on winter pruning weight in year 1 or on yield, berry weight, and plant dry weight in year 2. Chemigation with S° can be used to quickly reduce soil pH following planting and, therefore, may be a useful practice to correct high pH problems in established blueberry fields. However, it was less effective and more time consuming than applying prilled S° prior to planting. Title: Water and Soil Management Practices to Enhance Plant Growth, Berry Development, and Fruit Quality of Northern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Author: Almutairi, Khalid F. Drought and mandatory water restrictions are limiting the availability of irrigation water in many important blueberry growing regions and new strategies are needed to maintain yield and fruit quality with less water. Three potential options for reducing water use, including deficit irrigation, irrigation cut-offs, and crop thinning, were evaluated for 2 years in a mature planting of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Elliott’). Treatments consisted of no thinning and 50% crop removal in combination with either full irrigation at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETsubscript c]), deficit irrigation at 50% ET[subscript c] (applied for the entire growing season), or full irrigation with irrigation cut-off for 4–6 weeks during early or late stages of fruit development. Stem water potential was similar with full and deficit irrigation but, regardless of crop thinning, declined by 0.5–0.6 MPa when irrigation was cut-off early and by > 2.0 MPa when irrigation was cut-off late. In one or both years, the fruiting season was advanced with either deficit irrigation or late cut-off, whereas cutting off irrigation early delayed the season. Yield was not affected by deficit irrigation in plants with a full crop load but was reduced by an average of 35% when irrigation was cut-off late each year. Cutting off irrigation early likewise reduced yield, but only in the second year when the plants were not thinned; however, early cut-off also reduced fruit soluble solids and berry weight by 7% to 24%compared to full irrigation. Cutting off irrigation late produced the smallest and firmest fruit with the highest soluble solids and total acidity among the treatments, as well as the slowest rate of fruit loss in cold storage. Deficit irrigation had the least effect on fruit quality and, based on these results, appears to be the most viable option for maintaining yield with less water (2.5 ML·ha⁻¹ less water per season). A second study was conducted in a 7-year-old field of certified organic highbush blueberry. Two cultivars (‘Duke’ and ‘Liberty’) mulched with either porous polyethylene ground cover (“weed mat”) or yard debris compost topped with sawdust (sawdust+compost) and each fertilized with either feather meal or fish emulsion were evaluated. One-year-old fruiting laterals were randomly-selected at three heights (top, middle, and bottom) on the east and west side of the plants. Bud, flower, and fruit development were monitored through fruit harvest. There was relatively little effect of mulch type or fertilizer source on the measured variables. Fruit harvest occurred ≈8 d after the fruit were fully blue and ranged from 2-25 July 2012 and 26 June-3 July 2013 in ‘Duke’ and from 1-20 Aug. 2012 and 17 July-7 Aug. 2013 in ‘Liberty’. Proportionally more fruit buds occurred on middle laterals than upper and lower laterals. The dates of bud swell and bud break were not affected by cultivar or lateral position. ‘Duke’ and ‘Liberty’ produced 6-8 and 7-9 flowers/bud, respectively. Fruit set was high in both cultivars, averaging ≈95%. However, 13-18% and 29-38 % of the initial set fruit dropped in ’Duke’ and ‘Liberty’ in late May to early June. Fruit ripening was more uniform within clusters in ‘Duke’ than in ‘Liberty’, and average fruit size was similar among harvests in ‘Duke’ but decreased by 25-40% between the first and last harvest in ‘Liberty’. Fruit matured 3−5 d earlier on the east side of the canopy than on the west side. The results suggest that pruning proportionally more on the lower part of the canopy than on the upper part will result in larger fruit at harvest than uniform pruning throughout the bush. The final study was conducted to determine the potential of applying micronized elemental sulfur (S°) by chemigation through the drip system to reduce high soil pH in a new planting of ‘Duke’ blueberry. The S° was mixed with water and injected weekly for 2 months prior to planting, as well as 2 years after planting, atrates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg·ha⁻¹ per year, and was compared to the conventional practice of incorporating prilled S° into the soil prior to planting (two applications of 750 kg·ha⁻¹ each). Chemigation quickly reduced soil pH (0-10 cm) within a month from 6.6 with no S° to 6.1 with 50 kg·ha-1 S° and 5.8 with 100 or 150 kg·ha⁻¹ S°. The change was short-term, however, and by May of the following year, soil pH averaged 6.7, 6.5, 6.2, and 6.1 with each increasing rate of S° chemigation, respectively. The conventional treatment, in comparison, averaged 6.6 on the first date and 6.3 on the second date. In July of the following year, soil pH ranged from an average of 6.4 with no S° to 6.2 with 150 kg·ha⁻¹ S° and 5.5 with prilled S°. Soil pH declined thereafter to as low as 5.9 with additional S° chemigation and at lower depths (10-30 cm) was similar to the conventional treatment. None of the treatments had any effect on winter pruning weight in year 1 or on yield, berry weight, and plant dry weight in year 2. Chemigation with S° can be used to quickly reduce soil pH following planting and, therefore, may be a useful practice to correct high pH problems in established blueberry fields. However, it was less effective and more time consuming than applying prilled S° prior to planting. Close

• 573. [Image] Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon

  	Two maps digitized separately; Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-49)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Snyder, Daniel T. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 Two maps digitized separately; Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-49) Title: Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon Author: Snyder, Daniel T. Year: 1997, 2005, 2004 Two maps digitized separately; Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-49) Close

• 574. [Article] High-resolution infrared studies of perdeutero-spiropentane, C₅D₈

  Perdeutero-spiropentane (C₅D₈) has been synthesized and infrared and Raman spectra are reported for the first time. Wavenumber assignments are made for most of the fundamental vibrational modes. Gas phase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-resolution infrared studies of perdeutero-spiropentane, C₅D₈ Author: Nibler, Joesph W., Erickson, Blake Alexander, Beaudry, C. M., Blake, T. A., Ju, X. Perdeutero-spiropentane (C₅D₈) has been synthesized and infrared and Raman spectra are reported for the first time. Wavenumber assignments are made for most of the fundamental vibrational modes. Gas phase infrared spectra were recorded at a resolution (0.002 cm⁻¹) sufficient to resolve individual rovibrational lines and show evidence of strong Coriolis and/or Fermi resonance interactions for most bands. However a detailed rovibrational analysis of the fundamental ν₁₅ (b₂) parallel band proved possible and a fit of more than 1600 lines yielded a band origin of 1053.84465(10) cm⁻¹ and ground state constants (in units of cm⁻¹): B0 = 0.1120700(9), DJ = 1.51(3) x10⁻⁸, DJK = 3.42(15) x10⁻⁸. We note that the B0 value is significantly less than a value of Ba = 0.1140 cm⁻¹ calculated using structural parameters from an earlier electron diffraction (ED) study, whereas one expects Ba to be lower than B0 because of thermal averaging over higher vibrational levels. A similar discrepancy was noted in an earlier study of C₅H₈ [1]. The structural and spectroscopic results are in good accord with values computed at the anharmonic level using the B3LYP density functional method with a cc-pVTZ basis set. Title: High-resolution infrared studies of perdeutero-spiropentane, C₅D₈ Author: Nibler, Joesph W., Erickson, Blake Alexander, Beaudry, C. M., Blake, T. A., Ju, X. Perdeutero-spiropentane (C₅D₈) has been synthesized and infrared and Raman spectra are reported for the first time. Wavenumber assignments are made for most of the fundamental vibrational modes. Gas phase infrared spectra were recorded at a resolution (0.002 cm⁻¹) sufficient to resolve individual rovibrational lines and show evidence of strong Coriolis and/or Fermi resonance interactions for most bands. However a detailed rovibrational analysis of the fundamental ν₁₅ (b₂) parallel band proved possible and a fit of more than 1600 lines yielded a band origin of 1053.84465(10) cm⁻¹ and ground state constants (in units of cm⁻¹): B0 = 0.1120700(9), DJ = 1.51(3) x10⁻⁸, DJK = 3.42(15) x10⁻⁸. We note that the B0 value is significantly less than a value of Ba = 0.1140 cm⁻¹ calculated using structural parameters from an earlier electron diffraction (ED) study, whereas one expects Ba to be lower than B0 because of thermal averaging over higher vibrational levels. A similar discrepancy was noted in an earlier study of C₅H₈ [1]. The structural and spectroscopic results are in good accord with values computed at the anharmonic level using the B3LYP density functional method with a cc-pVTZ basis set. Close

• 575. [Article] International Trade of Fishery Products and Co-operation Opportunities in Chinese Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Trade of Fishery Products and Co-operation Opportunities in Chinese Fisheries Author: Zhang, Xiang-guo Research Paper Title: International Trade of Fishery Products and Co-operation Opportunities in Chinese Fisheries Author: Zhang, Xiang-guo Research Paper Close

• 576. [Article] Eco-labeled Marine Ornamentals: Expected Demand and Value from a Conjoint Survey

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eco-labeled Marine Ornamentals: Expected Demand and Value from a Conjoint Survey Author: Degner, Robert, Larkin, Sherry Research Paper Title: Eco-labeled Marine Ornamentals: Expected Demand and Value from a Conjoint Survey Author: Degner, Robert, Larkin, Sherry Research Paper Close

• 577. [Article] Fronts and frontogenesis as revealed by high time resolution data

  Upper air soundings taken every three hours are used to examine a cold front of average intensity over a period of 24 hours. Vertical cross sections of potential temperature and wind and horizontal analyses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fronts and frontogenesis as revealed by high time resolution data Author: Frank, Albert E. Upper air soundings taken every three hours are used to examine a cold front of average intensity over a period of 24 hours. Vertical cross sections of potential temperature and wind and horizontal analyses are compared and adjusted until they are consistent with one another. These analyses are then used to study the evolution of the front. The front is found to consist of a complex system of fronts occurring at all levels of the troposphere. Low level fronts are strongest at the surface and rapidly weaken with height. Fronts in the middle and upper troposphere are much more intense. The warm air ahead of the fronts is nearly barotropic while the cold air behind the fronts is baroclinic through deep layers. A deep mixed layer is observed to grow in this cold air. Examination of cross sections of potential temperature and potential vorticity indicates that the air in at least the upper portions of the upper level fronts originates in the stratosphere. No evidence is found, however, of an extrusion of stratospheric air to very low levels. Diabatic processes seem to destroy the extrusion as it descends. The structure of the upper level fronts is complex. These fronts are observed to split apart, recombine, and descend to low elevations. This descent is due to the incorporation into the front of pre-existing stable/baroclinic layers. An equation for parcel-following frontogenesis in isentropic coordinates is developed and applied. No single process was found to be dominant in changing frontal intensity. Frontogenesis occurs on the leading edge of the fronts and frontolysis on the trailing edge. The magnitudes of the computed frontogenesis decrease downstream from the axis of the upper level trough. Isentropic trajectories are constructed in order to verify the computed values of parcel-following frontogenesis. Poor correlations are found between the computed and trajectory-following values of frontogenesis. This is believed to be due to nonlinearities in the field of frontogenesis and to errors in the trajectories. Such nonlinearities cast doubt on the usefulness of conventional data for the study of frontogenesis. Vertical velocities are computed using a kinematic technique. Reasonable fields of vertical velocity are obtained in the vicinity of the fronts and jet streaks. Good correlations are found between the vertical displacement between endpoints of the trajectories and the value of computed vertical velocity integrated over the path of the trajectory. The field of vertical velocity is also found to be highly nonlinear. Title: Fronts and frontogenesis as revealed by high time resolution data Author: Frank, Albert E. Upper air soundings taken every three hours are used to examine a cold front of average intensity over a period of 24 hours. Vertical cross sections of potential temperature and wind and horizontal analyses are compared and adjusted until they are consistent with one another. These analyses are then used to study the evolution of the front. The front is found to consist of a complex system of fronts occurring at all levels of the troposphere. Low level fronts are strongest at the surface and rapidly weaken with height. Fronts in the middle and upper troposphere are much more intense. The warm air ahead of the fronts is nearly barotropic while the cold air behind the fronts is baroclinic through deep layers. A deep mixed layer is observed to grow in this cold air. Examination of cross sections of potential temperature and potential vorticity indicates that the air in at least the upper portions of the upper level fronts originates in the stratosphere. No evidence is found, however, of an extrusion of stratospheric air to very low levels. Diabatic processes seem to destroy the extrusion as it descends. The structure of the upper level fronts is complex. These fronts are observed to split apart, recombine, and descend to low elevations. This descent is due to the incorporation into the front of pre-existing stable/baroclinic layers. An equation for parcel-following frontogenesis in isentropic coordinates is developed and applied. No single process was found to be dominant in changing frontal intensity. Frontogenesis occurs on the leading edge of the fronts and frontolysis on the trailing edge. The magnitudes of the computed frontogenesis decrease downstream from the axis of the upper level trough. Isentropic trajectories are constructed in order to verify the computed values of parcel-following frontogenesis. Poor correlations are found between the computed and trajectory-following values of frontogenesis. This is believed to be due to nonlinearities in the field of frontogenesis and to errors in the trajectories. Such nonlinearities cast doubt on the usefulness of conventional data for the study of frontogenesis. Vertical velocities are computed using a kinematic technique. Reasonable fields of vertical velocity are obtained in the vicinity of the fronts and jet streaks. Good correlations are found between the vertical displacement between endpoints of the trajectories and the value of computed vertical velocity integrated over the path of the trajectory. The field of vertical velocity is also found to be highly nonlinear. Close

• 578. [Article] Voluntary environmental programs at an alpine ski area: influence of recreationists' knowledge, motivations, attachment, value orientations, and specialization

  Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have been created to encourage companies to engage in behaviors that mitigate environmental impacts (e.g., recycling, emissions reduction). Many ski areas participate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Voluntary environmental programs at an alpine ski area: influence of recreationists' knowledge, motivations, attachment, value orientations, and specialization Author: Little, Christopher M. Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have been created to encourage companies to engage in behaviors that mitigate environmental impacts (e.g., recycling, emissions reduction). Many ski areas participate in the Sustainable Slopes Program, an initiative that promotes VEPs in the ski area industry. Past research has addressed the performance of VEPs in mitigating environmental impacts in this industry, but little is known about skier and snowboarder knowledge of VEPs, their motivations and future behaviors in response to these programs, and how other cognitions such as their environmental value orientations, activity specialization, and attachment to ski areas influence these motivations and behaviors related to VEPs. To address these knowledge gaps, data were obtained from surveys administered onsite to 429 skiers and snowboarders at the Mt. Bachelor ski area in central Oregon (United States) from January to March, 2010 (response rate = 89.7%). This ski area employs several managerial and operational VEPs to support environmental conservation and reduce emissions (e.g., recycling, renewable energy, bio-fuel transportation). Results showed, however, that few skiers and snowboarders were knowledgeable of these VEPs and motivated to visit this ski area because of these programs. Many respondents, however, intended to visit more often in the future if this ski area promotes and increases the number of VEPs. Respondents who were more knowledgeable of these VEPs and motivated to visit currently and in the future because of these programs were more likely to have a: (a) high amount of place attachment to this ski area, (b) stronger biocentric or environmental value orientations, and (c) high degree of specialization in skiing or snowboarding. Managers and operators can use these findings to inform communication and marketing of their environmental programs and performance to various clientele subgroups. Title: Voluntary environmental programs at an alpine ski area: influence of recreationists' knowledge, motivations, attachment, value orientations, and specialization Author: Little, Christopher M. Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have been created to encourage companies to engage in behaviors that mitigate environmental impacts (e.g., recycling, emissions reduction). Many ski areas participate in the Sustainable Slopes Program, an initiative that promotes VEPs in the ski area industry. Past research has addressed the performance of VEPs in mitigating environmental impacts in this industry, but little is known about skier and snowboarder knowledge of VEPs, their motivations and future behaviors in response to these programs, and how other cognitions such as their environmental value orientations, activity specialization, and attachment to ski areas influence these motivations and behaviors related to VEPs. To address these knowledge gaps, data were obtained from surveys administered onsite to 429 skiers and snowboarders at the Mt. Bachelor ski area in central Oregon (United States) from January to March, 2010 (response rate = 89.7%). This ski area employs several managerial and operational VEPs to support environmental conservation and reduce emissions (e.g., recycling, renewable energy, bio-fuel transportation). Results showed, however, that few skiers and snowboarders were knowledgeable of these VEPs and motivated to visit this ski area because of these programs. Many respondents, however, intended to visit more often in the future if this ski area promotes and increases the number of VEPs. Respondents who were more knowledgeable of these VEPs and motivated to visit currently and in the future because of these programs were more likely to have a: (a) high amount of place attachment to this ski area, (b) stronger biocentric or environmental value orientations, and (c) high degree of specialization in skiing or snowboarding. Managers and operators can use these findings to inform communication and marketing of their environmental programs and performance to various clientele subgroups. Close

• 579. [Article] Protecting Marine Mammals in the U.S: Tradeoffs Between Public and Private Costs

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Protecting Marine Mammals in the U.S: Tradeoffs Between Public and Private Costs Author: Magnusson, Gisele, Bisack, Kathryn Abstract only. Title: Protecting Marine Mammals in the U.S: Tradeoffs Between Public and Private Costs Author: Magnusson, Gisele, Bisack, Kathryn Abstract only. Close

• 580. [Article] Pangasius successful story - a new Cinderella

  Power Point presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pangasius successful story - a new Cinderella Author: Nguyen, Dzung Huu Power Point presentation. Title: Pangasius successful story - a new Cinderella Author: Nguyen, Dzung Huu Power Point presentation. Close