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• 28811. [Article] Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion

  The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion Author: Thompson, Jonathan R. The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity of conditions through which it burned provided an opportunity to analyze the correlates of burn severity across vegetation types and disturbance histories and to describe the weather, topographical, and fuel conditions that gave rise to the mosaic of crown damage. In chapter two, I focused on a region that had burned previously by the 1987 Silver Fire then was subject, in part, to salvage-logging and conifer planting before being reburned by the Biscuit Fire. I used the Landsat-based differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) to quantify severity in both fires and took a hypothesis-testing approach to answering two questions: First, was severity in the Biscuit Fire associated with severity in the Silver Fire in unmanaged areas? And second, did areas that were salvaged-logged and planted with conifers after the Silver Fire burn more or less severely in the Biscuit Fire than comparable unmanaged areas? I found that areas that burned severely in 1987 tended to re-burn at high severity in 2002, after controlling for the influence of several topographical and biophysical covariates. Areas unaffected by the initial fire tended to burn at the lowest severities in 2002. In addition, areas that were salvage-logged and planted after the initial fire burned more severely than comparable unmanaged areas, suggesting that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce future fire severity as had been suggested by some. In chapter three, I again focused on the twice-burned landscape, but this time I used a temporal sequence of digital aerial photography plots (6.25 ha) to measure changes in shrub-stratum, hardwood, and conifer cover. I estimated the strength and nature of relationships between crown damage and several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Median crown damage, including damage to the shrub-stratum, on unmanaged plots was 63% after the Biscuit Fire and was most strongly related to damage in the Silver Fire. Plots that burned severely in the Silver Fire and had succeeded to a mix of shrubs and tree regeneration experienced high levels of Biscuit Fire damage. Plots dominated by large conifer cover after the Silver Fire had the lowest levels of Biscuit Fire canopy damage. Median crown damage was 39% for conifer cover and 85% for hardwood cover, and was most strongly related to daily average temperature and "burn period," an index of fire weather and fire suppression effort. Damage in the tree-stratum was largely independent of Silver Fire severity. Plots that had experienced stand replacing fire in 1987 and then were logged and planted with conifers had median crown damage of 100%. Plots that experienced a stand replacing fire but were unmanaged had median crown damage of 95%. The managed areas were at higher topographical positions and had greater total pre-fire cover, which may explain the small difference. These results suggest that in productive, fire-prone landscapes, the patch mosaic of young regenerating forest created by mixed-severity fire can structure the severity pattern of future wildfires occurring at short intervals and support the previous studies findings that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce fire severity. In Chapter four, I expanded my focus to include the entire region burned by the Biscuit Fire and again used digital aerial photos taken before and after the fire to interpret patterns of crown damage and relate them to several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Ninety-eight percent of plots experienced some level of crown damage, but only 10% experienced complete crown damage. The median level of crown damage on unmanaged plots was 74%. Median conifer damage was 52%. The most important predictors of total crown damage were the percentage of pre-fire shrub-stratum vegetation cover and average daily temperature. The most important predictors of conifer damage were average daily temperature and burn period. Increasing levels of shrub-stratum cover were associated with increasing levels of conifer damage and hardwood damage. Large conifers had 32% median crown damage while small conifers had 62% median crown damage. Owing largely to widespread shrub-stratum cover, low-productivity ultramafic soils had 92% median crown damage compared to 59% on non-ultramafic sites. Patterns of damage were similar within the area that burned previously in the 1987 Silver Fire and edaphically comparable areas without a recently history of fire. Median crown damage in conifer plantations was 89% and plantation age was, by far, the most important predictor of the level of damage. Plantations under 20 years old experienced the highest rates of damage. I conclude that weather and vegetation conditions--not topography--were the primary determinants of Biscuit Fire crown damage. These findings suggest that in productive fire-prone ecosystems, fuel treatments that open tree canopies and stimulate shrub-stratum development may be counterproductive. Title: Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion Author: Thompson, Jonathan R. The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity of conditions through which it burned provided an opportunity to analyze the correlates of burn severity across vegetation types and disturbance histories and to describe the weather, topographical, and fuel conditions that gave rise to the mosaic of crown damage. In chapter two, I focused on a region that had burned previously by the 1987 Silver Fire then was subject, in part, to salvage-logging and conifer planting before being reburned by the Biscuit Fire. I used the Landsat-based differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) to quantify severity in both fires and took a hypothesis-testing approach to answering two questions: First, was severity in the Biscuit Fire associated with severity in the Silver Fire in unmanaged areas? And second, did areas that were salvaged-logged and planted with conifers after the Silver Fire burn more or less severely in the Biscuit Fire than comparable unmanaged areas? I found that areas that burned severely in 1987 tended to re-burn at high severity in 2002, after controlling for the influence of several topographical and biophysical covariates. Areas unaffected by the initial fire tended to burn at the lowest severities in 2002. In addition, areas that were salvage-logged and planted after the initial fire burned more severely than comparable unmanaged areas, suggesting that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce future fire severity as had been suggested by some. In chapter three, I again focused on the twice-burned landscape, but this time I used a temporal sequence of digital aerial photography plots (6.25 ha) to measure changes in shrub-stratum, hardwood, and conifer cover. I estimated the strength and nature of relationships between crown damage and several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Median crown damage, including damage to the shrub-stratum, on unmanaged plots was 63% after the Biscuit Fire and was most strongly related to damage in the Silver Fire. Plots that burned severely in the Silver Fire and had succeeded to a mix of shrubs and tree regeneration experienced high levels of Biscuit Fire damage. Plots dominated by large conifer cover after the Silver Fire had the lowest levels of Biscuit Fire canopy damage. Median crown damage was 39% for conifer cover and 85% for hardwood cover, and was most strongly related to daily average temperature and "burn period," an index of fire weather and fire suppression effort. Damage in the tree-stratum was largely independent of Silver Fire severity. Plots that had experienced stand replacing fire in 1987 and then were logged and planted with conifers had median crown damage of 100%. Plots that experienced a stand replacing fire but were unmanaged had median crown damage of 95%. The managed areas were at higher topographical positions and had greater total pre-fire cover, which may explain the small difference. These results suggest that in productive, fire-prone landscapes, the patch mosaic of young regenerating forest created by mixed-severity fire can structure the severity pattern of future wildfires occurring at short intervals and support the previous studies findings that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce fire severity. In Chapter four, I expanded my focus to include the entire region burned by the Biscuit Fire and again used digital aerial photos taken before and after the fire to interpret patterns of crown damage and relate them to several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Ninety-eight percent of plots experienced some level of crown damage, but only 10% experienced complete crown damage. The median level of crown damage on unmanaged plots was 74%. Median conifer damage was 52%. The most important predictors of total crown damage were the percentage of pre-fire shrub-stratum vegetation cover and average daily temperature. The most important predictors of conifer damage were average daily temperature and burn period. Increasing levels of shrub-stratum cover were associated with increasing levels of conifer damage and hardwood damage. Large conifers had 32% median crown damage while small conifers had 62% median crown damage. Owing largely to widespread shrub-stratum cover, low-productivity ultramafic soils had 92% median crown damage compared to 59% on non-ultramafic sites. Patterns of damage were similar within the area that burned previously in the 1987 Silver Fire and edaphically comparable areas without a recently history of fire. Median crown damage in conifer plantations was 89% and plantation age was, by far, the most important predictor of the level of damage. Plantations under 20 years old experienced the highest rates of damage. I conclude that weather and vegetation conditions--not topography--were the primary determinants of Biscuit Fire crown damage. These findings suggest that in productive fire-prone ecosystems, fuel treatments that open tree canopies and stimulate shrub-stratum development may be counterproductive. Close

• 28812. [Image] Superintendent's residence historic structure report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps, photos, plans; Report title; "June, 2003" - T.p.; Includes bibliographic references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Superintendent's residence historic structure report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2003, 2009, 2010 ill., maps, photos, plans; Report title; "June, 2003" - T.p.; Includes bibliographic references. Title: Superintendent's residence historic structure report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2003, 2009, 2010 ill., maps, photos, plans; Report title; "June, 2003" - T.p.; Includes bibliographic references. Close

• 28813. [Image] The necessity for irrigation

  	An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Close

• 28814. [Image] ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species

  	Electronic resource; Title from title screen;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Title: ESA basics: 30 years of protecting endangered species Year: 2004, 2006, 2005 Electronic resource; Title from title screen; Close

• 28815. [Image] The Oregon conservation strategy

  	v, 419 p.; col.ill.; col.maps; "February 2006"; Foreword by Marla Rae, Chair, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Year: 2006 v, 419 p.; col.ill.; col.maps; "February 2006"; Foreword by Marla Rae, Chair, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission Title: The Oregon conservation strategy Year: 2006 v, 419 p.; col.ill.; col.maps; "February 2006"; Foreword by Marla Rae, Chair, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission Close

• 28816. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 28817. [Image] Operations of the Reclamation Service in California

  	An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Close

• 28818. [Image] Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993

  	FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993 Author: Longenbaugh, Matthew H.; Chan, Jeffrey R. Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office (CCFRO) in Arcata, CA, was funded to investigate chinook salmon spawning use, juvenile salmonid emigration and characterize habitats in Blue Creek, Klamath Basin, CA. Investigations that began in October, 1988, have continued to date, with this reporting period covering Fiscal Year 1993 (FY 1993, October, 1992, through September, 1993). In addition, some information already presented in previous progress reports, FY 1989 - FY 1992, is summarized. In 1993, adult chinook spawner escapements were addressed by snorkel surveys of redds and carcasses. Spawner numbers were very low, with only 17 redds observed in fall/winter 1992-93. The peak count of adult chinook was 136 fish in early November. Emigrating juvenile s&lmonids were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a screw trap and panel weir. The screw trapping period extended from April through July for a total of 91 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 14,526 chinook, 912 steelhead and 69 coho. Chinook emigration was spread over the entire trapping period, with increases during mid-May, and from mid-June throughout July. A juvenile weir was operated 60 nights, and caught a total of 6,334 chinook, 992 steelhead, 49 coho salmon, and 0 juvenile cutthroat. The total index of production for emigrating chinook during the 1993 juvenile trapping period was 101,819. Chinook that were marked with coded-wire tags (n-12,299) were released, with other juvenile fish, into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 ?C and flows ranged from 0.91 cubic m/s (32 cubic feet/s) to 202.6 cubic m/s (7,160 cubic feet/s) during FY 1993. Extreme flows for FY 1993 were the lowest and highest observed by CCFRO since the project began in 1989, and lower than the previous low of the 13 years of record. Title: Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993 Author: Longenbaugh, Matthew H.; Chan, Jeffrey R. Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office (CCFRO) in Arcata, CA, was funded to investigate chinook salmon spawning use, juvenile salmonid emigration and characterize habitats in Blue Creek, Klamath Basin, CA. Investigations that began in October, 1988, have continued to date, with this reporting period covering Fiscal Year 1993 (FY 1993, October, 1992, through September, 1993). In addition, some information already presented in previous progress reports, FY 1989 - FY 1992, is summarized. In 1993, adult chinook spawner escapements were addressed by snorkel surveys of redds and carcasses. Spawner numbers were very low, with only 17 redds observed in fall/winter 1992-93. The peak count of adult chinook was 136 fish in early November. Emigrating juvenile s&lmonids were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a screw trap and panel weir. The screw trapping period extended from April through July for a total of 91 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 14,526 chinook, 912 steelhead and 69 coho. Chinook emigration was spread over the entire trapping period, with increases during mid-May, and from mid-June throughout July. A juvenile weir was operated 60 nights, and caught a total of 6,334 chinook, 992 steelhead, 49 coho salmon, and 0 juvenile cutthroat. The total index of production for emigrating chinook during the 1993 juvenile trapping period was 101,819. Chinook that were marked with coded-wire tags (n-12,299) were released, with other juvenile fish, into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 ?C and flows ranged from 0.91 cubic m/s (32 cubic feet/s) to 202.6 cubic m/s (7,160 cubic feet/s) during FY 1993. Extreme flows for FY 1993 were the lowest and highest observed by CCFRO since the project began in 1989, and lower than the previous low of the 13 years of record. Close

• 28819. [Image] Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands

  	ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Close

• 28820. [Image] National irrigation as a social problem

  	Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Close