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• 28741. [Article] Shifting Advertising Agency Structure and Evolving Technology

  As a senior at Portland State University I have been exposed to many real-life advertising situations. This immersion in the advertising world has been an invaluable experience that has given me significant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shifting Advertising Agency Structure and Evolving Technology Author: Norris, Sarah A. Year: 2017 As a senior at Portland State University I have been exposed to many real-life advertising situations. This immersion in the advertising world has been an invaluable experience that has given me significant insight into advertising agencies and their operations from multiple different positions throughout the typical firm. This experience has helped me shape my thesis into a question that is relevant not only for the advertising community as a whole but also as someone hoping to enter the field within the next few years. My goal for this thesis is not to simply gain total knowledge in one specific area of advertising, but to create an accurate perspective of the advertising ecosystem and all the businesses and people that interact with or depend on it, as it exists today. I will go in depth on all the aspects of the “advertising ecosystem” later in this paper,) I am using this terminology as an overarching term for all businesses that rely or drive any form of work related to advertising). These businesses can range from the advertising firm itself to the catering business that supplies sandwiches for a Nike photo-shoot. As a soon-to-be college graduate, it’s important to know exactly what the climate is for any potential field of work. I came to my topic by researching trends in the advertising ecosystem that have come about with the increased use of the Internet and technology in business. Almost everyone can not only advertise for themselves, but can also have access to a multitude of analytic tools that would previously have only been available to advertising and marketing professionals. There are a growing number of firms who use social media and low-cost creative departments, and whose success now threatens the larger advertising agencies. Because only a relatively few brands and companies have the funds to access larger more traditional firms, more small and micro businesses are turning to the only alternatives most of them can afford. For clarification, the traditional advertising firm is an all in-house firm that deals with every aspect of the advertising process from the PR to coupon development and media buying. These traditional firms are priced in one of three ways that I will explain further in my thesis. These firms tend to be more costly than most brands can afford. As I will discuss in my thesis the growing importance of small advertising firms has had reverberating effects on not only the industry but also the employees of the firms in question. Technology and the evolving tools of the Internet have allowed many brands and companies to reconsider the need for the traditional advertising agency, and has allowed for the growth of more non-traditional advertising shops. Title: Shifting Advertising Agency Structure and Evolving Technology Author: Norris, Sarah A. Year: 2017 As a senior at Portland State University I have been exposed to many real-life advertising situations. This immersion in the advertising world has been an invaluable experience that has given me significant insight into advertising agencies and their operations from multiple different positions throughout the typical firm. This experience has helped me shape my thesis into a question that is relevant not only for the advertising community as a whole but also as someone hoping to enter the field within the next few years. My goal for this thesis is not to simply gain total knowledge in one specific area of advertising, but to create an accurate perspective of the advertising ecosystem and all the businesses and people that interact with or depend on it, as it exists today. I will go in depth on all the aspects of the “advertising ecosystem” later in this paper,) I am using this terminology as an overarching term for all businesses that rely or drive any form of work related to advertising). These businesses can range from the advertising firm itself to the catering business that supplies sandwiches for a Nike photo-shoot. As a soon-to-be college graduate, it’s important to know exactly what the climate is for any potential field of work. I came to my topic by researching trends in the advertising ecosystem that have come about with the increased use of the Internet and technology in business. Almost everyone can not only advertise for themselves, but can also have access to a multitude of analytic tools that would previously have only been available to advertising and marketing professionals. There are a growing number of firms who use social media and low-cost creative departments, and whose success now threatens the larger advertising agencies. Because only a relatively few brands and companies have the funds to access larger more traditional firms, more small and micro businesses are turning to the only alternatives most of them can afford. For clarification, the traditional advertising firm is an all in-house firm that deals with every aspect of the advertising process from the PR to coupon development and media buying. These traditional firms are priced in one of three ways that I will explain further in my thesis. These firms tend to be more costly than most brands can afford. As I will discuss in my thesis the growing importance of small advertising firms has had reverberating effects on not only the industry but also the employees of the firms in question. Technology and the evolving tools of the Internet have allowed many brands and companies to reconsider the need for the traditional advertising agency, and has allowed for the growth of more non-traditional advertising shops. Close

• 28742. [Article] Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health

  African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Close

• 28743. [Article] Google's Technology Strategy

  Google Inc. is a multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Google's Technology Strategy Author: Murthy, Mamatha, Maheshwari, Priti, Neethirajan, Aarthi, Upadhyay, Jubin, Soysa, Dinesh, Taddesse, Neb Year: 2010 Google Inc. is a multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its Ad Words program. The company was founded in January 1996 by two Stanford students Larry Page and Sergey Brin and was first incorporated as privately held company on September 4, 1998. Its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. This describes what the company actually plans to do on a day-by-day basis. By using its proprietary search technology and other internet based services and products, Google does help to organize information and make it both more accessible and more useful. Larry and Brin first started a simple search engine, Backrub in 1996 which based its search results on the number of “back links” pointing to a given web site. Backrub was unique as it was designed to work in a network of low-end PCs instead of expensive mainframes used by major search engines of the day. By 1998, Larry and Sergey tried to sell their technology but ended up having no takers. They moved out of the dorm and wrote a business plan. With the help of Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, Google Inc. was born. Thus company thus started, has grown rapidly over the years becoming a market leader in the Search industry. Google runs over one million servers in datacenters around the world and processes over one billion search requests and about twenty-four petabytes of user –generated data every day. This rapid growth has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions and partnerships beyond the company’s core search engine. The company offers productivity software such as Gmail, social networking tools such as Orkut, Google Buzz, browser such as Google Chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing application, Google Talk instant messaging application, Android mobile phone operating system, YouTube, Blogger and much more. Since its incorporation, Google continues to grow and its stock continues to rise from its initial price of $100/share to a high close of $704.79/share in October 2007. It has since dropped to $573/share as of December 2010, but still remains significantly higher. Google has a current market share of 66 percent in USA and 86 percent globally, thus is clearly a market leader. However, the dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. Title: Google's Technology Strategy Author: Murthy, Mamatha, Maheshwari, Priti, Neethirajan, Aarthi, Upadhyay, Jubin, Soysa, Dinesh, Taddesse, Neb Year: 2010 Google Inc. is a multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its Ad Words program. The company was founded in January 1996 by two Stanford students Larry Page and Sergey Brin and was first incorporated as privately held company on September 4, 1998. Its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. This describes what the company actually plans to do on a day-by-day basis. By using its proprietary search technology and other internet based services and products, Google does help to organize information and make it both more accessible and more useful. Larry and Brin first started a simple search engine, Backrub in 1996 which based its search results on the number of “back links” pointing to a given web site. Backrub was unique as it was designed to work in a network of low-end PCs instead of expensive mainframes used by major search engines of the day. By 1998, Larry and Sergey tried to sell their technology but ended up having no takers. They moved out of the dorm and wrote a business plan. With the help of Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, Google Inc. was born. Thus company thus started, has grown rapidly over the years becoming a market leader in the Search industry. Google runs over one million servers in datacenters around the world and processes over one billion search requests and about twenty-four petabytes of user –generated data every day. This rapid growth has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions and partnerships beyond the company’s core search engine. The company offers productivity software such as Gmail, social networking tools such as Orkut, Google Buzz, browser such as Google Chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing application, Google Talk instant messaging application, Android mobile phone operating system, YouTube, Blogger and much more. Since its incorporation, Google continues to grow and its stock continues to rise from its initial price of $100/share to a high close of $704.79/share in October 2007. It has since dropped to $573/share as of December 2010, but still remains significantly higher. Google has a current market share of 66 percent in USA and 86 percent globally, thus is clearly a market leader. However, the dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. Close

• 28744. [Article] Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research

  For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Close

• 28745. [Article] Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands

  This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands Author: Gardels, Adam A. This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni and students have of their alma matter and alumni associations. Results from this research suggest that consumption is a ritual act whereby consumers develop symbolic interpretations for brands to resolve issues related to the ongoing construction of their worlds' and selves. Alumni and students infuse the interpretation of their alma mater and alumni association brand with meanings helping them to reconcile their university experience with their vocational, familial, social, and ideographic perspectives about the worlds they live in. The first part deals with the paradigmatic differences between marketing and anthropological theory as it relates to the meanings consumers have for the act of consumption. This approach replaces the marketing concepts of brand loyalty, brand communities, and the extended self with parallel concepts in anthropology of cultural projection, heterotopic consumption communities, and the centrifugal self. The second part adds to the existing research on alumni, which tends to be concerned with their potential as university donors. Consistent with other studies, this thesis suggests the relationships alumni have with their alma matter are shaped by their student experiences and continually reshaped by their current life contexts. The third part offers a unique qualitative method for discovering the personal concepts and themes shaping informants' life experiences and brand perceptions. This method involves photo elicitation techniques used with informants to help them better depict their perceptions of their worlds and their place in them. The fourth part offers structural analytical techniques for narrative data. These techniques reveal the emic structure of the data which serves as contextual information for in-depth analysis. The structural perspective in this research offers new ideas about segmentation analysis consistent with the consumer experience. The conclusions of this research demonstrate how adaptations of marketing theory by Oregon State University Alumni Association administrators have resulted in mismanagement of their brand. Applied insights from this research illustrate the way in which anthropological theory is adept at yielding emic consumer insights for the purpose of better managing alumni association brands. The applied suggestions of this research explain that companies and alumni associations ought not be concerned with finding the most loyal consumer or ideal alum. Instead, administrators should be concerned with the question of "how do alumni conceive of a more perfect alumni association?" This challenge is best resolved by understanding the differences in the student experience and post-graduate lifestyle. These experiences are not temporally distant, but mutually constructive in the present. Therefore, alumni association brands will be more sanguine in the lives of alumni if associations are constituent of the student experience, contribute to familial and vocational contexts of students and alumni's lives, and inclusive of multiple perspectives about the ideal university experience. Title: Being and consuming : the dynamics of self and society in the marketing of alumni association brands Author: Gardels, Adam A. This thesis employs cultural analysis to better understand the meanings consumers have for the brands they consume. This research uses qualitative methods to elicit and analyze the brand meanings alumni and students have of their alma matter and alumni associations. Results from this research suggest that consumption is a ritual act whereby consumers develop symbolic interpretations for brands to resolve issues related to the ongoing construction of their worlds' and selves. Alumni and students infuse the interpretation of their alma mater and alumni association brand with meanings helping them to reconcile their university experience with their vocational, familial, social, and ideographic perspectives about the worlds they live in. The first part deals with the paradigmatic differences between marketing and anthropological theory as it relates to the meanings consumers have for the act of consumption. This approach replaces the marketing concepts of brand loyalty, brand communities, and the extended self with parallel concepts in anthropology of cultural projection, heterotopic consumption communities, and the centrifugal self. The second part adds to the existing research on alumni, which tends to be concerned with their potential as university donors. Consistent with other studies, this thesis suggests the relationships alumni have with their alma matter are shaped by their student experiences and continually reshaped by their current life contexts. The third part offers a unique qualitative method for discovering the personal concepts and themes shaping informants' life experiences and brand perceptions. This method involves photo elicitation techniques used with informants to help them better depict their perceptions of their worlds and their place in them. The fourth part offers structural analytical techniques for narrative data. These techniques reveal the emic structure of the data which serves as contextual information for in-depth analysis. The structural perspective in this research offers new ideas about segmentation analysis consistent with the consumer experience. The conclusions of this research demonstrate how adaptations of marketing theory by Oregon State University Alumni Association administrators have resulted in mismanagement of their brand. Applied insights from this research illustrate the way in which anthropological theory is adept at yielding emic consumer insights for the purpose of better managing alumni association brands. The applied suggestions of this research explain that companies and alumni associations ought not be concerned with finding the most loyal consumer or ideal alum. Instead, administrators should be concerned with the question of "how do alumni conceive of a more perfect alumni association?" This challenge is best resolved by understanding the differences in the student experience and post-graduate lifestyle. These experiences are not temporally distant, but mutually constructive in the present. Therefore, alumni association brands will be more sanguine in the lives of alumni if associations are constituent of the student experience, contribute to familial and vocational contexts of students and alumni's lives, and inclusive of multiple perspectives about the ideal university experience. Close

• 28746. [Article] Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college

  Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Title: Adjustments and challenges experienced by adult Hispanic students in a public technical college Author: Suchite, Jose M. Little research has been done in the area of adult Hispanics' transition to college, a complex and challenging process which marks a critical period in their lives. Research suggests adaptation difficulty may cause them to drop out of school usually before completion of the first terms. There is a lack of information in the technical college context, as most studies found are related to community colleges and four-year universities. There is a scarcity of information concerning the most effective practices to serve Hispanics in school, who now represent the second largest school-aged population in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the crucial transition and more specifically, the challenges of adult Hispanic students in technical colleges by listening to adult Hispanic students' voices while they identify the challenges and the success strategies they employ in technical colleges. The following questions guided this research: (1) What are the main challenges an adult Hispanic student experience during the first terms of technical college? (2) What strategies do adult Hispanic students employ during their college adjustment process to support their academic achievement in technical colleges during the first terms? (3) What programs or processes employed during enrollment and the first terms in a technical college seem to aid in improving college retention? This qualitative case study was conducted at one public technical college with six participants through a total of 28 interviews, including photo-elicitation. A cross-case analysis was conducted using the narrative of each participant. This study found that adult Hispanics students experienced a process of adjustments and challenges upon enrollment. Their success strategies were to persevere, work hard, seek help and collaborate with others, self-motivate themselves, and manage their time carefully. The salient challenges were: (1) academic, (2) work responsibilities, (3) family responsibilities, (4) lack of self-confidence, and (5) lack of support, both financial and familial. Other findings were that students who came from a family with parents who had not completed high school or attended college had less success in college. English language learners had basic interpersonal communications skills but had not mastered academic language, while even native English speakers encountered academic language difficulties. Although help was provided during the enrollment process, participants who had the longest absence from school experienced problems of not understanding the process. Close

• 28747. [Article] Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Author: Forsman, Eric D., Biswell, Brian L., Taylor, Margaret, Sovern, Stan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor Research Foundation and can be found at: http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/ Title: Home Range and Habitat Selection by Northern Spotted Owls on the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Author: Forsman, Eric D., Biswell, Brian L., Taylor, Margaret, Sovern, Stan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Raptor Research Foundation and can be found at: http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/ Close

• 28748. [Article] Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson

  A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson Author: Sethi, Satnam Lal A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation in woolly pear aphid, whereby growing plants were infested so that the aphids or their progeny could be recovered later. Sexuparae were produced in woolly pear aphid colonies on the roots of "Domestic Bartlett" seedlings treated to induce dormancy, indicating E. pyricola is holocyclic in Oregon. No sexuparae were found while shoot growth continued. Shoot growth of pear seedlings ceased when the plants were exposed to 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Growth continued for a much longer time when plants were kept under 16-hour photoperiods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. However, aphids did not produce sexuparae when cultured on detached root pieces from plants treated for four weeks under 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Also, sexuparae were not found in aphid colonies on root pieces of dormant plants from the field. All these results agree with our field observations. In the field, sexuparae are produced for about two months in late summer and early fall on the roots of infested plants. After this, no more sexuparae appear in the remaining aphid populations which continue as apterous virginoparae on pear roots until autumn of the following year. Experiments on growth cessation in pear plants indicated that short day-length was not the critical factor responsible for the induction of growth cessation in pear seedlings. These experiments also showed that constant temperatures were more important in the regulation of growth in this pear variety. The direct effect of photoperiods and temperatures on sexuparae production in this aphid was also investigated. Aphids on detached root pieces did not produce sexuparae when exposed to 10-hour photo-periods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. Aphid cultures on detached root pieces were kept under different combinations of 10- and 16-hour photoperiods and 15° and 18°C constant temperatures. But the treatments had no effect on sexuparae formation. No sexuparae were found in aphid colonies on root pieces kept in continuous darkness at constant temperatures of 15°, 18°, 21°, 24° and 27°C for periods of 14 to 49 days. Also, sexuparae were not produced when aphid cultures on root pieces were alternated between 15° and 24°C every 12 hours for 47 days. Sexuparae were not found in our stock cultures maintained at 21°C for about three years. Direct effect of different temperatures on the development and increase in numbers of woolly pear aphid was also studied. Apterous E. pyricola on detached roots developed and reproduced normally at 24°C, but failed to reproduce and died within two weeks when kept at 27°C. Apterous from stock culture and alate virginoparae from elm galls were transferred to the detached roots of "Domestic Bartlett" pear, Amelanchier florida Lindl., Sorbus sitchensis, Crataegus species, Ribes sativum and Red Delicious apple. The aphids did not survive except on the pear roots. Title: Environmental biology of Eriosoma pyricola Baker and Davidson Author: Sethi, Satnam Lal A method of culturing Eriosoma pyricola on detached root pieces was developed to ensure a regular supply of aphids for experimental work. Another method was designed for studying the alate sexuparae formation in woolly pear aphid, whereby growing plants were infested so that the aphids or their progeny could be recovered later. Sexuparae were produced in woolly pear aphid colonies on the roots of "Domestic Bartlett" seedlings treated to induce dormancy, indicating E. pyricola is holocyclic in Oregon. No sexuparae were found while shoot growth continued. Shoot growth of pear seedlings ceased when the plants were exposed to 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Growth continued for a much longer time when plants were kept under 16-hour photoperiods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. However, aphids did not produce sexuparae when cultured on detached root pieces from plants treated for four weeks under 10-hour photoperiods at a constant 24°C. Also, sexuparae were not found in aphid colonies on root pieces of dormant plants from the field. All these results agree with our field observations. In the field, sexuparae are produced for about two months in late summer and early fall on the roots of infested plants. After this, no more sexuparae appear in the remaining aphid populations which continue as apterous virginoparae on pear roots until autumn of the following year. Experiments on growth cessation in pear plants indicated that short day-length was not the critical factor responsible for the induction of growth cessation in pear seedlings. These experiments also showed that constant temperatures were more important in the regulation of growth in this pear variety. The direct effect of photoperiods and temperatures on sexuparae production in this aphid was also investigated. Aphids on detached root pieces did not produce sexuparae when exposed to 10-hour photo-periods at alternating day and night temperatures, 24°C and 18°C, respectively. Aphid cultures on detached root pieces were kept under different combinations of 10- and 16-hour photoperiods and 15° and 18°C constant temperatures. But the treatments had no effect on sexuparae formation. No sexuparae were found in aphid colonies on root pieces kept in continuous darkness at constant temperatures of 15°, 18°, 21°, 24° and 27°C for periods of 14 to 49 days. Also, sexuparae were not produced when aphid cultures on root pieces were alternated between 15° and 24°C every 12 hours for 47 days. Sexuparae were not found in our stock cultures maintained at 21°C for about three years. Direct effect of different temperatures on the development and increase in numbers of woolly pear aphid was also studied. Apterous E. pyricola on detached roots developed and reproduced normally at 24°C, but failed to reproduce and died within two weeks when kept at 27°C. Apterous from stock culture and alate virginoparae from elm galls were transferred to the detached roots of "Domestic Bartlett" pear, Amelanchier florida Lindl., Sorbus sitchensis, Crataegus species, Ribes sativum and Red Delicious apple. The aphids did not survive except on the pear roots. Close

• 28749. [Article] Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species

  This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species Author: Johnson, Jon Dale This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control of stomates by abscisic acid in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Two ventilated porometers (diffusion and steady-state) were compared on four broadleaf and five coniferous species. The diffusion porometer gave consistently lower conductance values for both types of species, reflecting a direct stomatal response to low chamber humidity. At high conductance values, the porometers produced nearly equal response, but the diffusion porometer was less sensitive at low conductance values. This was due to lower wind velocity (20% of the velocity in the steady-state porometer) and water vapor sorption by its acrylic plastic chamber. The rapid response of stomates to changes in atmospheric vapor pressure and its interaction with plant water stress was characterized in the three species above. All of the species showed similar curvilinear response of enhanced conductance at low vapor pressure deficit and depressed conductance at high vapor pressure deficit. The response time ranged from 30 seconds at high VPD to 2 minutes at low VPD. Engelmann spruce was more sensitive than either Douglas-fir or strawberry, which were equally sensitive. Plant water status significantly altered stomatal response to humidity. The relationship of conductance to xylem water potential was linear under ambient conditions (15 mb), but became curvilinear when conductance was measured at a vapor pressure above (20 mb) and below (7 mb) ambient. Between -0.5 MPa and -2.0 MPa, the stomates were sensitive to vapor pressure deficit, but below -2.0 MPa, this sensitivity lessened. This desensitization was attributed to the increase in abscisic acid overriding the influence of atmospheric humidity. The photoisomerization kinetics of the geometric isomers of abscisic acid were studied in solution and in seedlings of Douglas-fir. In vitro, 250-nm light caused photolysis of both isomers. The 350-nm light and sunlight were comparable in isomerizing ABA and 2-trans-ABA with a half-time of about 3 minutes, whereas isomerization under fluorescent light took longer (half-time = 7 minutes). Methylation of the isomers caused the photoisomerization half-time to increase in all of the light sources. The equilibrium concentration of 55% ABA and 45% 2-trans-ABA was consistent for the free acid and the methyl ester under all radiation treatments. The absorption spectra of the isomers provided evidence for the higher concentration of the cis-isomer at photo-equilibrium. In vivo, no significant conversions in ABA, 2-trans-ABA or their saponifiable conjugates were observed in either 350-nm or fluorescent light. However, the presence of 2-trans-ABA and its conjugate in the needle extracts suggests that isomerization occurs, in vivo. The changes in ABA and its metabolites in Douglas-fir needles were followed through two drought cycles and its effect on stomatal conductance was determined. Leaf conductance showed the typical water potential threshold, decreasing abruptly at -2.0 MP. This corresponded to the simultaneous increase in ABA level, from 500 to 850 ng g-1. No adjustment to stress was observed in any of the relationships examined, but stress progressed at a slower rate during the second cycle. Metabolism of ABA was found to differ from previous studies. A linear relationship between ABA arid its conjugate strongly implicated the importance of the interconversion of the two compounds for storage and supply of the free acid. This may have been due to tissue age and water stress preconditioning. Phaseic acid and epi-dihydrophaseic acid were the primary metabolites. Changes in trans-dihydrophaseic acid paralleled ABA providing evidence for concentration-dependent photoisomerization, either of ABA or one of its metabolites. Title: Environmental and physiological control of stomates in Douglas-fir and other species Author: Johnson, Jon Dale This research dealt with the direct environmental influence of atmospheric vapor pressure on stomates of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelniannii, and Fragaria X ananassa, and the indirect physiological control of stomates by abscisic acid in Pseudotsuga menziesii. Two ventilated porometers (diffusion and steady-state) were compared on four broadleaf and five coniferous species. The diffusion porometer gave consistently lower conductance values for both types of species, reflecting a direct stomatal response to low chamber humidity. At high conductance values, the porometers produced nearly equal response, but the diffusion porometer was less sensitive at low conductance values. This was due to lower wind velocity (20% of the velocity in the steady-state porometer) and water vapor sorption by its acrylic plastic chamber. The rapid response of stomates to changes in atmospheric vapor pressure and its interaction with plant water stress was characterized in the three species above. All of the species showed similar curvilinear response of enhanced conductance at low vapor pressure deficit and depressed conductance at high vapor pressure deficit. The response time ranged from 30 seconds at high VPD to 2 minutes at low VPD. Engelmann spruce was more sensitive than either Douglas-fir or strawberry, which were equally sensitive. Plant water status significantly altered stomatal response to humidity. The relationship of conductance to xylem water potential was linear under ambient conditions (15 mb), but became curvilinear when conductance was measured at a vapor pressure above (20 mb) and below (7 mb) ambient. Between -0.5 MPa and -2.0 MPa, the stomates were sensitive to vapor pressure deficit, but below -2.0 MPa, this sensitivity lessened. This desensitization was attributed to the increase in abscisic acid overriding the influence of atmospheric humidity. The photoisomerization kinetics of the geometric isomers of abscisic acid were studied in solution and in seedlings of Douglas-fir. In vitro, 250-nm light caused photolysis of both isomers. The 350-nm light and sunlight were comparable in isomerizing ABA and 2-trans-ABA with a half-time of about 3 minutes, whereas isomerization under fluorescent light took longer (half-time = 7 minutes). Methylation of the isomers caused the photoisomerization half-time to increase in all of the light sources. The equilibrium concentration of 55% ABA and 45% 2-trans-ABA was consistent for the free acid and the methyl ester under all radiation treatments. The absorption spectra of the isomers provided evidence for the higher concentration of the cis-isomer at photo-equilibrium. In vivo, no significant conversions in ABA, 2-trans-ABA or their saponifiable conjugates were observed in either 350-nm or fluorescent light. However, the presence of 2-trans-ABA and its conjugate in the needle extracts suggests that isomerization occurs, in vivo. The changes in ABA and its metabolites in Douglas-fir needles were followed through two drought cycles and its effect on stomatal conductance was determined. Leaf conductance showed the typical water potential threshold, decreasing abruptly at -2.0 MP. This corresponded to the simultaneous increase in ABA level, from 500 to 850 ng g-1. No adjustment to stress was observed in any of the relationships examined, but stress progressed at a slower rate during the second cycle. Metabolism of ABA was found to differ from previous studies. A linear relationship between ABA arid its conjugate strongly implicated the importance of the interconversion of the two compounds for storage and supply of the free acid. This may have been due to tissue age and water stress preconditioning. Phaseic acid and epi-dihydrophaseic acid were the primary metabolites. Changes in trans-dihydrophaseic acid paralleled ABA providing evidence for concentration-dependent photoisomerization, either of ABA or one of its metabolites. Close

• 28750. [Article] The ecological legacy of Indian burning practices in southwestern Oregon

  Two research questions are posed: (1) How have ecosystem conditions changed through time in southwestern Oregon? (2) How have culture-driven and climate-driven processes contributed to ecosystem change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecological legacy of Indian burning practices in southwestern Oregon Author: Carloni, Kenneth R. Two research questions are posed: (1) How have ecosystem conditions changed through time in southwestern Oregon? (2) How have culture-driven and climate-driven processes contributed to ecosystem change in southwestern Oregon? A brief introduction to the Little River study area is followed by a cultural and ecological history of the watershed. Historical, ecological and archaeological data are used to describe shifts in landscape structure, stand structure and fire behavior. Changes in corridor/patch/matrix relationships, increases in stand densities, and changes in stand age and species structure are documented, and changes in fire dynamics from frequent to infrequent, and small to large are corroborated with descriptive statistics from the nearby 2002 Umpqua Fires. Hypotheses are then proposed to test the relative influence of humans vs. climate on landscape change during Aboriginal (<1820) vs. Euroagrarian (1850-1950) cultural phases. While precipitation shows no correlation with fire frequency or tree recruitment before 1820, significant associations are observed from 1850 to 1950. Moreover, a significant correlation exists between fire frequency and subsequent tree recruitment after 1850, but is not observed during aboriginal times. This suggests that indigenous management fires may have obscured precipitation influences that become apparent only after 1850. In order to test spatial hypotheses concerning the associations between indigenous humans and the landscape, archaeological sites were digitized into a GIS, and ergonomic pathways were modeled between them. These maps are then compared to historically fire-maintained upland meadows interpreted from 1946 aerial photos. A significant spatial correlation was found between archaeological sites and historic meadows, and a highly significant spatial correlation was found between modeled travel networks and historic meadows. The close spatial association between cultural features and fire-maintained habitats again suggests active landscape management by local Indians. These associations are corroborated with historical records. After summarizing the shifts in ecological conditions and describing current conditions, I argue that while restoring the landscape to aboriginal conditions is no longer possible, emulating those conditions within the framework of the Little River Adaptive Management Area Plan can improve the resilience and productivity of the Little River watershed. Title: The ecological legacy of Indian burning practices in southwestern Oregon Author: Carloni, Kenneth R. Two research questions are posed: (1) How have ecosystem conditions changed through time in southwestern Oregon? (2) How have culture-driven and climate-driven processes contributed to ecosystem change in southwestern Oregon? A brief introduction to the Little River study area is followed by a cultural and ecological history of the watershed. Historical, ecological and archaeological data are used to describe shifts in landscape structure, stand structure and fire behavior. Changes in corridor/patch/matrix relationships, increases in stand densities, and changes in stand age and species structure are documented, and changes in fire dynamics from frequent to infrequent, and small to large are corroborated with descriptive statistics from the nearby 2002 Umpqua Fires. Hypotheses are then proposed to test the relative influence of humans vs. climate on landscape change during Aboriginal (<1820) vs. Euroagrarian (1850-1950) cultural phases. While precipitation shows no correlation with fire frequency or tree recruitment before 1820, significant associations are observed from 1850 to 1950. Moreover, a significant correlation exists between fire frequency and subsequent tree recruitment after 1850, but is not observed during aboriginal times. This suggests that indigenous management fires may have obscured precipitation influences that become apparent only after 1850. In order to test spatial hypotheses concerning the associations between indigenous humans and the landscape, archaeological sites were digitized into a GIS, and ergonomic pathways were modeled between them. These maps are then compared to historically fire-maintained upland meadows interpreted from 1946 aerial photos. A significant spatial correlation was found between archaeological sites and historic meadows, and a highly significant spatial correlation was found between modeled travel networks and historic meadows. The close spatial association between cultural features and fire-maintained habitats again suggests active landscape management by local Indians. These associations are corroborated with historical records. After summarizing the shifts in ecological conditions and describing current conditions, I argue that while restoring the landscape to aboriginal conditions is no longer possible, emulating those conditions within the framework of the Little River Adaptive Management Area Plan can improve the resilience and productivity of the Little River watershed. Close