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• 28601. [Article] Fungal growth responses to a photooxidized sodium ligninsulfonate

  Sodium ligninsulfonate, a water soluble wide-range molecular weight polymeric by-product of the paper pulping industry, is added as waste effluent to water ways or burned, causing extreme pollution. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fungal growth responses to a photooxidized sodium ligninsulfonate Author: Rockhill, Robert Clayton Sodium ligninsulfonate, a water soluble wide-range molecular weight polymeric by-product of the paper pulping industry, is added as waste effluent to water ways or burned, causing extreme pollution. The polymer is highly resistant to biodegradation. Therefore, modification of the structure to a more readily biodegradable form would be desirable, to be able to use this material for economic recovery, such as single cell protein (SCP), or other useful products. The ideal method of alteration would be one which did not in itself lead to other unwanted waste products such as would be inherent in a chemical process. In this study a sodium ligninsulfonate, Marasperse CB, was phototreated using a mercury-vapor ultraviolet lamp. Parameters studied during photolysis were oxygen effects, initial starting pH, temperature and wavelength ranges. Analytical methods included total carbon, thin layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, and fungal dry weight. The photolyzed ligninsulfonate was then used as a growth substrate for an Aspergillus isolated from soil enrichment. Definitive improvement of ligninsulfonate biological availability was demonstrated after photo-treatment of initial pH 3, 7 and 12 solutions. The response of the Aspergillus isolate was substantiated by assays of substrate carbon before and after growth, dry weights in relation to photolysis treatment time, and semiquantitative thin layer chromatography. The highest fungal yield came from the initial pH3 solution followed closely by the initial pH 12 solution. The pH 7 solution was approximately 50 percent of the former two. The greatest loss of carbon after growth occurred in the pH 3 and 12 solutions. Thin layer chromatography showed that during irradiation three new components were formed and three existing components increased in concentration as irradiation times increased. All of these components were reduced below detection limits after use of the solution as a growth medium. Carbon retention after irradiation was greatest in the initial pH 3 and 12 solutions as compared to the pH 7 solution. Photolysis occurred most efficiently in the pH 3 solution with regard to time, fungal yield, carbon loss after growth, and substrate utilization efficiency (fungal dry weight/carbon utilized). Wavelengths less than 210 nm allowed the most rapid modification with wavelengths greater than 280 nm causing essentially no short-term change. Photolysis of the ligninsulfonate was found to be temperature independent and oxygen dependent, showing a true primary photodecomposition mode. Photo-treatment of ligninsulfonate and definitive fungal growth response to the irradiated solution suggests that this treatment could be applied to improve biodegradation of other recalcitrant structures as well. Title: Fungal growth responses to a photooxidized sodium ligninsulfonate Author: Rockhill, Robert Clayton Sodium ligninsulfonate, a water soluble wide-range molecular weight polymeric by-product of the paper pulping industry, is added as waste effluent to water ways or burned, causing extreme pollution. The polymer is highly resistant to biodegradation. Therefore, modification of the structure to a more readily biodegradable form would be desirable, to be able to use this material for economic recovery, such as single cell protein (SCP), or other useful products. The ideal method of alteration would be one which did not in itself lead to other unwanted waste products such as would be inherent in a chemical process. In this study a sodium ligninsulfonate, Marasperse CB, was phototreated using a mercury-vapor ultraviolet lamp. Parameters studied during photolysis were oxygen effects, initial starting pH, temperature and wavelength ranges. Analytical methods included total carbon, thin layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, and fungal dry weight. The photolyzed ligninsulfonate was then used as a growth substrate for an Aspergillus isolated from soil enrichment. Definitive improvement of ligninsulfonate biological availability was demonstrated after photo-treatment of initial pH 3, 7 and 12 solutions. The response of the Aspergillus isolate was substantiated by assays of substrate carbon before and after growth, dry weights in relation to photolysis treatment time, and semiquantitative thin layer chromatography. The highest fungal yield came from the initial pH3 solution followed closely by the initial pH 12 solution. The pH 7 solution was approximately 50 percent of the former two. The greatest loss of carbon after growth occurred in the pH 3 and 12 solutions. Thin layer chromatography showed that during irradiation three new components were formed and three existing components increased in concentration as irradiation times increased. All of these components were reduced below detection limits after use of the solution as a growth medium. Carbon retention after irradiation was greatest in the initial pH 3 and 12 solutions as compared to the pH 7 solution. Photolysis occurred most efficiently in the pH 3 solution with regard to time, fungal yield, carbon loss after growth, and substrate utilization efficiency (fungal dry weight/carbon utilized). Wavelengths less than 210 nm allowed the most rapid modification with wavelengths greater than 280 nm causing essentially no short-term change. Photolysis of the ligninsulfonate was found to be temperature independent and oxygen dependent, showing a true primary photodecomposition mode. Photo-treatment of ligninsulfonate and definitive fungal growth response to the irradiated solution suggests that this treatment could be applied to improve biodegradation of other recalcitrant structures as well. Close

• 28602. [Article] Abundance of humpback whales in Oceania using photo-identification and microsatellite genotyping

  The version of record is embargoed until 05-07-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Abundance of humpback whales in Oceania using photo-identification and microsatellite genotyping Author: Baker, C. Scott, Clapham, Phillip, Jackson, Jennifer A., Poole, Michael, Burns, Daniel, Oremus, Marc, Brooks, Lyndon, Madon, Benedicte, Garrigue, Claire, Mattila, David, Constantine, Rochelle, Robbins, Jooke, Thompson, Kirsten, Hauser, Nan, Steel, Debbie The version of record is embargoed until 05-07-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Title: Abundance of humpback whales in Oceania using photo-identification and microsatellite genotyping Author: Baker, C. Scott, Clapham, Phillip, Jackson, Jennifer A., Poole, Michael, Burns, Daniel, Oremus, Marc, Brooks, Lyndon, Madon, Benedicte, Garrigue, Claire, Mattila, David, Constantine, Rochelle, Robbins, Jooke, Thompson, Kirsten, Hauser, Nan, Steel, Debbie The version of record is embargoed until 05-07-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Close

• 28603. [Article] The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology

  Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Close

• 28604. [Image] Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007

  	The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Close

• 28605. [Article] Clear and Foster Creek Watershed Assessment

  Abstract -- A watershed assessment was completed in the Clear and Foster Creek watersheds to evaluate existing conditions and make recommendations to protect or enhance watershed natural resources. Clear ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clear and Foster Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- A watershed assessment was completed in the Clear and Foster Creek watersheds to evaluate existing conditions and make recommendations to protect or enhance watershed natural resources. Clear and Foster Creek are tributaries to the Clackamas River below any major dams on the system; consequently these tributaries are positioned favorably to contribute to recovery of important anadromous fish populations. Anadromous fish species in the Clackamas basin include spring and fall chinook, coho salmon, winter steelhead, summer steelhead (non-native), migratory cutthroat trout and lamprey. Clear and Foster Creeks are utilized by fall chinook, winter steelhead and coho salmon. The assessment generally followed the framework described in the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board’s Watershed Assessment Manual (WPN, 1999). The assessment focused on the following components: Channel habitat classification and modification; hydrology and water use; riparian/wetlands; sediment sources; water quality; fisheries; and wildlife and upland vegetation. Generally the approach builds on existing information, and enhances this information with aerial photo interpretation and limited field checking. Additional fieldwork was used to verify channel habitat types and to characterize fish habitat condition. GIS was used as a critical assessment tool and method of displaying results. Title: Clear and Foster Creek Watershed Assessment Abstract -- A watershed assessment was completed in the Clear and Foster Creek watersheds to evaluate existing conditions and make recommendations to protect or enhance watershed natural resources. Clear and Foster Creek are tributaries to the Clackamas River below any major dams on the system; consequently these tributaries are positioned favorably to contribute to recovery of important anadromous fish populations. Anadromous fish species in the Clackamas basin include spring and fall chinook, coho salmon, winter steelhead, summer steelhead (non-native), migratory cutthroat trout and lamprey. Clear and Foster Creeks are utilized by fall chinook, winter steelhead and coho salmon. The assessment generally followed the framework described in the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board’s Watershed Assessment Manual (WPN, 1999). The assessment focused on the following components: Channel habitat classification and modification; hydrology and water use; riparian/wetlands; sediment sources; water quality; fisheries; and wildlife and upland vegetation. Generally the approach builds on existing information, and enhances this information with aerial photo interpretation and limited field checking. Additional fieldwork was used to verify channel habitat types and to characterize fish habitat condition. GIS was used as a critical assessment tool and method of displaying results. Close

• 28606. [Image] Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah

  	Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah Author: Ward, S. H. Year: 1974 Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation of potential geothermal resources in the State of Utah. These systems will be tested An areas of known hot springs, late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic activity, current microearthquake activity and in areas of known high heat flow. Photo-interpretation, geologic mapping, structural analysis, petrologic study, hydrothermal alteration studies, geochemical analyses, geothermometry, geochronology, microearthquake and seismic noise monitoring, heat flow measurement, self-potential surveying, resistivity/induced polarization surveying, electromagnetic sounding, magnetic surveying, and gravity surveying may be combined to maximize scientific yield while maintaining low costs in order to optimize the cost-effectiveness of each system. Other ingredients of exploration architecture shall be incorporated if considered desirable. It is anticipated that not all ingredients shall be used on any one prospect Title: Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah Author: Ward, S. H. Year: 1974 Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation of potential geothermal resources in the State of Utah. These systems will be tested An areas of known hot springs, late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic activity, current microearthquake activity and in areas of known high heat flow. Photo-interpretation, geologic mapping, structural analysis, petrologic study, hydrothermal alteration studies, geochemical analyses, geothermometry, geochronology, microearthquake and seismic noise monitoring, heat flow measurement, self-potential surveying, resistivity/induced polarization surveying, electromagnetic sounding, magnetic surveying, and gravity surveying may be combined to maximize scientific yield while maintaining low costs in order to optimize the cost-effectiveness of each system. Other ingredients of exploration architecture shall be incorporated if considered desirable. It is anticipated that not all ingredients shall be used on any one prospect Close

• 28607. [Image] Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Bruce W. Black

  	photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 27, 1988; Transcribed by Darci Comolski, et al., 1994." - T.p.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Bruce W. Black Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1988, 2009, 2010 photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 27, 1988; Transcribed by Darci Comolski, et al., 1994." - T.p. Title: Crater Lake National Park oral history series, Bruce W. Black Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 1988, 2009, 2010 photo; "Interviewed by Stephen R. Mark on September 27, 1988; Transcribed by Darci Comolski, et al., 1994." - T.p. Close

• 28608. [Image] CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - D.E.

  	KP-2501-R2- Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - Looking north along the fracture line taken about halfway between the water and the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - D.E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E. ?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2501-R2- Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - Looking north along the fracture line taken about halfway between the water and the high water line of the reservoir. Carr Butte, a cinder cone, in the background; September 28, 1959 Title: CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - D.E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E. ?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2501-R2- Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE - Ground fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R 7 E., M.D.M. - Looking north along the fracture line taken about halfway between the water and the high water line of the reservoir. Carr Butte, a cinder cone, in the background; September 28, 1959 Close

• 28609. [Image] CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E.

  	KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E.?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the south; September 28, 1959 Title: CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, [Bunger, D.E.?] Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2502-R2- Klamath Project- CLEAR LAKE- Ground Fracture - Southwest Shore, Section 16, T. 46 N., R. 7 E., M.D.M. - D. E. Close-up of the water inlet to the fracture showing how the water flows to the south; September 28, 1959 Close

• 28610. [Image] Michael Moore, General Manager for Quail Run Vineyards, tastes a new wine for consideration at 2014 World of Wine

  	In this photo, Michael Moore is tasting at South Stage Cellars in Jacksonville, Oregon
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Michael Moore, General Manager for Quail Run Vineyards, tastes a new wine for consideration at 2014 World of Wine Author: Maureen Battistella Year: 2014 In this photo, Michael Moore is tasting at South Stage Cellars in Jacksonville, Oregon Title: Michael Moore, General Manager for Quail Run Vineyards, tastes a new wine for consideration at 2014 World of Wine Author: Maureen Battistella Year: 2014 In this photo, Michael Moore is tasting at South Stage Cellars in Jacksonville, Oregon Close