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• 28771. [Article] Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

  The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Altman, David W. The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea on these three traits in diverse environments and to explain how potential responses could occur by (1) determining potential uptake of N15 labelled urea from foliar application under greenhouse conditions using different cultivars, light duration, and soil fertility levels; (2) analyzing immature spike samples collected following foliar applications in the field during the flowering period; and (3) examining grain from primary and secondary tillers and from central and lateral florets within spikelets. Foliar applications significantly increased grain protein content over the control and standard topdressing treatment in most cultivars. For example, for a single cultivar at the Hyslop location in 1979-1980, protein percents of 11.18, 12.22, and 13.60 were obtained for the control, standard topdressing, and foliar urea treatments respectively. Generally, foliar applications of urea failed to increase grain yield over the control, and yield was significantly below the standard topdressing treatment. However, the combination of topdressed nitrogen with foliar sprays produced yields equal to topdressing alone while significantly increasing protein. Mean yields at the Wasco location of the topdressing treatment and the combination of topdressing and one foliar application were 4.05 and 4.04 T/ha, whereas the grain protein content averaged 9.34 and 10.45 percent respectively. Foliar applications of urea did not significantly alter kernel hardness. Significant cultivar x nitrogen treatment interactions were found for protein, yield, and hardness, and split applications of foliar nitrogen did not significantly change these results. A potential uptake of 29.2 to 61.4 percent of actual foltar applications was found with N15 labelled urea in a greenhouse experiment. A significant effect for light duration was observed with recovery values of 41.4 and 46.6 percent for 12 and 18 hour photo-periods respectively. The varieties Stephens and Centurk had a significant difference in uptake of 48.1 and 39.9 percent recovery respectively. Following urea sprays which were initially applied at the heading stage, nitrogen treatment differences were found within three weeks after anthesis. The ranking of treatments from immature spike analysis corresponded to grain protein analysis at harvest. Nitrogen treatments did not change the protein or hardness levels disproportionately for mature spikes in comparing grain from primary and secondary tillers or from central and lateral florets within the spikelets. Title: Effect of late foliar applications of urea on protein, hardness, and yield of winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Author: Altman, David W. The response of cultivars of winter wheat to foliar applications of urea was examined for grain protein content, yield, and kernel hardness. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of urea on these three traits in diverse environments and to explain how potential responses could occur by (1) determining potential uptake of N15 labelled urea from foliar application under greenhouse conditions using different cultivars, light duration, and soil fertility levels; (2) analyzing immature spike samples collected following foliar applications in the field during the flowering period; and (3) examining grain from primary and secondary tillers and from central and lateral florets within spikelets. Foliar applications significantly increased grain protein content over the control and standard topdressing treatment in most cultivars. For example, for a single cultivar at the Hyslop location in 1979-1980, protein percents of 11.18, 12.22, and 13.60 were obtained for the control, standard topdressing, and foliar urea treatments respectively. Generally, foliar applications of urea failed to increase grain yield over the control, and yield was significantly below the standard topdressing treatment. However, the combination of topdressed nitrogen with foliar sprays produced yields equal to topdressing alone while significantly increasing protein. Mean yields at the Wasco location of the topdressing treatment and the combination of topdressing and one foliar application were 4.05 and 4.04 T/ha, whereas the grain protein content averaged 9.34 and 10.45 percent respectively. Foliar applications of urea did not significantly alter kernel hardness. Significant cultivar x nitrogen treatment interactions were found for protein, yield, and hardness, and split applications of foliar nitrogen did not significantly change these results. A potential uptake of 29.2 to 61.4 percent of actual foltar applications was found with N15 labelled urea in a greenhouse experiment. A significant effect for light duration was observed with recovery values of 41.4 and 46.6 percent for 12 and 18 hour photo-periods respectively. The varieties Stephens and Centurk had a significant difference in uptake of 48.1 and 39.9 percent recovery respectively. Following urea sprays which were initially applied at the heading stage, nitrogen treatment differences were found within three weeks after anthesis. The ranking of treatments from immature spike analysis corresponded to grain protein analysis at harvest. Nitrogen treatments did not change the protein or hardness levels disproportionately for mature spikes in comparing grain from primary and secondary tillers or from central and lateral florets within the spikelets. Close

• 28772. [Article] Fiber artists of Oregon

  The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fiber artists of Oregon Author: Smith, Barbara E. The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations for use by colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train successful artists. 3. To provide fiber artists with a summary of general information regarding their Oregon peers. The investigator interviewed ninety-five fiber artists from twentysix cities and towns in Oregon; eighty-eight artists were females and seven were males. A measure of success was devised and used to rate the artists. The Investigator's Rating of Success and the artists' own ratings of success were compared and correlated with several other variables. No significant relationship was found between scores on the Investigator's Rating of Success and the Self Rating of Success. Significant relationships were found between the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and the number of years doing work, the hobbyist/ professional self rating, and the number of hours doing work each week. The Self Rating of Success scores were significantly related with the hobbyist/professional self ratings. T-tests were used to assess differences in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists divided according to techniques used, articles produced, sales outlets, source of commissions, training, and sex. Significant differences were found in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not (a) use weaving techniques, (b) use techniques other than weaving, and (c) use construction techniques. Significant differences were found in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not use surface embellishment techniques. The artists were asked to rate a list of skills or knowledge according to the extent to which they contributed to success as an artist, and to indicate where each could best be learned. The skills which were rated the highest were design ability and expertise in technique(s). Other skills which were rated very high were related to exhibiting work. Income and money management skills were rated relatively high. How to obtain grants, and how to set up a studio were skills whose high, medium, and low ratings were almost equally distributed. Skills which were rated relatively low in contribution to success were: ability to teach, ability to write, and ability to lecture. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through training or mostly through training were use of contracts, how to obtain grants, how to put portfolio together and getting good photos of your work. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through both training and experience were ability to write, expertise in technique(s), design ability, ability to teach, ability to lecture, and management of income. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through experience, or mostly through experience, include how to exhibit, how to price artwork, how to obtain commissions, organization of work, how to set up a studio, where to exhibit and obtaining of materials at reasonable cost. Keeping good records of income and expenses was the only skill whose ratings were evenly divided among the five categories of where each skill could best be learned. Several recommendations, based upon the artists ratings of the factors which contribute to success, were drawn up for the use of colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train fiber artists. Suggestions for further study were made. A summary of the thesis was prepared and sent to the participating artists. Title: Fiber artists of Oregon Author: Smith, Barbara E. The objectives of this study were: 1. To identify factors which contribute to the success of a fiber artist in Oregon, including skills or knowledge gained from training or experience. 2. To draw up recommendations for use by colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train successful artists. 3. To provide fiber artists with a summary of general information regarding their Oregon peers. The investigator interviewed ninety-five fiber artists from twentysix cities and towns in Oregon; eighty-eight artists were females and seven were males. A measure of success was devised and used to rate the artists. The Investigator's Rating of Success and the artists' own ratings of success were compared and correlated with several other variables. No significant relationship was found between scores on the Investigator's Rating of Success and the Self Rating of Success. Significant relationships were found between the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and the number of years doing work, the hobbyist/ professional self rating, and the number of hours doing work each week. The Self Rating of Success scores were significantly related with the hobbyist/professional self ratings. T-tests were used to assess differences in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores and in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists divided according to techniques used, articles produced, sales outlets, source of commissions, training, and sex. Significant differences were found in the Investigator's Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not (a) use weaving techniques, (b) use techniques other than weaving, and (c) use construction techniques. Significant differences were found in the Self Rating of Success scores of artists who do/do not use surface embellishment techniques. The artists were asked to rate a list of skills or knowledge according to the extent to which they contributed to success as an artist, and to indicate where each could best be learned. The skills which were rated the highest were design ability and expertise in technique(s). Other skills which were rated very high were related to exhibiting work. Income and money management skills were rated relatively high. How to obtain grants, and how to set up a studio were skills whose high, medium, and low ratings were almost equally distributed. Skills which were rated relatively low in contribution to success were: ability to teach, ability to write, and ability to lecture. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through training or mostly through training were use of contracts, how to obtain grants, how to put portfolio together and getting good photos of your work. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through both training and experience were ability to write, expertise in technique(s), design ability, ability to teach, ability to lecture, and management of income. Skills which the artists indicated could best be learned through experience, or mostly through experience, include how to exhibit, how to price artwork, how to obtain commissions, organization of work, how to set up a studio, where to exhibit and obtaining of materials at reasonable cost. Keeping good records of income and expenses was the only skill whose ratings were evenly divided among the five categories of where each skill could best be learned. Several recommendations, based upon the artists ratings of the factors which contribute to success, were drawn up for the use of colleges and universities to facilitate the evaluation of programs designed to train fiber artists. Suggestions for further study were made. A summary of the thesis was prepared and sent to the participating artists. Close

• 28773. [Article] Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska

  Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska Author: Brown, Kevin R. Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea glauca, but is much more common in bogs, where it occurs with Picea mariana. In this study, I describe the environment of different Larix habitats; compare growth and reproduction of Larix on different sites; and compare the ecology of Larix with the associated Picea species. Larix is a deciduous conifer; however, some needles on juvenile Larix, usually on new shoots, are retained during the winter and function the following spring. This habit may conserve carbohydrates and nutrients. Browsing damage to seedlings by snowshoe hares is common. Larix in bogs die younger than those in warm uplands or riverbottoms; the maximum ages observed in each were 71, 87, and 127 years, respectively. Maximum height and diameter growth rates of Larix were as great or greater than in uplands or riverbottoms, but the duration of rapid growth was twice as long in upland and four times longer in riverbottom trees (90-100 years), resulting in their greater size. Cone production and seed viability of Larix vary between stands and from year to year. Maximum annual cone production among 10 cone crops observed was 1.97 x10⁵ cones ha⁻¹; the highest seed viability was 60 percent. When stand cone production was high, cone production of individual trees was strongly correlated with tree size. Seeds mature by mid-August and disperse beginning in late August to early September. Ninety-five percent of viable seed at one stand fell by November 1. Germination in the laboratory is inhibited at or below 10 deg C. At 12 and 15 deg, germination is stimulated by long photo-period and stratification period; this stimulation decreases at higher temperatures. Natural germination occurs after soils warm and summer rains begin. In riverbottoms, germination is better on mineral seedbeds than feathermoss, possibly due to a better moisture regime. In tussocky bogs, low temperatures may delay germination in troughs; inadequate moisture may delay germination in higher microsites. The best microsites for survival of germlings in tussocky bogs appear to be open troughs which are high enough to escape submergence. Larix laricina appears to be a serai species on warmer sites, establishing soon after P. glauca, but dying earlier. Its serai relationship to P. mariana is less clear, in part due to ignorance of bog processes. Title: Growth and reproductive ecology of Larix laricina in interior Alaska Author: Brown, Kevin R. Larix laricina in Alaska occurs on sites ranging from productive slopes and riverbottoms to wet bogs underlain by permafrost. It is largest on sites without permafrost, where it is associated with Picea glauca, but is much more common in bogs, where it occurs with Picea mariana. In this study, I describe the environment of different Larix habitats; compare growth and reproduction of Larix on different sites; and compare the ecology of Larix with the associated Picea species. Larix is a deciduous conifer; however, some needles on juvenile Larix, usually on new shoots, are retained during the winter and function the following spring. This habit may conserve carbohydrates and nutrients. Browsing damage to seedlings by snowshoe hares is common. Larix in bogs die younger than those in warm uplands or riverbottoms; the maximum ages observed in each were 71, 87, and 127 years, respectively. Maximum height and diameter growth rates of Larix were as great or greater than in uplands or riverbottoms, but the duration of rapid growth was twice as long in upland and four times longer in riverbottom trees (90-100 years), resulting in their greater size. Cone production and seed viability of Larix vary between stands and from year to year. Maximum annual cone production among 10 cone crops observed was 1.97 x10⁵ cones ha⁻¹; the highest seed viability was 60 percent. When stand cone production was high, cone production of individual trees was strongly correlated with tree size. Seeds mature by mid-August and disperse beginning in late August to early September. Ninety-five percent of viable seed at one stand fell by November 1. Germination in the laboratory is inhibited at or below 10 deg C. At 12 and 15 deg, germination is stimulated by long photo-period and stratification period; this stimulation decreases at higher temperatures. Natural germination occurs after soils warm and summer rains begin. In riverbottoms, germination is better on mineral seedbeds than feathermoss, possibly due to a better moisture regime. In tussocky bogs, low temperatures may delay germination in troughs; inadequate moisture may delay germination in higher microsites. The best microsites for survival of germlings in tussocky bogs appear to be open troughs which are high enough to escape submergence. Larix laricina appears to be a serai species on warmer sites, establishing soon after P. glauca, but dying earlier. Its serai relationship to P. mariana is less clear, in part due to ignorance of bog processes. Close

• 28774. [Article] A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr.

  A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr. Author: Carlbom, Curt Gerald, 1932- A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture of transplants and plants grown from seeds collected in natural populations; breeding studies; physiological and phenological investigations; cytological studies; ecological studies in natural populations. Herbarium exsiccatae including the type material of most of the 24 taxa were studied. In addition, comparative morphological studies were made of several of the taxa in their natural habitats and again in the uniform experimental garden. Twenty-four taxa are recognized in this study. Generic and species descriptions, distributional maps, generic and species keys, photographs of 23 taxa including several types, and photomicrographs of meiotic and mitotic figures of 12 taxa are presented. In addition, the various taxa are discussed individually, and the criteria and concepts used for species delimitation in Agrostis and Podagrostis are presented. Chromosome counts of nine species and two varieties of Agrostis and three species of Podagrostis are reported for the first time. Additional counts of other native taxa confirm earlier published counts. Eleven of the 19 species of Agrostis are hexaploids, four species are known to be tetraploids and two species are octoploids. Two hexaploid groups have been delimited - the A. exarata and A. dieqoensis complexes. The three Podagrostis species, P. aequivalvis, P. humilis and P. thurberiana are diploids, 2n = 14. This chromosome number supports previous morphological evidence that Podagrostis is an independent evolutionary group deserving generic status. Three Old World species of Agrostis, adventive in western North America, have been studied cytologically, and chromosome counts are presented. Agrostis perennans, hitherto unknown in western North America, was collected by the investigator on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Putative natural hybridization and introgression were observed between several taxa of Agrostis and Podagrostis, namely: A. diegoensis and A. hallii; A. diegoensis and A. pallens; P. humilis and P. thureriana. Physiological races in P. thurberiana and A. exarata have been studied. Clinal races occur with a north-south distributional pattern in P. thurberiana. Races from southern California flowered under shorter photoperiods, while races from northern California, Oregon and Washington flowered at successively later dates under increased photoperiodic regimes. Mountain ecotypes of A. exarata were obligately long-day plants, while sea-level ecotypes were day-neutral and remontant. Agrostis howellii, a species found near sea level, required a long-day photo-periodic regime and cold vernalization for floral initiation. Autogamy occurs in several of the native species of Agrostis. Facultative autogamy seems to occasion rapid ecotypic and racial diversification with concomitant morphological complexity within the taxa. A tentative phylogenetic scheme is presented. The North American species of Agrostis are believed to comprise two main evolutionary groups; the "primitive" and "derived" species of section Trichodium. The "primitive" taxa are chiefly characterized by: 1) having some species with Old World distributions; 2) more northern and/or widespread distributions; 3) a perennial habit; 4) mostly medium to large anthers; 5) reproducing by allogamy; 6) having tetra-, hexa-, and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) inhabiting mesic and sylvan or bog habitats; 8) occurring on older geological formations and soils. The "derived" species are characterized by: 1) not having any conspecific taxa in the Old World; 2) more southern distributions; 3) being weakly perennial or annual; 4) small anthers; 5) reproducing by autogamy or facultative auto-gamy; 6) having hexa- and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) occupying arid and semi-arid habitats; 8) occurring on newer geological formations and soils. Title: A biosystematic study of some North American species of Agrostis L. and Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr. Author: Carlbom, Curt Gerald, 1932- A taxonomic investigation was made of 24 taxa belonging to the section Trichodium (Michx.) Trin., of Agrostis, and the genus Podagrostis. Experimental methods were employed, including: uniform garden culture of transplants and plants grown from seeds collected in natural populations; breeding studies; physiological and phenological investigations; cytological studies; ecological studies in natural populations. Herbarium exsiccatae including the type material of most of the 24 taxa were studied. In addition, comparative morphological studies were made of several of the taxa in their natural habitats and again in the uniform experimental garden. Twenty-four taxa are recognized in this study. Generic and species descriptions, distributional maps, generic and species keys, photographs of 23 taxa including several types, and photomicrographs of meiotic and mitotic figures of 12 taxa are presented. In addition, the various taxa are discussed individually, and the criteria and concepts used for species delimitation in Agrostis and Podagrostis are presented. Chromosome counts of nine species and two varieties of Agrostis and three species of Podagrostis are reported for the first time. Additional counts of other native taxa confirm earlier published counts. Eleven of the 19 species of Agrostis are hexaploids, four species are known to be tetraploids and two species are octoploids. Two hexaploid groups have been delimited - the A. exarata and A. dieqoensis complexes. The three Podagrostis species, P. aequivalvis, P. humilis and P. thurberiana are diploids, 2n = 14. This chromosome number supports previous morphological evidence that Podagrostis is an independent evolutionary group deserving generic status. Three Old World species of Agrostis, adventive in western North America, have been studied cytologically, and chromosome counts are presented. Agrostis perennans, hitherto unknown in western North America, was collected by the investigator on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Putative natural hybridization and introgression were observed between several taxa of Agrostis and Podagrostis, namely: A. diegoensis and A. hallii; A. diegoensis and A. pallens; P. humilis and P. thureriana. Physiological races in P. thurberiana and A. exarata have been studied. Clinal races occur with a north-south distributional pattern in P. thurberiana. Races from southern California flowered under shorter photoperiods, while races from northern California, Oregon and Washington flowered at successively later dates under increased photoperiodic regimes. Mountain ecotypes of A. exarata were obligately long-day plants, while sea-level ecotypes were day-neutral and remontant. Agrostis howellii, a species found near sea level, required a long-day photo-periodic regime and cold vernalization for floral initiation. Autogamy occurs in several of the native species of Agrostis. Facultative autogamy seems to occasion rapid ecotypic and racial diversification with concomitant morphological complexity within the taxa. A tentative phylogenetic scheme is presented. The North American species of Agrostis are believed to comprise two main evolutionary groups; the "primitive" and "derived" species of section Trichodium. The "primitive" taxa are chiefly characterized by: 1) having some species with Old World distributions; 2) more northern and/or widespread distributions; 3) a perennial habit; 4) mostly medium to large anthers; 5) reproducing by allogamy; 6) having tetra-, hexa-, and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) inhabiting mesic and sylvan or bog habitats; 8) occurring on older geological formations and soils. The "derived" species are characterized by: 1) not having any conspecific taxa in the Old World; 2) more southern distributions; 3) being weakly perennial or annual; 4) small anthers; 5) reproducing by autogamy or facultative auto-gamy; 6) having hexa- and octoploid chromosome levels; 7) occupying arid and semi-arid habitats; 8) occurring on newer geological formations and soils. Close

• 28775. [Article] The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier

  This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier Author: Beedlow, Andrew Cody This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, 121° 47' W). Here we present mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years on the Collier Glacier. The glacier has a unique photo record of retreat throughout the 20th century, thus making it one of the best-recorded glaciers in the Oregon Cascade Range. As part of the study, we installed and maintained automated weather stations (AWS) to collect data needed to apply and validate the OSU surface energy balance model (SEBM). The variations in the mass balance for the Collier Glacier continue previously determined variations where there are years with significant mass loss, and years of mass gain. The general form of the Collier Glacier's net balance did not change appreciably between 1989 and 2010, with high ablation gradients below the ELA and low gradients above the ELA. However, there was a slight increase in elevation of the location of maximum ablation as well as the terminus, coinciding with the decrease in surface area since completion of the last study in 1994. The net balance curve continues to translate back and forth along the x-axis from year to year depending on the timing and magnitude of winter snow accumulation and summer temperatures. These data suggest that potential negative balance years could result in an ELA that is above the icefall, exposing a significant amount of mass flux to the ablation area, enhancing ablation and subsequent retreat. Model results indicate that the OSU SEBM is capable of capturing the seasonal pattern of mass balance for the Collier Glacier. The model also shows good agreement both spatially and temporally with the mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years. Model experiments were conducted to compare model performance and investigate the superiority of more complex models with simpler approaches. Model comparisons between the OSU SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with the bulk method showed similar performances with the SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with a simpler transfer coefficient method. Furthermore, the OSU SEBM was also compared to a simple positive degree-day (PDD) model. Model simulations indicated that the PDD model explained approximately 82% of the variance in summer ablation, while the SEBM explained approximately 78% of the variance in summer ablation. These results indicate that simpler methods to model glacier mass balance may be just as effective as the more complex methods. Title: The use of surface energy balance models as a means to quantify changes in glacier mass balance : an application to the Collier Glacier Author: Beedlow, Andrew Cody This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the measured and modeled mass balance of the Collier Glacier, a small (0.70 km²), valley glacier located in the Oregon Cascade Range (44° 10' N, 121° 47' W). Here we present mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years on the Collier Glacier. The glacier has a unique photo record of retreat throughout the 20th century, thus making it one of the best-recorded glaciers in the Oregon Cascade Range. As part of the study, we installed and maintained automated weather stations (AWS) to collect data needed to apply and validate the OSU surface energy balance model (SEBM). The variations in the mass balance for the Collier Glacier continue previously determined variations where there are years with significant mass loss, and years of mass gain. The general form of the Collier Glacier's net balance did not change appreciably between 1989 and 2010, with high ablation gradients below the ELA and low gradients above the ELA. However, there was a slight increase in elevation of the location of maximum ablation as well as the terminus, coinciding with the decrease in surface area since completion of the last study in 1994. The net balance curve continues to translate back and forth along the x-axis from year to year depending on the timing and magnitude of winter snow accumulation and summer temperatures. These data suggest that potential negative balance years could result in an ELA that is above the icefall, exposing a significant amount of mass flux to the ablation area, enhancing ablation and subsequent retreat. Model results indicate that the OSU SEBM is capable of capturing the seasonal pattern of mass balance for the Collier Glacier. The model also shows good agreement both spatially and temporally with the mass-balance measurements conducted for the 2009 and 2010 balance years. Model experiments were conducted to compare model performance and investigate the superiority of more complex models with simpler approaches. Model comparisons between the OSU SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with the bulk method showed similar performances with the SEBM calculating the turbulent heat fluxes with a simpler transfer coefficient method. Furthermore, the OSU SEBM was also compared to a simple positive degree-day (PDD) model. Model simulations indicated that the PDD model explained approximately 82% of the variance in summer ablation, while the SEBM explained approximately 78% of the variance in summer ablation. These results indicate that simpler methods to model glacier mass balance may be just as effective as the more complex methods. Close

• 28776. [Image] Young Chief, Whirlwind, and No-Shirt, Umatilla Indians in costume, on horseback, at Umatilla Reserve, July 4, 1903. Thumbing White Man for dropping in on US/U.S.; PH036_4847

  	Three Native American men, identified as Young Chief, Whirlwind, and Chief No-shirt, are mounted on dark-colored horses on a plain in front of four tipis. Each man carries a staff with ermine, eagle feathers, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Young Chief, Whirlwind, and No-Shirt, Umatilla Indians in costume, on horseback, at Umatilla Reserve, July 4, 1903. Thumbing White Man for dropping in on US/U.S.; PH036_4847 Year: 1903 Three Native American men, identified as Young Chief, Whirlwind, and Chief No-shirt, are mounted on dark-colored horses on a plain in front of four tipis. Each man carries a staff with ermine, eagle feathers, or other decoration, and Young Chief holds a second, shorter staff with long fringe. All wear headdresses with ermine hanging down, and eagle feather trails, and two have horned headdresses. The men wear beaded moccasins and beaded pants. One wears a cloth vest, one a cloth shirt, and one a buckskin shirt. The pants of two men are visible and seem to be cloth with strips of geometric beading. The horses have beaded bridles, martingales, masks, and reins, and Young Chief's horse shook its head as the photo was taken. Chief No-shirt's horse has a striped saddle blanket; the saddle has a long strip of fur hanging down from the saddle horn, nearly to the ground. All men wear jewelry. In the background at the right of the picture, the four tipis are lined up. In the background at the left, other people and part of a horse can be seen, and at the very left it looks as though someone were holding a flag. Title: Young Chief, Whirlwind, and No-Shirt, Umatilla Indians in costume, on horseback, at Umatilla Reserve, July 4, 1903. Thumbing White Man for dropping in on US/U.S.; PH036_4847 Year: 1903 Three Native American men, identified as Young Chief, Whirlwind, and Chief No-shirt, are mounted on dark-colored horses on a plain in front of four tipis. Each man carries a staff with ermine, eagle feathers, or other decoration, and Young Chief holds a second, shorter staff with long fringe. All wear headdresses with ermine hanging down, and eagle feather trails, and two have horned headdresses. The men wear beaded moccasins and beaded pants. One wears a cloth vest, one a cloth shirt, and one a buckskin shirt. The pants of two men are visible and seem to be cloth with strips of geometric beading. The horses have beaded bridles, martingales, masks, and reins, and Young Chief's horse shook its head as the photo was taken. Chief No-shirt's horse has a striped saddle blanket; the saddle has a long strip of fur hanging down from the saddle horn, nearly to the ground. All men wear jewelry. In the background at the right of the picture, the four tipis are lined up. In the background at the left, other people and part of a horse can be seen, and at the very left it looks as though someone were holding a flag. Close

• 28777. [Image] PH036_5031 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	A Native American woman identified as "Mrs. Black Hawk" of the Cayuse tribe stands in front of a tule reed mat tipi. There is snow on the ground and on parts of the tipi. Five poles are visible, and on ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_5031 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1901 A Native American woman identified as "Mrs. Black Hawk" of the Cayuse tribe stands in front of a tule reed mat tipi. There is snow on the ground and on parts of the tipi. Five poles are visible, and on the left side of the photograph is a wooden ladder made of poles and boards. The canvas entry of the tipi is tied back and the woman stands with her feet inside, slightly leaning out. Her long dark hair hangs below her waist in two braids; she wears a choker necklace, and a rounded earring is visible. She wears a long dark cloth wing dress with wide sections of lighter beading that run across the bodice and shoulders and onto the sleeves. A longer sleeve of floral material from a shirt or underdress is visible as she holds up her left hand. Around her waist is a wide beaded belt, and it looks like another beaded belt is hanging from it. In her left hand she holds a strip of material beaded in floral patterns and embellished with a strip of fur which has round medallions or shell discs sewn on at regular intervals. On her right side hangs a multicolored striped and fringed blanket; with her right hand she seems to be holding or pushing aside a dark bag or curtain trimmed with a light floral-patterned material. Propped against a low log or board at the entrance to the tipi are two flat bags beaded with geometric patterns. Under them, and taking up the left foreground of the photo, is a striped blanket. Title: PH036_5031 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1901 A Native American woman identified as "Mrs. Black Hawk" of the Cayuse tribe stands in front of a tule reed mat tipi. There is snow on the ground and on parts of the tipi. Five poles are visible, and on the left side of the photograph is a wooden ladder made of poles and boards. The canvas entry of the tipi is tied back and the woman stands with her feet inside, slightly leaning out. Her long dark hair hangs below her waist in two braids; she wears a choker necklace, and a rounded earring is visible. She wears a long dark cloth wing dress with wide sections of lighter beading that run across the bodice and shoulders and onto the sleeves. A longer sleeve of floral material from a shirt or underdress is visible as she holds up her left hand. Around her waist is a wide beaded belt, and it looks like another beaded belt is hanging from it. In her left hand she holds a strip of material beaded in floral patterns and embellished with a strip of fur which has round medallions or shell discs sewn on at regular intervals. On her right side hangs a multicolored striped and fringed blanket; with her right hand she seems to be holding or pushing aside a dark bag or curtain trimmed with a light floral-patterned material. Propped against a low log or board at the entrance to the tipi are two flat bags beaded with geometric patterns. Under them, and taking up the left foreground of the photo, is a striped blanket. Close

• 28778. [Image] PH036_4149 Lee Moorhouse photographs; 354

  	A balck-and-white photograph of three men. The inscription at the bottom in white ink reads Yakima Chief Saponowox and sons. No. 354. Moorhouse. Chief Saponowox sits between the two younger men, who are ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_4149 Lee Moorhouse photographs; 354 Year: 1900 A balck-and-white photograph of three men. The inscription at the bottom in white ink reads Yakima Chief Saponowox and sons. No. 354. Moorhouse. Chief Saponowox sits between the two younger men, who are standing. The chief wears a broad-brimmed felt hat with a feather standing upright at the front of the hatband. More feathers hang down from the back of the hat. His arms are crossed on his lap; with his right hand he holds a feather up to the left side of his face. His long unbound hair hangs over his chest. He is wearing a white cloth under-shirt and appears to also be wearing a dark one; over all is a dark cloth shirt or jacket. What looks like a rabbit's foot hangs from a thong around his neck. His legs are covered by a patterned blanket but he appears to be wearing pants or leggings and to be barefoot or just wearing socks. The man on the left of the photo wears a furred and feathered hat. His long unbound hair hangs nearly to his waist. He appears to be wearing a choker of white beads or shells around his neck. A short bandoleer which appears to have the furry paw of a small animal attached, and a necklace with ermine and other ornaments, are hung over his dark cloth smock-like shirt, which has a lighter pattern in it which resembles snowflakes. It looks as though his left arm is missing, but it may be behind his back; in his right hand he holds at waist-level a stick from which eagle feathers depend. His cloth leggings are partly obscured by an apron of fringed tartan which hangs from below his smock to halfway below his knees. He appears to be wearing moccasins or dark socks. The man on the right has his hair pulled back from his forehead. He stands with his arms crossed underneath a long feather stole. White feathers hang from the end of the stole. Eagle feathers frame his face, and he has a large eagle feather tucked under his left arm. He wears a striped shirt and has a patterned blanket falling from his waist to the ground, hiding his legs and feet. The men appear to be standing on a carpet which has been covered with straw or some typed of dried vegetation. Title: PH036_4149 Lee Moorhouse photographs; 354 Year: 1900 A balck-and-white photograph of three men. The inscription at the bottom in white ink reads Yakima Chief Saponowox and sons. No. 354. Moorhouse. Chief Saponowox sits between the two younger men, who are standing. The chief wears a broad-brimmed felt hat with a feather standing upright at the front of the hatband. More feathers hang down from the back of the hat. His arms are crossed on his lap; with his right hand he holds a feather up to the left side of his face. His long unbound hair hangs over his chest. He is wearing a white cloth under-shirt and appears to also be wearing a dark one; over all is a dark cloth shirt or jacket. What looks like a rabbit's foot hangs from a thong around his neck. His legs are covered by a patterned blanket but he appears to be wearing pants or leggings and to be barefoot or just wearing socks. The man on the left of the photo wears a furred and feathered hat. His long unbound hair hangs nearly to his waist. He appears to be wearing a choker of white beads or shells around his neck. A short bandoleer which appears to have the furry paw of a small animal attached, and a necklace with ermine and other ornaments, are hung over his dark cloth smock-like shirt, which has a lighter pattern in it which resembles snowflakes. It looks as though his left arm is missing, but it may be behind his back; in his right hand he holds at waist-level a stick from which eagle feathers depend. His cloth leggings are partly obscured by an apron of fringed tartan which hangs from below his smock to halfway below his knees. He appears to be wearing moccasins or dark socks. The man on the right has his hair pulled back from his forehead. He stands with his arms crossed underneath a long feather stole. White feathers hang from the end of the stole. Eagle feathers frame his face, and he has a large eagle feather tucked under his left arm. He wears a striped shirt and has a patterned blanket falling from his waist to the ground, hiding his legs and feet. The men appear to be standing on a carpet which has been covered with straw or some typed of dried vegetation. Close

• 28779. [Image] PH036_2563 Lee Moorhouse photographs

  	"A black-and-white photograph identified as Moorhouse home, Pendleton, with family group in front. Eleven people sit or stand around the entrance to a light-colored wooden house. The house has gingerbread-style ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH036_2563 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 "A black-and-white photograph identified as Moorhouse home, Pendleton, with family group in front. Eleven people sit or stand around the entrance to a light-colored wooden house. The house has gingerbread-style trim, with a lacy crest interrupted by finials running around the top of its small flat porch roof and the edge of the roof line, and delicate crenelation along the roof ridge with a finial at the gable above the porch. More gingerbread ornaments the gable. A leafy vine obscures the right side of the house and climbs up the porch past a birdcage; other leafy plants are near the porch and in the foreground of the photo, and a strip of netting has been strung on both sides of the porch front as guides for more vines. A boardwalk has been laid through the lawn to the porch. Two women sit on chairs on the porch. One wears a white shirt and darker long skirt and has some light-colored ornament in her hair. The other woman is all in white and sits in a rocking chair. There is no balustrade to the porch, and along its edge sit a man and woman. The man wears a three-piece suit and bow tie, and the woman is in a white shirt and dark skirt. Like the other women, she wears her hair in a pompadour. She sits with her feet on the boardwalk. Left of her a man with a moustache, wearing a suit, sits in a rocking chair on the grass, holding a young girl on his lap. The girl wears a white dress and stockings and dark shoes. Near their feet, sitting on the boardwalk, are two boys. The boy closest to the house wears dark shorts with suspenders and a white shirt; his legs and feet are bare. The boy next to him is in a dark sailor-suit-style polka-dotted shirt and dark shorts, with dark stockings and shoes. At the right side of the photograph is a group of three people. Major Moorhouse and his wife sit in wooden rocking chairs, while another man in a three-piece suit and bowler hat stands between them in the background. The Major also wears a suit; his wife is in a long dark dress with ruffles at the hem, and has a long chain ornamenting her ensemble. Only two people are not looking directly at the camera; the man sitting on the porch edge, and the woman in white on the porch. Behind her gleam glass windows, with lacy curtains and light blinds behind them; above the screen door is the house number 601." Title: PH036_2563 Lee Moorhouse photographs Year: 1900 "A black-and-white photograph identified as Moorhouse home, Pendleton, with family group in front. Eleven people sit or stand around the entrance to a light-colored wooden house. The house has gingerbread-style trim, with a lacy crest interrupted by finials running around the top of its small flat porch roof and the edge of the roof line, and delicate crenelation along the roof ridge with a finial at the gable above the porch. More gingerbread ornaments the gable. A leafy vine obscures the right side of the house and climbs up the porch past a birdcage; other leafy plants are near the porch and in the foreground of the photo, and a strip of netting has been strung on both sides of the porch front as guides for more vines. A boardwalk has been laid through the lawn to the porch. Two women sit on chairs on the porch. One wears a white shirt and darker long skirt and has some light-colored ornament in her hair. The other woman is all in white and sits in a rocking chair. There is no balustrade to the porch, and along its edge sit a man and woman. The man wears a three-piece suit and bow tie, and the woman is in a white shirt and dark skirt. Like the other women, she wears her hair in a pompadour. She sits with her feet on the boardwalk. Left of her a man with a moustache, wearing a suit, sits in a rocking chair on the grass, holding a young girl on his lap. The girl wears a white dress and stockings and dark shoes. Near their feet, sitting on the boardwalk, are two boys. The boy closest to the house wears dark shorts with suspenders and a white shirt; his legs and feet are bare. The boy next to him is in a dark sailor-suit-style polka-dotted shirt and dark shorts, with dark stockings and shoes. At the right side of the photograph is a group of three people. Major Moorhouse and his wife sit in wooden rocking chairs, while another man in a three-piece suit and bowler hat stands between them in the background. The Major also wears a suit; his wife is in a long dark dress with ruffles at the hem, and has a long chain ornamenting her ensemble. Only two people are not looking directly at the camera; the man sitting on the porch edge, and the woman in white on the porch. Behind her gleam glass windows, with lacy curtains and light blinds behind them; above the screen door is the house number 601." Close

• 28780. [Article] Remote measurement of gravel-bed river depths and analysis of the geomorphic response of rivers to canals and small dams

  xviii, 128 p. : ill. (some col.)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Remote measurement of gravel-bed river depths and analysis of the geomorphic response of rivers to canals and small dams Author: Walther, Suzanne Corinna Year: 2011, 2010 xviii, 128 p. : ill. (some col.) Title: Remote measurement of gravel-bed river depths and analysis of the geomorphic response of rivers to canals and small dams Author: Walther, Suzanne Corinna Year: 2011, 2010 xviii, 128 p. : ill. (some col.) Close