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• 28711. [Image] C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River

  	A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together with boards connecting the tops of the posts. A second set of boards runs along the posts just above the water. Each post also has a board bolted to each side about five feet above the water, and these boards slant down diagonally into the river. The "cradle" appears to be put together in long sections, with gaps between the sections. In the center of the picture the area in between the slanting sides of the "cradle" is filled with logs lying end to end in the water. Some of the logs still retain bark and moss, and others are smooth. Two people are standing on logs, one on each side of the "cradle". The man on the right wears a hat, suit, light shirt, and tie, and seems to have his hands in his pocket. The other person is all in dark colors and does not appear to be wearing a hat. Not far beyond him the water in the "cradle" is empty of logs. To the left of the image is a line of trees near the water. Title: C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together with boards connecting the tops of the posts. A second set of boards runs along the posts just above the water. Each post also has a board bolted to each side about five feet above the water, and these boards slant down diagonally into the river. The "cradle" appears to be put together in long sections, with gaps between the sections. In the center of the picture the area in between the slanting sides of the "cradle" is filled with logs lying end to end in the water. Some of the logs still retain bark and moss, and others are smooth. Two people are standing on logs, one on each side of the "cradle". The man on the right wears a hat, suit, light shirt, and tie, and seems to have his hands in his pocket. The other person is all in dark colors and does not appear to be wearing a hat. Not far beyond him the water in the "cradle" is empty of logs. To the left of the image is a line of trees near the water. Close

• 28712. [Image] C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River

  	A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together with boards connecting the tops of the posts. A second set of boards runs along the posts just above the water. Each post also has a board bolted to each side about five feet above the water, and these boards slant down diagonally into the river. The "cradle" appears to be put together in long sections, with gaps between the sections. In the center of the picture the area in between the slanting sides of the "cradle" is filled with logs lying end to end in the water. Some of the logs still retain bark and moss, and others are smooth. Two people are standing on logs, one on each side of the "cradle". The man on the right wears a hat, suit, light shirt, and tie, and seems to have his hands in his pocket. The other person is all in dark colors and does not appear to be wearing a hat. Not far beyond him the water in the "cradle" is empty of logs. To the left of the image is a line of trees near the water. Title: C-13. Log Cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Coumbia River A black-and-white photo with white text written at the bottom: "C-13. Log cradle where ocean going log rafts are built on Columbia River". The photograph shows a framework of upright posts held together with boards connecting the tops of the posts. A second set of boards runs along the posts just above the water. Each post also has a board bolted to each side about five feet above the water, and these boards slant down diagonally into the river. The "cradle" appears to be put together in long sections, with gaps between the sections. In the center of the picture the area in between the slanting sides of the "cradle" is filled with logs lying end to end in the water. Some of the logs still retain bark and moss, and others are smooth. Two people are standing on logs, one on each side of the "cradle". The man on the right wears a hat, suit, light shirt, and tie, and seems to have his hands in his pocket. The other person is all in dark colors and does not appear to be wearing a hat. Not far beyond him the water in the "cradle" is empty of logs. To the left of the image is a line of trees near the water. Close

• 28713. [Image] PH021_sioux_uprising_2

  	Three men, one identified as War Eagle, pose on the set of the film The Great Sioux Uprising. In the foreground a man in a cowboy hat sits with his hands folded on his lap. He wears a jacket over a shirt ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PH021_sioux_uprising_2 Author: unknown (photographer) Year: 1953 Three men, one identified as War Eagle, pose on the set of the film The Great Sioux Uprising. In the foreground a man in a cowboy hat sits with his hands folded on his lap. He wears a jacket over a shirt with a collar. On his lap is an unidentified object, possibly a book. Standing beside him is a man dressed in regalia. Three large feathers extend out from his hair. He wears shell necklaces, bone breastplate, and long sleeve buckskin shirt andpants with fringes and beadwork. His hair is contained in two braids with fur hair wraps. In the background is a man with long, dark hair contained in two braids. He wears a necklace, and long sleeved shirt under a vest with beadwork on its surface. In the distance are three tipis, trees, a man dressed in Euro-American clothing, and animal hides that hang from wooden poles. The location of this image has been identified as the set of the movie The Great Sioux Uprising which was released in 1953. Photos online identify the man in the cowboy hat as Jeff Chandler, who was the star of the film. Title: PH021_sioux_uprising_2 Author: unknown (photographer) Year: 1953 Three men, one identified as War Eagle, pose on the set of the film The Great Sioux Uprising. In the foreground a man in a cowboy hat sits with his hands folded on his lap. He wears a jacket over a shirt with a collar. On his lap is an unidentified object, possibly a book. Standing beside him is a man dressed in regalia. Three large feathers extend out from his hair. He wears shell necklaces, bone breastplate, and long sleeve buckskin shirt andpants with fringes and beadwork. His hair is contained in two braids with fur hair wraps. In the background is a man with long, dark hair contained in two braids. He wears a necklace, and long sleeved shirt under a vest with beadwork on its surface. In the distance are three tipis, trees, a man dressed in Euro-American clothing, and animal hides that hang from wooden poles. The location of this image has been identified as the set of the movie The Great Sioux Uprising which was released in 1953. Photos online identify the man in the cowboy hat as Jeff Chandler, who was the star of the film. Close

• 28714. [Article] Fish Hatchery Ways & Means Manual 1986

  Abstract -- The idea for this manual was conceived in 1969, while I was serving as assist ant manager of a new facility on the southern Oregon coast. We had struggled with several problems that always ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish Hatchery Ways & Means Manual 1986 Abstract -- The idea for this manual was conceived in 1969, while I was serving as assist ant manager of a new facility on the southern Oregon coast. We had struggled with several problems that always occur at a new station, then later found a solution while visiting another hatchery. It occurred to me that if we had a communication system for ideas between hatcheries, problems could be solved quicker and better, and a more efficient operation could be achieved. In addition, I observed that many good ideas are developed, then later abandoned for whatever reasons. Often the idea was lost, although it might surface again years later. I felt this would be a way to record and document these ideas for anyone who might be able to use them: In 1983, I listed the project as an item on my yearly work plan and obtained approval to proceed with the project. A year was spent trying to develop a format for the manual, and two years was spent collecting information by visiting all hatcheries in the state. It is hoped that the material included ,will be of value in making fish culture easier, more efficient~ and a smoother ·operation. It is also hoped that this will only be a beginning. I envision that when someone has an idea they feel might be useful, that~they could send me a photo and a short explanation of the purpose. I could then, as needed, make copies and make them available to those who are interested. The manual is divided by five major areas of fish culture which are: adult handling, incubation, fingerling rearing, liberation, and miscellaneous. Each section is numbered by page, thus leaving the book open-ended and additional pages can be added to each section in the future. If there is more than one page number for a specific item (i.e. pond crowders), then the page number is the same, but a letter of the alphabet is also used (i.e. page 10, then page 10 A). As you will notice, each item that is included lists the hatchery it is at; therefore, if further information is needed, one can contact the hatchery that has the item. Title: Fish Hatchery Ways & Means Manual 1986 Abstract -- The idea for this manual was conceived in 1969, while I was serving as assist ant manager of a new facility on the southern Oregon coast. We had struggled with several problems that always occur at a new station, then later found a solution while visiting another hatchery. It occurred to me that if we had a communication system for ideas between hatcheries, problems could be solved quicker and better, and a more efficient operation could be achieved. In addition, I observed that many good ideas are developed, then later abandoned for whatever reasons. Often the idea was lost, although it might surface again years later. I felt this would be a way to record and document these ideas for anyone who might be able to use them: In 1983, I listed the project as an item on my yearly work plan and obtained approval to proceed with the project. A year was spent trying to develop a format for the manual, and two years was spent collecting information by visiting all hatcheries in the state. It is hoped that the material included ,will be of value in making fish culture easier, more efficient~ and a smoother ·operation. It is also hoped that this will only be a beginning. I envision that when someone has an idea they feel might be useful, that~they could send me a photo and a short explanation of the purpose. I could then, as needed, make copies and make them available to those who are interested. The manual is divided by five major areas of fish culture which are: adult handling, incubation, fingerling rearing, liberation, and miscellaneous. Each section is numbered by page, thus leaving the book open-ended and additional pages can be added to each section in the future. If there is more than one page number for a specific item (i.e. pond crowders), then the page number is the same, but a letter of the alphabet is also used (i.e. page 10, then page 10 A). As you will notice, each item that is included lists the hatchery it is at; therefore, if further information is needed, one can contact the hatchery that has the item. Close

• 28715. [Article] Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis)

  Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Author: Albertson, G. Renee Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations and social organization. Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters and are generally found in depths greater than 1,500 meters making them challenging to comprehensively sample. Although it has been assumed that pelagic dolphins range widely due to the lack of apparent barriers and unpredictable prey distribution, recent evidence suggests rough-toothed dolphins exhibit fidelity to some oceanic islands. A small number of photo-identification and genetic studies conducted to date on rough-toothed dolphins show regional population structure and stable associations in groups, with some individuals observed repeatedly in the same groups over several years. The aim of this dissertation is to describe patterns of phylogeography over evolutionary time on a global scale and expand studies of population and social structure on a regional level. The dataset contains 351 rough-toothed dolphin biopsies, tissue and teeth samples collected from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and limited samples from the Indian Ocean. To evaluate the phylogeography and test for possible species or subspecies level delineation between oceans, I used mitochondrial DNA sequences from the control region (350 bp) and 12 concatenated protein-coding genes from the whole mitogenome, as well as six nuclear introns. Although I found support for two Pacific clades and a private North Atlantic clade in the whole mitogenome, there were no genealogical patterns consistent across multiple loci, allowing me to reject species level delineation. To further evaluate the amount of gene flow and test for divisions below the species level, I used population level indices and found significant genetic differentiation for rough-toothed dolphins between the Atlantic Ocean with both the Indian/Western Pacific and Central/Eastern Pacific for both the mitochondrial datasets and the intron dataset. Significant differentiation between the Indian/Western Pacific Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean was found for the mitochondrial but not nuclear datasets. From these results I recommended the Atlantic Ocean basin be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit. This reflects that these populations are on independent evolutionary trajectories, but are not diagnosable species or subspecies. To further evaluate population structure on a regional scale, I used a subset of these samples from three archipelagos in the Central Pacific Ocean including the Hawaiian Islands, the Society Island of French Polynesia and the Samoan Islands. Using a 450bp portion of the mtDNA control region and 15 microsatellite loci, an overall AMOVA indicated strong genetic differentiation among islands within the main Hawaiian Islands (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.165; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.043 p<0.001) and the Society Islands of French Polynesia (F[subscript ST]=0.499; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.079 p<0.001) as well as among the three archipelagos (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.299; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.055 p<0.001). My results corroborate the photo-identification and the genetic studies for three archipelagos, confirming population structure on the regional level. Lastly, to test the hypothesis that social structure observed in rough-toothed dolphins is kinship based, as in other delphinid species such as killer whales, I used a subset of the main dataset from groups of living and mass stranded dolphins. I found multiple matrilines in more than half the groups, allowing me to reject a strictly matrilineal group structure, such as that observed in some killer whales. Instead I found rough-toothed dolphin groups showed weak matrilineality, where some groups are more matrilineal than expected by chance. Although group structure is stable, is not determined primarily by kin-based relationships. These analyses provide new insights into a little studied species. The use of worldwide datasets allowed me to evaluate population structure on different temporal, spatial and regional scales and delineate populations for future conservation and management. Title: Worldwide phylogeography and local population structure of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Author: Albertson, G. Renee Several dolphin species have global distributions. The extent of their radiation and limits to gene flow are presumably a product of oceanographic features both recent and historical, behavioral specializations and social organization. Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters and are generally found in depths greater than 1,500 meters making them challenging to comprehensively sample. Although it has been assumed that pelagic dolphins range widely due to the lack of apparent barriers and unpredictable prey distribution, recent evidence suggests rough-toothed dolphins exhibit fidelity to some oceanic islands. A small number of photo-identification and genetic studies conducted to date on rough-toothed dolphins show regional population structure and stable associations in groups, with some individuals observed repeatedly in the same groups over several years. The aim of this dissertation is to describe patterns of phylogeography over evolutionary time on a global scale and expand studies of population and social structure on a regional level. The dataset contains 351 rough-toothed dolphin biopsies, tissue and teeth samples collected from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and limited samples from the Indian Ocean. To evaluate the phylogeography and test for possible species or subspecies level delineation between oceans, I used mitochondrial DNA sequences from the control region (350 bp) and 12 concatenated protein-coding genes from the whole mitogenome, as well as six nuclear introns. Although I found support for two Pacific clades and a private North Atlantic clade in the whole mitogenome, there were no genealogical patterns consistent across multiple loci, allowing me to reject species level delineation. To further evaluate the amount of gene flow and test for divisions below the species level, I used population level indices and found significant genetic differentiation for rough-toothed dolphins between the Atlantic Ocean with both the Indian/Western Pacific and Central/Eastern Pacific for both the mitochondrial datasets and the intron dataset. Significant differentiation between the Indian/Western Pacific Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean was found for the mitochondrial but not nuclear datasets. From these results I recommended the Atlantic Ocean basin be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit. This reflects that these populations are on independent evolutionary trajectories, but are not diagnosable species or subspecies. To further evaluate population structure on a regional scale, I used a subset of these samples from three archipelagos in the Central Pacific Ocean including the Hawaiian Islands, the Society Island of French Polynesia and the Samoan Islands. Using a 450bp portion of the mtDNA control region and 15 microsatellite loci, an overall AMOVA indicated strong genetic differentiation among islands within the main Hawaiian Islands (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.165; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.043 p<0.001) and the Society Islands of French Polynesia (F[subscript ST]=0.499; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.079 p<0.001) as well as among the three archipelagos (mtDNA F[subscript ST]=0.299; p<0.001; microsatellite F[subscript ST]=0.055 p<0.001). My results corroborate the photo-identification and the genetic studies for three archipelagos, confirming population structure on the regional level. Lastly, to test the hypothesis that social structure observed in rough-toothed dolphins is kinship based, as in other delphinid species such as killer whales, I used a subset of the main dataset from groups of living and mass stranded dolphins. I found multiple matrilines in more than half the groups, allowing me to reject a strictly matrilineal group structure, such as that observed in some killer whales. Instead I found rough-toothed dolphin groups showed weak matrilineality, where some groups are more matrilineal than expected by chance. Although group structure is stable, is not determined primarily by kin-based relationships. These analyses provide new insights into a little studied species. The use of worldwide datasets allowed me to evaluate population structure on different temporal, spatial and regional scales and delineate populations for future conservation and management. Close

• 28716. [Article] Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species

  Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species Author: Fiala, Anne C. S. Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important habitat element for many wildlife species, canopy structure affects understory development, and influences various natural processes, such as the intensity of propagation of wildfire. Thus, improving our understanding of canopy structures and trends can aid forest management. The overall goal of this study was to characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for multiple forest groups in western Oregon. The specific objectives were to: 1) characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for dominant forest types in western Oregon, 2) evaluate methods for measuring canopy cover and structure, 3) compare methods to predict forest canopy cover and vertical diversity using standard inventory measurements, and 4) predict bird species occurrence with different canopy diversity measures. I evaluated patterns of vertical and horizontal canopy structure and understory cover along a successional gradient using 934 forested plots in western Oregon. Observed data were from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program from the 1995-97 survey on private and non-federal public lands. Patterns were examined for wet-conifer, wet-hardwood, and dry-hardwood forests. The upper tree canopy layer contributed the most to total cover except in the dry-hardwood stands, where the vertical distribution of tree cover was more evenly distributed. However, mean canopy cover rarely exceeded 85%, even in productive young conifer forests. Shade-tolerant species rarely made up more than 20% of canopy cover, even in the lower canopy layers and in stands> 100 yrs old. Contrary to expectations, percent cover of understory shrubs and herbs was not substantially lower in young closed-canopy stands than in other stands. Ground-based measures of canopy cover on inventory plots were compared to predictions with regression models that regressed canopy cover on standard forest measurements, with estimates from aerial photography, and predictions with the forest vegetation simulator (FVS) program. Model predictions from inventory measurements were within 15% of measured cover for> 82% of the observations. Standard inventory estimates of cover using 1:40,000 scale aerial photos were poorly correlated with ground-measured cover, especially in wet-hardwood (r=0.58) and dry-hardwood (r0.61) stands. FVS tended to underestimate cover by up to 50% in wet-conifer and wet-hardwood stands. The aerial photos and FVS equations used in this study are not recommended as surrogates for ground-based measurements of cover. However, the level of accuracies of the predictive models developed in this study may be adequate for some purposes. I compared fourteen measures of vertical structural diversity and layering using the inventory plots. I then attempted to predict selected vertical diversity indices from standard forest variables. Simpson's diversity index on tree heights best differentiated among the range of vertical structure classes of the inventory plots. I developed predictive equations for Simpson's height diversity index (SDI), Foliage Height Diversity (FHD), and Canopy Height Diversity Index (CHDI), which used basal area, standard deviation of dbh, and stem frequency of size classes as the best variables. Predicted SDI values were within 0 15 units of calculated SDI for > 79% of the observations, predicted CHDI values were within 1.5 units for > 91% of the observations, except in the dry-hardwood stands (only 69%), and predicted FHD measures were within 0.2 units for > 85% of the observations among forest groups. The equations for FHD and SDI were applied to a wildlife-habitat database for western Oregon to determine if classification efficiency of existing models using CHDI to predict presence of bird species could be improved. The classification efficiency of bird-habitat association models improved for 33% and 66% of models for the Oregon Coast Range with the FHD and SDI variables, respectively. Models with FHD and SDI had improved classification efficiency for 18% of Cascade Range models. Although improvements in classification efficiency were less than six percentage points, future use of these diversity indices is warranted in place of CHDI when estimates of FHD and/or SDI are available and CHDI estimates are not. Four ground-based techniques for estimating forest overstory cover - line-intercept, spherical densiometer, moosehorn, and hemispherical photography - and estimates generated using FVS were compared across a range of stand structure types. Canopy cover estimates for the four ground-based methods were not correlated with structure type. Differences among estimates of cover using FVS and the other methods did depend on the forest structure type. Differences among ground-based methods were primarily related to differences in angle of view. Although the line-intercept had the narrowest angle of view, the moosehorn provided the most conservative estimates of overstory cover. Regression equations were derived to allow conversion among canopy cover estimates developed with the four ground-based methods. The FVS calculated cover should not be used as a substitute for ground-based measures in these forest types given that it was consistently much lower (up to 70%) than estimates from the ground-based methods within each forest-structure type. Overall, this study provides researchers and forest managers with new information and tools that can be applied across the forested landscape of Oregon. Models to predict canopy cover and diversity, and bird habitat can be substituted for field studies, assuming the accuracies of predictions are adequate for desired purposes. In field studies where ground-based cover measures are needed, the moosehorn is recommended as the most conservative estimator of cover. For more detailed canopy data, the line-intercept method is warranted. Modifying the line-intercept method to use fixed height intervals may be preferable to the use of three relative layers. This adjustment will allow for more direct comparisons of canopy cover of layers among stands. Title: Forest canopy sturcture in western Oregon : characterization, methods for estimation, prediction, and importance to avian species Author: Fiala, Anne C. S. Characterization of canopy structure, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the tree crowns in a forest, is important for the management of forests in the Pacific Northwest. The canopy is an important habitat element for many wildlife species, canopy structure affects understory development, and influences various natural processes, such as the intensity of propagation of wildfire. Thus, improving our understanding of canopy structures and trends can aid forest management. The overall goal of this study was to characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for multiple forest groups in western Oregon. The specific objectives were to: 1) characterize vertical and horizontal canopy structure for dominant forest types in western Oregon, 2) evaluate methods for measuring canopy cover and structure, 3) compare methods to predict forest canopy cover and vertical diversity using standard inventory measurements, and 4) predict bird species occurrence with different canopy diversity measures. I evaluated patterns of vertical and horizontal canopy structure and understory cover along a successional gradient using 934 forested plots in western Oregon. Observed data were from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program from the 1995-97 survey on private and non-federal public lands. Patterns were examined for wet-conifer, wet-hardwood, and dry-hardwood forests. The upper tree canopy layer contributed the most to total cover except in the dry-hardwood stands, where the vertical distribution of tree cover was more evenly distributed. However, mean canopy cover rarely exceeded 85%, even in productive young conifer forests. Shade-tolerant species rarely made up more than 20% of canopy cover, even in the lower canopy layers and in stands> 100 yrs old. Contrary to expectations, percent cover of understory shrubs and herbs was not substantially lower in young closed-canopy stands than in other stands. Ground-based measures of canopy cover on inventory plots were compared to predictions with regression models that regressed canopy cover on standard forest measurements, with estimates from aerial photography, and predictions with the forest vegetation simulator (FVS) program. Model predictions from inventory measurements were within 15% of measured cover for> 82% of the observations. Standard inventory estimates of cover using 1:40,000 scale aerial photos were poorly correlated with ground-measured cover, especially in wet-hardwood (r=0.58) and dry-hardwood (r0.61) stands. FVS tended to underestimate cover by up to 50% in wet-conifer and wet-hardwood stands. The aerial photos and FVS equations used in this study are not recommended as surrogates for ground-based measurements of cover. However, the level of accuracies of the predictive models developed in this study may be adequate for some purposes. I compared fourteen measures of vertical structural diversity and layering using the inventory plots. I then attempted to predict selected vertical diversity indices from standard forest variables. Simpson's diversity index on tree heights best differentiated among the range of vertical structure classes of the inventory plots. I developed predictive equations for Simpson's height diversity index (SDI), Foliage Height Diversity (FHD), and Canopy Height Diversity Index (CHDI), which used basal area, standard deviation of dbh, and stem frequency of size classes as the best variables. Predicted SDI values were within 0 15 units of calculated SDI for > 79% of the observations, predicted CHDI values were within 1.5 units for > 91% of the observations, except in the dry-hardwood stands (only 69%), and predicted FHD measures were within 0.2 units for > 85% of the observations among forest groups. The equations for FHD and SDI were applied to a wildlife-habitat database for western Oregon to determine if classification efficiency of existing models using CHDI to predict presence of bird species could be improved. The classification efficiency of bird-habitat association models improved for 33% and 66% of models for the Oregon Coast Range with the FHD and SDI variables, respectively. Models with FHD and SDI had improved classification efficiency for 18% of Cascade Range models. Although improvements in classification efficiency were less than six percentage points, future use of these diversity indices is warranted in place of CHDI when estimates of FHD and/or SDI are available and CHDI estimates are not. Four ground-based techniques for estimating forest overstory cover - line-intercept, spherical densiometer, moosehorn, and hemispherical photography - and estimates generated using FVS were compared across a range of stand structure types. Canopy cover estimates for the four ground-based methods were not correlated with structure type. Differences among estimates of cover using FVS and the other methods did depend on the forest structure type. Differences among ground-based methods were primarily related to differences in angle of view. Although the line-intercept had the narrowest angle of view, the moosehorn provided the most conservative estimates of overstory cover. Regression equations were derived to allow conversion among canopy cover estimates developed with the four ground-based methods. The FVS calculated cover should not be used as a substitute for ground-based measures in these forest types given that it was consistently much lower (up to 70%) than estimates from the ground-based methods within each forest-structure type. Overall, this study provides researchers and forest managers with new information and tools that can be applied across the forested landscape of Oregon. Models to predict canopy cover and diversity, and bird habitat can be substituted for field studies, assuming the accuracies of predictions are adequate for desired purposes. In field studies where ground-based cover measures are needed, the moosehorn is recommended as the most conservative estimator of cover. For more detailed canopy data, the line-intercept method is warranted. Modifying the line-intercept method to use fixed height intervals may be preferable to the use of three relative layers. This adjustment will allow for more direct comparisons of canopy cover of layers among stands. Close

• 28717. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 28718. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, James S. Rouse

  	photo (color); Photocopy; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 18, 1997; Transcribed by Renee Edwards, August 1998." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, James S. Rouse Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1997, 2010 photo (color); Photocopy; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 18, 1997; Transcribed by Renee Edwards, August 1998." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, James S. Rouse Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1997, 2010 photo (color); Photocopy; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 18, 1997; Transcribed by Renee Edwards, August 1998." - T.p. Close

• 28719. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Robert E. Benton

  	photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark in March 1994; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p.;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Robert E. Benton Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1994, 2010 photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark in March 1994; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p.; Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Robert E. Benton Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1994, 2010 photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark in March 1994; transcribed by Chris Prout, August 1997." - T.p.; Close

• 28720. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, F. Owen Hoffman

  	photo (color); "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on August 25, 1998; transcribed by Renee Edwards, September 1998." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, F. Owen Hoffman Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1998, 2010 photo (color); "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on August 25, 1998; transcribed by Renee Edwards, September 1998." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, F. Owen Hoffman Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1998, 2010 photo (color); "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on August 25, 1998; transcribed by Renee Edwards, September 1998." - T.p. Close