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• 2821. [Article] A METHOD FOR ANALYSING CLIMATE IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSES

  4 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A METHOD FOR ANALYSING CLIMATE IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSES Author: Brown, G. Z., Novitski, B. J. Year: 2011 4 p. Title: A METHOD FOR ANALYSING CLIMATE IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSES Author: Brown, G. Z., Novitski, B. J. Year: 2011 4 p. Close

• 2822. [Article] Climate Master Handbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Help People Curb Their Household Climate Impact

  53 p. : ill. (some col.)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Master Handbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Help People Curb Their Household Climate Impact Author: Climate Leadership Initiative Year: 2010, 2009 53 p. : ill. (some col.) Title: Climate Master Handbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Help People Curb Their Household Climate Impact Author: Climate Leadership Initiative Year: 2010, 2009 53 p. : ill. (some col.) Close

• 2823. [Article] The role of heterogeneous freezing nucleation in upper troposphereic clouds : inferences from SUCCESS

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of heterogeneous freezing nucleation in upper troposphereic clouds : inferences from SUCCESS Author: DeMott, Paul J., Rogers, David C., Kreidenweis, Sonia M., Chan, K. Roland, Heymsfield, Andrew J., Twohy, Cynthia, Baumgardner, Darrel, Chen, Yalei copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: The role of heterogeneous freezing nucleation in upper troposphereic clouds : inferences from SUCCESS Author: DeMott, Paul J., Rogers, David C., Kreidenweis, Sonia M., Chan, K. Roland, Heymsfield, Andrew J., Twohy, Cynthia, Baumgardner, Darrel, Chen, Yalei copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 2824. [Article] Burn and Crystal Springs allotment management plan environmental assessment

  152 pp. Summary, tables, maps, references. T. 13 and 14 S., R. 18 and 19 E., multiple sections. Captured August 12, 2008.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Burn and Crystal Springs allotment management plan environmental assessment Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 152 pp. Summary, tables, maps, references. T. 13 and 14 S., R. 18 and 19 E., multiple sections. Captured August 12, 2008. Title: Burn and Crystal Springs allotment management plan environmental assessment Author: Lookout Mountain Ranger District (Or.) Year: 2008 152 pp. Summary, tables, maps, references. T. 13 and 14 S., R. 18 and 19 E., multiple sections. Captured August 12, 2008. Close

• 2825. [Article] Second harmonic generation in polyacetylene

  This study investigates nonlinear optical properties of matter. Nonlinear optical effects have found a wide field of applications such as the extension of the operation range of lasers to higher frequencies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Second harmonic generation in polyacetylene Author: Kircher, Jens This study investigates nonlinear optical properties of matter. Nonlinear optical effects have found a wide field of applications such as the extension of the operation range of lasers to higher frequencies, material probes and optical image processing. A brief introduction to the most common nonlinear optical phenomena is given and the currently used methods for the calculation of nonlinear optical susceptibilities are reviewed and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed. A new diagrammatical approach is proposed and shown to yield the same results as the current methods at zero temperature. The method is then applied to Polyacetylene, which is modeled as a linear chain whose two degenerate ground states are divided by a domain wall called a soliton. The Green's Functions for this system are used to obtain expressions which are evaluted numerically to yield the second order nonlinear susceptibility over a wide range of input frequencies. Title: Second harmonic generation in polyacetylene Author: Kircher, Jens This study investigates nonlinear optical properties of matter. Nonlinear optical effects have found a wide field of applications such as the extension of the operation range of lasers to higher frequencies, material probes and optical image processing. A brief introduction to the most common nonlinear optical phenomena is given and the currently used methods for the calculation of nonlinear optical susceptibilities are reviewed and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed. A new diagrammatical approach is proposed and shown to yield the same results as the current methods at zero temperature. The method is then applied to Polyacetylene, which is modeled as a linear chain whose two degenerate ground states are divided by a domain wall called a soliton. The Green's Functions for this system are used to obtain expressions which are evaluted numerically to yield the second order nonlinear susceptibility over a wide range of input frequencies. Close

• 2826. [Article] Characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors under steady state illumination

  The optical and electrical characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors made with ohmic and Schottky contacts are studied in this thesis. Current - voltage measurements are made both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors under steady state illumination Author: Yang, Howard C. The optical and electrical characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors made with ohmic and Schottky contacts are studied in this thesis. Current - voltage measurements are made both in the dark and under varying power levels of HeNe laser (6328 Å) illumination. DC photocurrent gain is then calculated as a function of bias voltage based on the experimental data. Temperature variations of spectral response are also measured. An operating mechanism of the ohmic contact detector is proposed. A simplified model is used to calculate the initial current versus voltage characteristics of the Schottky contact detectors. The calculated curves agree qualitatively with the experimental results. Title: Characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors under steady state illumination Author: Yang, Howard C. The optical and electrical characteristics of semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive detectors made with ohmic and Schottky contacts are studied in this thesis. Current - voltage measurements are made both in the dark and under varying power levels of HeNe laser (6328 Å) illumination. DC photocurrent gain is then calculated as a function of bias voltage based on the experimental data. Temperature variations of spectral response are also measured. An operating mechanism of the ohmic contact detector is proposed. A simplified model is used to calculate the initial current versus voltage characteristics of the Schottky contact detectors. The calculated curves agree qualitatively with the experimental results. Close

• 2827. [Article] X-ray study of an isobranched lecithin

  Lipids, especially phospholipids, are very common but important molecules found in cells and animal tissue, performing many biological functions, particularly in membranes. Lipids, when mixed with water, spontaneously ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: X-ray study of an isobranched lecithin Author: Herpe, Joachim Lipids, especially phospholipids, are very common but important molecules found in cells and animal tissue, performing many biological functions, particularly in membranes. Lipids, when mixed with water, spontaneously form ordered systems, such as micelles, vesicles and multibilayers. The size of these systems and their degree of ordering depend on the temperature and water content of the sample. One member of this most important class of molecules is 14-di-isoacyl-phosphatidyl-choline (14 iPC), a modified lipid. The goal of this study was to determine, via X-ray diffraction, the thermotropic phase behavior of bilayers formed by 14 iPC in excess water. In addition, the projected electron charge density perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer was deduced from Fourier transforms of the low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. An investigation of the stacking disorder of bilayers was conducted by proposing models and comparing their predicted X-ray diffraction patterns with the observed data. Title: X-ray study of an isobranched lecithin Author: Herpe, Joachim Lipids, especially phospholipids, are very common but important molecules found in cells and animal tissue, performing many biological functions, particularly in membranes. Lipids, when mixed with water, spontaneously form ordered systems, such as micelles, vesicles and multibilayers. The size of these systems and their degree of ordering depend on the temperature and water content of the sample. One member of this most important class of molecules is 14-di-isoacyl-phosphatidyl-choline (14 iPC), a modified lipid. The goal of this study was to determine, via X-ray diffraction, the thermotropic phase behavior of bilayers formed by 14 iPC in excess water. In addition, the projected electron charge density perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer was deduced from Fourier transforms of the low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. An investigation of the stacking disorder of bilayers was conducted by proposing models and comparing their predicted X-ray diffraction patterns with the observed data. Close

• 2828. [Article] Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat to manipulate populations of Labops hesperius Uhler (Heteroptera:Miridae)

  Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat of Labops hesperius Uhler were investigated on rangeland seeded to crested wheatgrass near Vale, Oregon, and on rangeland seeded to crested and intermediate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat to manipulate populations of Labops hesperius Uhler (Heteroptera:Miridae) Author: Fuxa, James R. Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat of Labops hesperius Uhler were investigated on rangeland seeded to crested wheatgrass near Vale, Oregon, and on rangeland seeded to crested and intermediate wheatgrass near Seneca, Oregon. Nymphs and adults were present at Vale from late March until mid-June and at Seneca from early April until late June or early July. Females at the Vale site preferred to oviposit in dry culms of crested wheatgrass and in Sandberg's bluegrass but they also oviposited in cheatgrass and green calms of crested wheatgrass. Females at a Seneca site oviposited in green intermediate wheatgrass. Population density at the Vale site was positively correlated with the total weight of dry wheatgrass and ground litter present at different locations because the straw provided oviposition sites or protection for the bugs. The obligatory egg diapause was investigated by subjecting eggs collected in September to different temperature treatments in the laboratory. Diapause was terminated after a minimum of 60 days exposure to 3° or 9° C and about two weeks incubation in 15°C and 16-hour photophase. Eggs survived temperatures as low as -15° C, and one temperature treatment resulted in 87% hatch. A 30 day acclimation temperature of 9° or 3° C before exposing the eggs to 3° or -15°C, respectively, resulted in a higher egg-hatch percentage. Egg diapause in L. hesperius differed from that in other mirids because the embryo of the former diapaused at a more advanced stage of embryogenesis. Sticky traps, pitfall traps, and a marking technique were used to study dispersal capabilities of L. hesperius at the Vale site. The bugs were capable of moving 7. 8 meters by walking on the ground and 23. 2 meters by a combination of flying and walking. The bugs could perceive red, yellow, and blue traps, but not white traps, at an altitude of 1. 52 meters, which was the common flight altitude. Macropterous females attained sexual maturity later than brachypterous females indicating that the former are specialized for migration. Males flew but the trap data did not indicate whether the nature of their flight was dispersal or trivial. The low percentage of macropterous females in the population might explain the slow dispersal rate of L. hesperius. Another mirid, Irbisia brachycera Uhler, was also captured in large numbers on sticky traps. Feeding damage to wheatgrass plants was studied by visual evaluation and chemical analysis of the damaged leaves. Chemical analysis indicated that feeding damage caused a decrease in plant cell contents but an increase in digestibility of the cell-wall constituents. However, a damage level of only 25% caused a relative increase in cell-wall constituents to an extent that would probably decrease the voluntary intake of wheatgrass by ruminants. Various range cultural and management practices were investigated to determine whether they could be used to reduce the population density of L. hesperius. Fertilizer treatments that included nitrogen significantly increased the density of L. hesperius but none of the fertilizer treatments significantly decreased the density. The bug density did not increase in proportion to the increase in herbage yield expected from fertilizing wheatgrass with nitrogen. The herbicide Paraquat indirectly killed nymphs and adults of L. hesperius by prematurely curing the wheatgrass which resulted in starvation of the bugs. The egg density was also reduced because the females starved to death before they were able to oviposit. Paraquat reduced the herbage yield as expected but increased the quality of the herbage. Prematurely curing wheatgrass with Paraquat will be an economical method of controlling L. hesperius provided that the spray can be timed to both reduce the bug population and increase the feed value of the forage. Mechanical removal of herbage during the egg stage reduced the bug population density by directly destroying the eggs or by exposing them to more harsh winter conditions or both. Mechanical removal during the nymphal and adult stages did not directly affect the population density since the bugs were able to find sufficient food for survival in the stubble. However, mechanical removal of herbage during the nymphal stages can reduce bug density in populations that are relatively dense originally, and removal immediately before oviposition prevents the females from laying eggs. Field burning, hay crop removal, and grazing are cultural practices that might control L. hesperius by mechanically removing the herbage. Hay crop removal, grazing during the nymphal and early adult stages, and grazing during the egg stage should each prove useful for controlling L. hesperius on different types of pasture infested with bugs. Title: Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat to manipulate populations of Labops hesperius Uhler (Heteroptera:Miridae) Author: Fuxa, James R. Biological attributes and alteration of the habitat of Labops hesperius Uhler were investigated on rangeland seeded to crested wheatgrass near Vale, Oregon, and on rangeland seeded to crested and intermediate wheatgrass near Seneca, Oregon. Nymphs and adults were present at Vale from late March until mid-June and at Seneca from early April until late June or early July. Females at the Vale site preferred to oviposit in dry culms of crested wheatgrass and in Sandberg's bluegrass but they also oviposited in cheatgrass and green calms of crested wheatgrass. Females at a Seneca site oviposited in green intermediate wheatgrass. Population density at the Vale site was positively correlated with the total weight of dry wheatgrass and ground litter present at different locations because the straw provided oviposition sites or protection for the bugs. The obligatory egg diapause was investigated by subjecting eggs collected in September to different temperature treatments in the laboratory. Diapause was terminated after a minimum of 60 days exposure to 3° or 9° C and about two weeks incubation in 15°C and 16-hour photophase. Eggs survived temperatures as low as -15° C, and one temperature treatment resulted in 87% hatch. A 30 day acclimation temperature of 9° or 3° C before exposing the eggs to 3° or -15°C, respectively, resulted in a higher egg-hatch percentage. Egg diapause in L. hesperius differed from that in other mirids because the embryo of the former diapaused at a more advanced stage of embryogenesis. Sticky traps, pitfall traps, and a marking technique were used to study dispersal capabilities of L. hesperius at the Vale site. The bugs were capable of moving 7. 8 meters by walking on the ground and 23. 2 meters by a combination of flying and walking. The bugs could perceive red, yellow, and blue traps, but not white traps, at an altitude of 1. 52 meters, which was the common flight altitude. Macropterous females attained sexual maturity later than brachypterous females indicating that the former are specialized for migration. Males flew but the trap data did not indicate whether the nature of their flight was dispersal or trivial. The low percentage of macropterous females in the population might explain the slow dispersal rate of L. hesperius. Another mirid, Irbisia brachycera Uhler, was also captured in large numbers on sticky traps. Feeding damage to wheatgrass plants was studied by visual evaluation and chemical analysis of the damaged leaves. Chemical analysis indicated that feeding damage caused a decrease in plant cell contents but an increase in digestibility of the cell-wall constituents. However, a damage level of only 25% caused a relative increase in cell-wall constituents to an extent that would probably decrease the voluntary intake of wheatgrass by ruminants. Various range cultural and management practices were investigated to determine whether they could be used to reduce the population density of L. hesperius. Fertilizer treatments that included nitrogen significantly increased the density of L. hesperius but none of the fertilizer treatments significantly decreased the density. The bug density did not increase in proportion to the increase in herbage yield expected from fertilizing wheatgrass with nitrogen. The herbicide Paraquat indirectly killed nymphs and adults of L. hesperius by prematurely curing the wheatgrass which resulted in starvation of the bugs. The egg density was also reduced because the females starved to death before they were able to oviposit. Paraquat reduced the herbage yield as expected but increased the quality of the herbage. Prematurely curing wheatgrass with Paraquat will be an economical method of controlling L. hesperius provided that the spray can be timed to both reduce the bug population and increase the feed value of the forage. Mechanical removal of herbage during the egg stage reduced the bug population density by directly destroying the eggs or by exposing them to more harsh winter conditions or both. Mechanical removal during the nymphal and adult stages did not directly affect the population density since the bugs were able to find sufficient food for survival in the stubble. However, mechanical removal of herbage during the nymphal stages can reduce bug density in populations that are relatively dense originally, and removal immediately before oviposition prevents the females from laying eggs. Field burning, hay crop removal, and grazing are cultural practices that might control L. hesperius by mechanically removing the herbage. Hay crop removal, grazing during the nymphal and early adult stages, and grazing during the egg stage should each prove useful for controlling L. hesperius on different types of pasture infested with bugs. Close

• 2829. [Article] Preliminary design and analysis of a rotating bubble membrane radiator for space-based nuclear power systems

  The development of a novel high temperature space radiator is described. A Rotating Bubble Membrane Radiator (RBMR) combines the best features of heat pipes and droplet radiators while avoiding their negative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary design and analysis of a rotating bubble membrane radiator for space-based nuclear power systems Author: Webb, Brent Jonathan The development of a novel high temperature space radiator is described. A Rotating Bubble Membrane Radiator (RBMR) combines the best features of heat pipes and droplet radiators while avoiding their negative attributes. The RBMR offers light weight, self deployment, ease of startup and its performance is less affected by acceleration. Threat survivability is greatly enhanced by RBMR rotation and the use of an advanced thermally transmittant micrometeoroid barrier. Title: Preliminary design and analysis of a rotating bubble membrane radiator for space-based nuclear power systems Author: Webb, Brent Jonathan The development of a novel high temperature space radiator is described. A Rotating Bubble Membrane Radiator (RBMR) combines the best features of heat pipes and droplet radiators while avoiding their negative attributes. The RBMR offers light weight, self deployment, ease of startup and its performance is less affected by acceleration. Threat survivability is greatly enhanced by RBMR rotation and the use of an advanced thermally transmittant micrometeoroid barrier. Close

• 2830. [Article] Wheat lignin as a functional dietary fiber component

  This dissertation has focused on lignin byproducts that result from the alkali processing of wheat straw. The first study evaluated the application of “standard” lignin quantification methods for summative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wheat lignin as a functional dietary fiber component Author: Junyusen, Tiraporn This dissertation has focused on lignin byproducts that result from the alkali processing of wheat straw. The first study evaluated the application of “standard” lignin quantification methods for summative analyses of alkali-based processes. Mass closure during NaOH processing at 25, 50, and 75°C of wheat straw was evaluated using the acid insoluble lignin (AIL) and acid soluble lignin (ASL) assays (per U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory guidance). In general, a fraction of the water and ethanol soluble extractives of straw measure as lignin, hereafter termed artifactual lignin. Actual AIL recovered from the alkali insoluble fraction resulting from alkali processing (AP) of extractive free wheat straw (EFS) at 25, 50 and 75°C was 64, 48, and 34% of the AIL in the original wheat straw, respectively. The percent overestimation of AIL in the insoluble phase from AP of native wheat straw (NS) decreased with increasing pretreatment severity. The trend was that the higher the severity of AP the lower the artifactual AIL in the insoluble phase. Summation of the AIL and ASL data indicated alkali processing resulted in a loss of both actual and artifactual AIL in both the soluble and insoluble phases. The amount of lignin loss in such processes was a function of the severity of the process. The second study focused on the recovery of wheat straw lignin via precipitation from alkali extract liquor (AEL). Lignin recovery is important due to lignin’s potential for subsequent value-added processing. In this work, wheat straw was treated with 5% NaOH at 50°C for 5 h to produce AEL. Lignin recovery from AEL, quantified as precipitated solids, acid insoluble lignin (AIL), and acid soluble lignin (ASL), was evaluated over a range of pH (1.5 to 7), temperature (4° to 70 °C), supplemental salts (0 to 2.5M) and presence/absence of hemicellulose. Lignin recovery, measured as ash-adjusted solids, generally increases as pH decreases. Temperature does not appear to significantly affect rates or extents of solids recovery at low pH; at neutral pH, increased temperature increased rates of precipitation but had minimal to no effect on extent of lignin recovery following a one hour precipitation period. At neutral pH and moderate temperature, ionic strength significantly affects solids recovery. Increased ionic strength increases rates and extents of lignin precipitation. Hemicellulose interferes with rates of lignin precipitation and appears to co-precipitate. Structural implications of these results are considered. The aim of the third study was to determine the feasibility of using lignin-rich fractions of alkali processed wheat straw as “functional dietary fibers” based on their in vitro bile acid binding capacity. Bile acid binding capacity is important in this context because of the documented relationship between fecal excretion of bile acids and serum cholesterol levels. In this study, wheat straw (WS), alkali extracted solids (AES), enzyme saccharification residues (ESR), and alkali lignin (AL) were used to determine bile acids (cholic acid, glycocholic acid, and taurocholic acid) binding capacities. Bile acid adsorption was determined by measuring the partitioning of bile acids between the solid phase (fiber) and the liquid phase (phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) at 37°C. In general, bile acid associated with the different wheat straw fractions but the extent of association was not proportional to lignin content as hypothesized. Among the bile acids tested, cholic acid showed the best correlation between amount adsorbed and lignin content. AES, ESR, and AL all had higher bile acid binding capacities than WS. Bile acid adsorption to AL ranged from 2 to 29 μmol bile acid per gram substrate, with cholic acid and taurocholic acid showing the highest and lowest adsorption capacities, respectively. A contributing factor limiting alkali lignin-bile acid association was determined to be electrostatic repulsion based on experiments of evaluation the importance of ionic strength and cation addition. Chemical modification of lignin-associated carboxyl groups of AL using a carbodiimide reagent was attempted to address the electrostatic repulsion issue. Chemical modification of the alkali lignin (MAL) significantly increased its bile acid binding capacity. Bile acid binding by the MAL was in the range of 48 to 54 μmol bile acid per gram substrate. The combined results from this study demonstrate the potential of using a major food processing/production byproduct, i.e. wheat straw AL, as a “functional dietary fiber’ for bile acid sequestration. Title: Wheat lignin as a functional dietary fiber component Author: Junyusen, Tiraporn This dissertation has focused on lignin byproducts that result from the alkali processing of wheat straw. The first study evaluated the application of “standard” lignin quantification methods for summative analyses of alkali-based processes. Mass closure during NaOH processing at 25, 50, and 75°C of wheat straw was evaluated using the acid insoluble lignin (AIL) and acid soluble lignin (ASL) assays (per U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory guidance). In general, a fraction of the water and ethanol soluble extractives of straw measure as lignin, hereafter termed artifactual lignin. Actual AIL recovered from the alkali insoluble fraction resulting from alkali processing (AP) of extractive free wheat straw (EFS) at 25, 50 and 75°C was 64, 48, and 34% of the AIL in the original wheat straw, respectively. The percent overestimation of AIL in the insoluble phase from AP of native wheat straw (NS) decreased with increasing pretreatment severity. The trend was that the higher the severity of AP the lower the artifactual AIL in the insoluble phase. Summation of the AIL and ASL data indicated alkali processing resulted in a loss of both actual and artifactual AIL in both the soluble and insoluble phases. The amount of lignin loss in such processes was a function of the severity of the process. The second study focused on the recovery of wheat straw lignin via precipitation from alkali extract liquor (AEL). Lignin recovery is important due to lignin’s potential for subsequent value-added processing. In this work, wheat straw was treated with 5% NaOH at 50°C for 5 h to produce AEL. Lignin recovery from AEL, quantified as precipitated solids, acid insoluble lignin (AIL), and acid soluble lignin (ASL), was evaluated over a range of pH (1.5 to 7), temperature (4° to 70 °C), supplemental salts (0 to 2.5M) and presence/absence of hemicellulose. Lignin recovery, measured as ash-adjusted solids, generally increases as pH decreases. Temperature does not appear to significantly affect rates or extents of solids recovery at low pH; at neutral pH, increased temperature increased rates of precipitation but had minimal to no effect on extent of lignin recovery following a one hour precipitation period. At neutral pH and moderate temperature, ionic strength significantly affects solids recovery. Increased ionic strength increases rates and extents of lignin precipitation. Hemicellulose interferes with rates of lignin precipitation and appears to co-precipitate. Structural implications of these results are considered. The aim of the third study was to determine the feasibility of using lignin-rich fractions of alkali processed wheat straw as “functional dietary fibers” based on their in vitro bile acid binding capacity. Bile acid binding capacity is important in this context because of the documented relationship between fecal excretion of bile acids and serum cholesterol levels. In this study, wheat straw (WS), alkali extracted solids (AES), enzyme saccharification residues (ESR), and alkali lignin (AL) were used to determine bile acids (cholic acid, glycocholic acid, and taurocholic acid) binding capacities. Bile acid adsorption was determined by measuring the partitioning of bile acids between the solid phase (fiber) and the liquid phase (phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) at 37°C. In general, bile acid associated with the different wheat straw fractions but the extent of association was not proportional to lignin content as hypothesized. Among the bile acids tested, cholic acid showed the best correlation between amount adsorbed and lignin content. AES, ESR, and AL all had higher bile acid binding capacities than WS. Bile acid adsorption to AL ranged from 2 to 29 μmol bile acid per gram substrate, with cholic acid and taurocholic acid showing the highest and lowest adsorption capacities, respectively. A contributing factor limiting alkali lignin-bile acid association was determined to be electrostatic repulsion based on experiments of evaluation the importance of ionic strength and cation addition. Chemical modification of lignin-associated carboxyl groups of AL using a carbodiimide reagent was attempted to address the electrostatic repulsion issue. Chemical modification of the alkali lignin (MAL) significantly increased its bile acid binding capacity. Bile acid binding by the MAL was in the range of 48 to 54 μmol bile acid per gram substrate. The combined results from this study demonstrate the potential of using a major food processing/production byproduct, i.e. wheat straw AL, as a “functional dietary fiber’ for bile acid sequestration. Close