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• 2631. [Article] Patterns of energy utilization in the litter subsystem of a Douglas-fir forest

  Respiratory rates were measured, in situ, for the litter, the soil, and the litter-soil subsystems of a Pseudotsuga menziesii forest as a function of type of understory vegetation. The major objectives were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of energy utilization in the litter subsystem of a Douglas-fir forest Author: Chase, Wallace T. Respiratory rates were measured, in situ, for the litter, the soil, and the litter-soil subsystems of a Pseudotsuga menziesii forest as a function of type of understory vegetation. The major objectives were to demonstrate the utility of the litter layer as a distinct subsystem of this forest ecosystem, to demonstrate the existence of respiratory patterns in the litter subsystem related to type of understory vegetation, to determine if moisture and/or temperature were important factors in creating these patterns, and to generate an estimate of annual rate of respiration of the litter subsystem of a Pseudotsuga menziesii forest. Six understory types (Holodiscus discolor, Acer circinatum, Gaultheria shallon, Tsuga heterophylla, Castanopsis chrysophylla, and Polystichum munitum) were sampled. All differences in annual respiratory rates for all subsystems were significant at F₀[subscript .]₀₅, however the range of differences between types in the respiratory rates of the litter subsystems, normalized to a per gram of litter basis, were higher by an average factor of six and exhibited a hierarchy of magnitudes different from those of the unnormalized litter, the soil, or the litter-soil subsystems. The litter subsystem was found to be a useful and meaningful division of the forest ecosystem. Due to suspected methodology related errors associated with lateral movements of carbon dioxide into the sample areas from without, the soil and the litter-soil measurements were probably in error, possibly quite large. Error in absolute rate of respiration for the litter subsystem is also suspected but probably to a smaller degree and not affecting the hierarchy related to type. The litter subsystems for two of the types were found to have moisture contents different by a relatively large percentage from that of the litter subsystems of the other types. It appeared, however, that moisture difference was not the major cause of the hierarchy by type of respiratory rates of the litter subsystem.. Temperature was not a significant factor in the observed hierarchy. The annual respiration yields based on the litter subsystem, as a probable result of the specific methodology used, appeared to yield more reasonable estimates for rates of decomposition of organic matter in a forest floor than do previously published studies based on the litter-soil subsystem. It appears that Pseudotsuga menziesii forests compared to other temperate coniferous forests have a rapid turnover rate for organic matter entering the litter subsystem. Title: Patterns of energy utilization in the litter subsystem of a Douglas-fir forest Author: Chase, Wallace T. Respiratory rates were measured, in situ, for the litter, the soil, and the litter-soil subsystems of a Pseudotsuga menziesii forest as a function of type of understory vegetation. The major objectives were to demonstrate the utility of the litter layer as a distinct subsystem of this forest ecosystem, to demonstrate the existence of respiratory patterns in the litter subsystem related to type of understory vegetation, to determine if moisture and/or temperature were important factors in creating these patterns, and to generate an estimate of annual rate of respiration of the litter subsystem of a Pseudotsuga menziesii forest. Six understory types (Holodiscus discolor, Acer circinatum, Gaultheria shallon, Tsuga heterophylla, Castanopsis chrysophylla, and Polystichum munitum) were sampled. All differences in annual respiratory rates for all subsystems were significant at F₀[subscript .]₀₅, however the range of differences between types in the respiratory rates of the litter subsystems, normalized to a per gram of litter basis, were higher by an average factor of six and exhibited a hierarchy of magnitudes different from those of the unnormalized litter, the soil, or the litter-soil subsystems. The litter subsystem was found to be a useful and meaningful division of the forest ecosystem. Due to suspected methodology related errors associated with lateral movements of carbon dioxide into the sample areas from without, the soil and the litter-soil measurements were probably in error, possibly quite large. Error in absolute rate of respiration for the litter subsystem is also suspected but probably to a smaller degree and not affecting the hierarchy related to type. The litter subsystems for two of the types were found to have moisture contents different by a relatively large percentage from that of the litter subsystems of the other types. It appeared, however, that moisture difference was not the major cause of the hierarchy by type of respiratory rates of the litter subsystem.. Temperature was not a significant factor in the observed hierarchy. The annual respiration yields based on the litter subsystem, as a probable result of the specific methodology used, appeared to yield more reasonable estimates for rates of decomposition of organic matter in a forest floor than do previously published studies based on the litter-soil subsystem. It appears that Pseudotsuga menziesii forests compared to other temperate coniferous forests have a rapid turnover rate for organic matter entering the litter subsystem. Close

• 2632. [Article] The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest

  The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest Author: Quinn, Robert The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau of Oregon immediately in the lee of the Cascade Mountains. Local topographic organization exerts strong control over the magnitude and timing of the secondary maximum in the inter-montane region. There is a detectable poleward shift of the precipitation maximum in the interior Northwest from April to June. A synoptic precipitation climatology was developed for the Pacific Northwest for the months of February to July. Surface and 500 millibar circulation maps indicate reorganization of atmospheric flow from strongly zonal flow in midwinter to more highly meridional flow in May and June. Precipitation producing synoptic disturbances manifest a decided evolution from those dominated by warm advection in winter to those dominated by strong, cool advection in May and June. Spokane radiosonde data indicate that increased destabilization of the atmosphere accompanied by increased precipitable moisture is primarily responsible for the increase in average rainfall in May and June. The Secondary Precipitation Maximum is characterized by an increase in precipitation intensity, but is not accompanied by an increase in precipitation frequency. A case history of an early and late spring precipitation producing synoptic sequence is presented. Seasonal changes in precipitation intensity west and east of the Cascades must be related to corresponding changes in the sensible and latent heat budget of the region. Average monthly equivalent potential temperature data indicate pronounced reorganization of the surface temperature field west and east of the Cascades during the period of February to July. Large sensible and latent heat additions occur east of the Cascades in May and June and should be effective in destabilizing maritime polar air masses moving across the interior. Title: The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest Author: Quinn, Robert The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau of Oregon immediately in the lee of the Cascade Mountains. Local topographic organization exerts strong control over the magnitude and timing of the secondary maximum in the inter-montane region. There is a detectable poleward shift of the precipitation maximum in the interior Northwest from April to June. A synoptic precipitation climatology was developed for the Pacific Northwest for the months of February to July. Surface and 500 millibar circulation maps indicate reorganization of atmospheric flow from strongly zonal flow in midwinter to more highly meridional flow in May and June. Precipitation producing synoptic disturbances manifest a decided evolution from those dominated by warm advection in winter to those dominated by strong, cool advection in May and June. Spokane radiosonde data indicate that increased destabilization of the atmosphere accompanied by increased precipitable moisture is primarily responsible for the increase in average rainfall in May and June. The Secondary Precipitation Maximum is characterized by an increase in precipitation intensity, but is not accompanied by an increase in precipitation frequency. A case history of an early and late spring precipitation producing synoptic sequence is presented. Seasonal changes in precipitation intensity west and east of the Cascades must be related to corresponding changes in the sensible and latent heat budget of the region. Average monthly equivalent potential temperature data indicate pronounced reorganization of the surface temperature field west and east of the Cascades during the period of February to July. Large sensible and latent heat additions occur east of the Cascades in May and June and should be effective in destabilizing maritime polar air masses moving across the interior. Close

• 2633. [Article] Development of Amorphous Metal Thin Films for Thermal Inkjet Printing and Microelectronics.

  Due to a lack of grain boundaries, an amorphous metal thin film (AMTF) possesses advantageous mechanical properties and enhanced chemical stability that is potentially useful for thermal inkjet (TIJ) printing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Amorphous Metal Thin Films for Thermal Inkjet Printing and Microelectronics. Author: McGlone, John M. Due to a lack of grain boundaries, an amorphous metal thin film (AMTF) possesses advantageous mechanical properties and enhanced chemical stability that is potentially useful for thermal inkjet (TIJ) printing applications. The use of an AMTF as a TIJ resistor or cavitation plate could lead to a thinner TIJ cavitation plate and improved thermal performance. However, if an AMTF is to be used as in a TIJ application, it must remain amorphous during TIJ operation. Six new Ta-based AMTFs are investigated and are found to remain amorphous up to temperatures in excess of 600 °C. AMTFs prepared using a sputter target composition of Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ possess the highest thermal stability, remaining amorphous to a temperature of 1000 to 1100 °C in vacuum. Additionally, this AMTF forms a stable surface oxide when annealed in oxygen up to 700 °C. To demonstrate TIJ feasibility, Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ resistors are fabricated and stressed in an open-pool test bed. Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ AMTFs remain amorphous after testing to > 10⁷ pulses. This suggests that Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ is a promising AMTF candidate material for TIJ applications. Ta-based AMTFs are also employed as bottom electrodes in metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes in order to demonstrate their potential for microelectronic applications. Title: Development of Amorphous Metal Thin Films for Thermal Inkjet Printing and Microelectronics. Author: McGlone, John M. Due to a lack of grain boundaries, an amorphous metal thin film (AMTF) possesses advantageous mechanical properties and enhanced chemical stability that is potentially useful for thermal inkjet (TIJ) printing applications. The use of an AMTF as a TIJ resistor or cavitation plate could lead to a thinner TIJ cavitation plate and improved thermal performance. However, if an AMTF is to be used as in a TIJ application, it must remain amorphous during TIJ operation. Six new Ta-based AMTFs are investigated and are found to remain amorphous up to temperatures in excess of 600 °C. AMTFs prepared using a sputter target composition of Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ possess the highest thermal stability, remaining amorphous to a temperature of 1000 to 1100 °C in vacuum. Additionally, this AMTF forms a stable surface oxide when annealed in oxygen up to 700 °C. To demonstrate TIJ feasibility, Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ resistors are fabricated and stressed in an open-pool test bed. Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ AMTFs remain amorphous after testing to > 10⁷ pulses. This suggests that Ta₃₀W₃₀Si₄₀ is a promising AMTF candidate material for TIJ applications. Ta-based AMTFs are also employed as bottom electrodes in metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes in order to demonstrate their potential for microelectronic applications. Close

• 2634. [Article] Studies to improve lactic acid bacterial starter cultures

  Three commercial sausage starter cultures were grown in an internal-pH-controlled medium (PHASE 4) and in a soluble phosphate-buffered medium. The cultures were tested by comparing viable counts before ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies to improve lactic acid bacterial starter cultures Author: Khosravi, Lewa Three commercial sausage starter cultures were grown in an internal-pH-controlled medium (PHASE 4) and in a soluble phosphate-buffered medium. The cultures were tested by comparing viable counts before and after freezing at -40 C or freeze-drying and subsequent storage for 3 months in the frozen or dried state. Strains varied in storage survival. PHASE 4 preserved activity and viability of cells much better than the other medium. Cultures were tested for ability to ferment a simulated sausage mixture in comparison to commercial cell concentrates. Penicillin-resistant mutants for six strains of Streptococcus cremoris currently used in commercial Cheddar cheese manufacture were isolated after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Resistance was associated with beta-lactamase production. Both parents and mutants were characterized with regard to growth, acid production, optimum temperatures, phage sensitivity and adsorption, lysogeny, beta-lactamase production, penicillin degradation, flavor, rate of death at Cheddar cheese-cooking temperature, susceptibility to other antibiotics, arginine hydrolysis, slime production, phosphate tolerance and plasmid profile. Mutants were resistant to most penicillins. This resistance was retained after several passages in absence of the antibiotic. Mutants could be added to bulk storage raw milk not only to degrade residual penicillins but also to inhibit the growth of psychrotrophs. Nisin production by four strains of Streptococcus lactis was compared in four different media. The highest concentrations were obtained with cells grown in an internal-pH-controlled medium (PHASE 4). Mutants of Streptococcus lactis strains C10, 401 and 406, which lacked the ability to produce ammonia from arginine, were obtained by ultraviolet light irradiation and selection on arginine-tetrazolium chloride agar plates. Parent and mutant strains were compared for their respective characteristics and ability to grow at 40 C. No linkage was found between the arginine hydrolysis trait and any of the plasmids. Replacing Streptococcus cremoris strains by these mutants for Cheddar cheese-making is not recommended. Title: Studies to improve lactic acid bacterial starter cultures Author: Khosravi, Lewa Three commercial sausage starter cultures were grown in an internal-pH-controlled medium (PHASE 4) and in a soluble phosphate-buffered medium. The cultures were tested by comparing viable counts before and after freezing at -40 C or freeze-drying and subsequent storage for 3 months in the frozen or dried state. Strains varied in storage survival. PHASE 4 preserved activity and viability of cells much better than the other medium. Cultures were tested for ability to ferment a simulated sausage mixture in comparison to commercial cell concentrates. Penicillin-resistant mutants for six strains of Streptococcus cremoris currently used in commercial Cheddar cheese manufacture were isolated after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Resistance was associated with beta-lactamase production. Both parents and mutants were characterized with regard to growth, acid production, optimum temperatures, phage sensitivity and adsorption, lysogeny, beta-lactamase production, penicillin degradation, flavor, rate of death at Cheddar cheese-cooking temperature, susceptibility to other antibiotics, arginine hydrolysis, slime production, phosphate tolerance and plasmid profile. Mutants were resistant to most penicillins. This resistance was retained after several passages in absence of the antibiotic. Mutants could be added to bulk storage raw milk not only to degrade residual penicillins but also to inhibit the growth of psychrotrophs. Nisin production by four strains of Streptococcus lactis was compared in four different media. The highest concentrations were obtained with cells grown in an internal-pH-controlled medium (PHASE 4). Mutants of Streptococcus lactis strains C10, 401 and 406, which lacked the ability to produce ammonia from arginine, were obtained by ultraviolet light irradiation and selection on arginine-tetrazolium chloride agar plates. Parent and mutant strains were compared for their respective characteristics and ability to grow at 40 C. No linkage was found between the arginine hydrolysis trait and any of the plasmids. Replacing Streptococcus cremoris strains by these mutants for Cheddar cheese-making is not recommended. Close

• 2635. [Article] Benthic macroinvertebrates and sediment characteristics of a coastal dune margin lake (Carter Lake, Douglas County, Oregon)

  Carter Lake, a freshwater, coastal dune-margin lake, was sampled at the beginning and end of the summer of 1986 to determine the sediment characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Benthic macroinvertebrates and sediment characteristics of a coastal dune margin lake (Carter Lake, Douglas County, Oregon) Author: Wones, Andrew G. Carter Lake, a freshwater, coastal dune-margin lake, was sampled at the beginning and end of the summer of 1986 to determine the sediment characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, variety, and diversity. The distributions of major benthic habitats were estimated by snorkeling in June and July, 1986. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured throughout the summer of 1986. In July 1987, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity and pH were determined. Thermal stratification was not observed during this study and the water column warmed gradually between April and July. Dissolved oxygen remained close to 100% saturation throughout the study. The water level of Carter Lake dropped about 2.5 m between May and October, reducing its surface area by about 40%. The benthic habitats of Carter Lake were stratified into four major zones: a sandy temporarily submerged littoral zone; a sandy but permanently submerged littoral zone; a mid-depth zone where a macrophyte, Nitella. grew; and a deep zone with soft mud substrate. The average density of benthic macroinvertebrates was highest in the shallow permanently submerged zone ( >16000 / m² in May and October ) and lowest in the deep mud zone ( 2900 / m² in May and 4700 / m² in October ). In May, benthic macroinvertebrate biomass was highest in the shallow zones ( 1.3 - 2.9 g / m² dry weight ); in October biomass was highest in the mid-depth zone ( 4.4 g/m² dry weight, excluding crayfish and mussels ). Fifty-three invertebrate taxa were identified from Carter Lake, including three euryhaline crustacean species ( Corophium spinicorne. Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis lutea. and Acanthomysis awatchensis ) . Corophium spinicorne dominated the macroinvertebrate communities of the shallow areas and sphaeriid clams dominated the deep water community. The mid-depth zone had the most diverse community. Two species that were abundant in the temporarily submerged area, Corophium spinicorne and Juga piicifera. were found in greater numbers deeper in the lake after the water level dropped, indicating that these species migrate in response to changing water level. Title: Benthic macroinvertebrates and sediment characteristics of a coastal dune margin lake (Carter Lake, Douglas County, Oregon) Author: Wones, Andrew G. Carter Lake, a freshwater, coastal dune-margin lake, was sampled at the beginning and end of the summer of 1986 to determine the sediment characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, variety, and diversity. The distributions of major benthic habitats were estimated by snorkeling in June and July, 1986. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured throughout the summer of 1986. In July 1987, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity and pH were determined. Thermal stratification was not observed during this study and the water column warmed gradually between April and July. Dissolved oxygen remained close to 100% saturation throughout the study. The water level of Carter Lake dropped about 2.5 m between May and October, reducing its surface area by about 40%. The benthic habitats of Carter Lake were stratified into four major zones: a sandy temporarily submerged littoral zone; a sandy but permanently submerged littoral zone; a mid-depth zone where a macrophyte, Nitella. grew; and a deep zone with soft mud substrate. The average density of benthic macroinvertebrates was highest in the shallow permanently submerged zone ( >16000 / m² in May and October ) and lowest in the deep mud zone ( 2900 / m² in May and 4700 / m² in October ). In May, benthic macroinvertebrate biomass was highest in the shallow zones ( 1.3 - 2.9 g / m² dry weight ); in October biomass was highest in the mid-depth zone ( 4.4 g/m² dry weight, excluding crayfish and mussels ). Fifty-three invertebrate taxa were identified from Carter Lake, including three euryhaline crustacean species ( Corophium spinicorne. Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis lutea. and Acanthomysis awatchensis ) . Corophium spinicorne dominated the macroinvertebrate communities of the shallow areas and sphaeriid clams dominated the deep water community. The mid-depth zone had the most diverse community. Two species that were abundant in the temporarily submerged area, Corophium spinicorne and Juga piicifera. were found in greater numbers deeper in the lake after the water level dropped, indicating that these species migrate in response to changing water level. Close

• 2636. [Article] Experimental combustion analysis and development of representative fuel specifications for selected wood and refuse derived fuel pellets from the Pacific Northwest

  An experimental biomass combustion facility has been built and established at Oregon State University. The furnace, or Biomass Combustion Unit ( BCU ), uses an augertype fuel feed system, grate-type fuel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental combustion analysis and development of representative fuel specifications for selected wood and refuse derived fuel pellets from the Pacific Northwest Author: Haluzak, Charles Craig An experimental biomass combustion facility has been built and established at Oregon State University. The furnace, or Biomass Combustion Unit ( BCU ), uses an augertype fuel feed system, grate-type fuel support with under and over fire air supply. Fourteen pellet species from five States - Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana were analyzed for a large number of physical and chemical variables. These variables included higher heating value, moisture content, ultimate analysis, etc. Three separate combustion experiments were conducted using nine of the available fourteen wood pellets. The overall objective was to simply burn wood biomass pellets under "reasonable" operating conditions and report the relative combustion performance of each fuel. More specifically, the three combustion experiments coupled with the pellet analysis data supported the following conclusions : 1. It was possible to construct a simple mathematical model describing the simultaneous effects of under fire air and over fire air on pellet efficiency performance. The model was used to predict the optimal firing conditions based on thermal efficiency. It is hypothesized that the model is broadly ( but approximately ) applicable to all fourteen pellet species examined in this report. 2. Tests indicate that all nine of the relatively diverse wood pellet fuels behave similarly under similar operating conditions. 3. Carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen never reached mean values of over 215 parts per million for all experiments. 4. Fuel-bound salt was found to cause relatively large particulate fly ash and opacity readings and resulted in the only slag formation. 5. Increasing under fire air temperature by 230 deg.F on average yielded a statistically significant ( but small ) increase in mean combustion gas temperature. There was not a statistically significant effect on combustion efficiency as measured by carbon dioxide concentration in the exhaust gases. Title: Experimental combustion analysis and development of representative fuel specifications for selected wood and refuse derived fuel pellets from the Pacific Northwest Author: Haluzak, Charles Craig An experimental biomass combustion facility has been built and established at Oregon State University. The furnace, or Biomass Combustion Unit ( BCU ), uses an augertype fuel feed system, grate-type fuel support with under and over fire air supply. Fourteen pellet species from five States - Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana were analyzed for a large number of physical and chemical variables. These variables included higher heating value, moisture content, ultimate analysis, etc. Three separate combustion experiments were conducted using nine of the available fourteen wood pellets. The overall objective was to simply burn wood biomass pellets under "reasonable" operating conditions and report the relative combustion performance of each fuel. More specifically, the three combustion experiments coupled with the pellet analysis data supported the following conclusions : 1. It was possible to construct a simple mathematical model describing the simultaneous effects of under fire air and over fire air on pellet efficiency performance. The model was used to predict the optimal firing conditions based on thermal efficiency. It is hypothesized that the model is broadly ( but approximately ) applicable to all fourteen pellet species examined in this report. 2. Tests indicate that all nine of the relatively diverse wood pellet fuels behave similarly under similar operating conditions. 3. Carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen never reached mean values of over 215 parts per million for all experiments. 4. Fuel-bound salt was found to cause relatively large particulate fly ash and opacity readings and resulted in the only slag formation. 5. Increasing under fire air temperature by 230 deg.F on average yielded a statistically significant ( but small ) increase in mean combustion gas temperature. There was not a statistically significant effect on combustion efficiency as measured by carbon dioxide concentration in the exhaust gases. Close

• 2637. [Article] The oxidation of trimethylamine by copper (II) chloride

  This research was on the irreversible oxidation of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, which takes place at temperatures of about 75° and higher. The coordination of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The oxidation of trimethylamine by copper (II) chloride Author: Lane, Thomas Alfred This research was on the irreversible oxidation of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, which takes place at temperatures of about 75° and higher. The coordination of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, which is a preliminary reaction to the oxidation, was studied at 0°. The coordination of trimethylamine by the potential reduction product, copper(I) chloride, was also studied at 0°. High vacuum and dry nitrogen glovebox techniques were used in studying the coordination reactions, the stoichiometry of the oxidationreduction reaction, and the hydrolysis of the redox reaction products. Complexes in the copper(II) chloride - trimethylamine system at 0° are a blue-green solid, presumably CuCl ₂ N(CH₃)₃, with a dissociation pressure of several hundred torr, and the yellow-brown solid CuCl₂N(CH ₃)₃' which has a negligible dissociation pressure. The latter, which had been reported previously, exhibits normal paramagnetism at room temperature. Copper(I) chloride and trimethylamine at 0° form the stable complex CuCl N(CH₃)₃. The following reaction can be written for the irreversible thermally induced oxidation-reduction reaction. 2 CuC1₂+ 2 N(CH₃)₃ ----> 2 Cu Cl + (CH₃)₃NH⁺C1⁻ + (CH ₃) ₂ =CH⁺₂ Cl⁻ When the reactants were present in equimolar amounts the reaction stoichiometry was approximately 1:1. The dimethylmethyleneammonium and trimethylammonium caticais were identified by their characteristic infrared frequencies. The presence of the former was also indicated by the identification of its hydrolysis products, formaldehyde and dimethylamine. When trimethylamine was present in excess, the amine: copper(II) chloride reaction stoichiometry was variable, in the range 1.1 to 1.4:1. This is attributed to various complex equilibria involving copper(I) chloride, and to the reaction of trimethylamine with the dimethylmethyleneammonium cation to give a polymeric product. The results on the trimethylamine coordination complexes of copper(I) and copper(II) chloride differ from some previous reports in the literature. The oxidation of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride closely resembles its previously described oxidation by vanadium(IV) chloride. Title: The oxidation of trimethylamine by copper (II) chloride Author: Lane, Thomas Alfred This research was on the irreversible oxidation of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, which takes place at temperatures of about 75° and higher. The coordination of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride, which is a preliminary reaction to the oxidation, was studied at 0°. The coordination of trimethylamine by the potential reduction product, copper(I) chloride, was also studied at 0°. High vacuum and dry nitrogen glovebox techniques were used in studying the coordination reactions, the stoichiometry of the oxidationreduction reaction, and the hydrolysis of the redox reaction products. Complexes in the copper(II) chloride - trimethylamine system at 0° are a blue-green solid, presumably CuCl ₂ N(CH₃)₃, with a dissociation pressure of several hundred torr, and the yellow-brown solid CuCl₂N(CH ₃)₃' which has a negligible dissociation pressure. The latter, which had been reported previously, exhibits normal paramagnetism at room temperature. Copper(I) chloride and trimethylamine at 0° form the stable complex CuCl N(CH₃)₃. The following reaction can be written for the irreversible thermally induced oxidation-reduction reaction. 2 CuC1₂+ 2 N(CH₃)₃ ----> 2 Cu Cl + (CH₃)₃NH⁺C1⁻ + (CH ₃) ₂ =CH⁺₂ Cl⁻ When the reactants were present in equimolar amounts the reaction stoichiometry was approximately 1:1. The dimethylmethyleneammonium and trimethylammonium caticais were identified by their characteristic infrared frequencies. The presence of the former was also indicated by the identification of its hydrolysis products, formaldehyde and dimethylamine. When trimethylamine was present in excess, the amine: copper(II) chloride reaction stoichiometry was variable, in the range 1.1 to 1.4:1. This is attributed to various complex equilibria involving copper(I) chloride, and to the reaction of trimethylamine with the dimethylmethyleneammonium cation to give a polymeric product. The results on the trimethylamine coordination complexes of copper(I) and copper(II) chloride differ from some previous reports in the literature. The oxidation of trimethylamine by copper(II) chloride closely resembles its previously described oxidation by vanadium(IV) chloride. Close

• 2638. [Article] Donor centers in vanadium pentoxide

  The dielectric relaxation of V₂ 0₅ was investigated using the method of Davidson and Cole. By means of an Argand diagram, deviation from an exact Debye dielectric was established. This was done with the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Donor centers in vanadium pentoxide Author: Yerke, John Fredric The dielectric relaxation of V₂ 0₅ was investigated using the method of Davidson and Cole. By means of an Argand diagram, deviation from an exact Debye dielectric was established. This was done with the parameter β. For a Debye dielectric β= 1. The largest value of β for V₂O₅ was 0.50. The activation energy of the dielectric relaxation process was determined as 0.16 eV. The average activation energy of d-c conduction was determined to be 0.23 eV. This was measured by means of a two-electrometer system designed by the author. The process of polaron hopping was discounted as the process of dielectric relaxation. This was attributed to the high critical temperature requirement set down by Sewell. In place of the hopping model, tunneling is accepted as the means of dipolar reorientation. The value of the d-c activation energy is 0.07 eV larger than the a-c related process. This is the additional energy required for ionization of an electron from a positive defect, such as an interstitial impurity cation or oxide-ion vacancy, to which it experiences Coulombic attraction. 0 5 was investigated using the method of Davidson and Cole. By means of an Argand diagram, deviation from an exact Debye dielectric was established. This was done with the parameter β. For a Debye dielectric β= 1. The largest value of β for V₂O₅ was 0.50. The activation energy of the dielectric relaxation process was determined as 0.16 eV. The average activation energy of d-c conduction was determined to be 0.23 eV. This was measured by means of a two-electrometer system designed by the author. The process of polaron hopping was discounted as the process of dielectric relaxation. This was attributed to the high critical temperature requirement set down by Sewell. In place of the hopping model, tunneling is accepted as the means of dipolar reorientation. The value of the d-c activation energy is 0.07 eV larger than the a-c related process. This is the additional energy required for ionization of an electron from a positive defect, such as an interstitial impurity cation or oxide-ion vacancy, to which it experiences Coulombic attraction. Title: Donor centers in vanadium pentoxide Author: Yerke, John Fredric The dielectric relaxation of V₂ 0₅ was investigated using the method of Davidson and Cole. By means of an Argand diagram, deviation from an exact Debye dielectric was established. This was done with the parameter β. For a Debye dielectric β= 1. The largest value of β for V₂O₅ was 0.50. The activation energy of the dielectric relaxation process was determined as 0.16 eV. The average activation energy of d-c conduction was determined to be 0.23 eV. This was measured by means of a two-electrometer system designed by the author. The process of polaron hopping was discounted as the process of dielectric relaxation. This was attributed to the high critical temperature requirement set down by Sewell. In place of the hopping model, tunneling is accepted as the means of dipolar reorientation. The value of the d-c activation energy is 0.07 eV larger than the a-c related process. This is the additional energy required for ionization of an electron from a positive defect, such as an interstitial impurity cation or oxide-ion vacancy, to which it experiences Coulombic attraction. 0 5 was investigated using the method of Davidson and Cole. By means of an Argand diagram, deviation from an exact Debye dielectric was established. This was done with the parameter β. For a Debye dielectric β= 1. The largest value of β for V₂O₅ was 0.50. The activation energy of the dielectric relaxation process was determined as 0.16 eV. The average activation energy of d-c conduction was determined to be 0.23 eV. This was measured by means of a two-electrometer system designed by the author. The process of polaron hopping was discounted as the process of dielectric relaxation. This was attributed to the high critical temperature requirement set down by Sewell. In place of the hopping model, tunneling is accepted as the means of dipolar reorientation. The value of the d-c activation energy is 0.07 eV larger than the a-c related process. This is the additional energy required for ionization of an electron from a positive defect, such as an interstitial impurity cation or oxide-ion vacancy, to which it experiences Coulombic attraction. Close

• 2639. [Article] Energetics of the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon)

  A year-long caged study the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) combined time-budget and food-balance techniques to obtain data on daily energy consumption (DEC) throughout an annual cycle. This study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energetics of the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) Author: Vessel, Richard Douglas A year-long caged study the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) combined time-budget and food-balance techniques to obtain data on daily energy consumption (DEC) throughout an annual cycle. This study tested the hypothesis that seasonal variations in DEC could be predicted as a function of temperature, photoperiod, and timed-activity data. The DEC averaged 58 kilocalories per day for September to March and 60 kilocalories per day for March to September, both values for a 130-gram bird (average post-absorptive adult weight). DEC values for June to December and December to June averaged 61 and 55 kilocalories per day, again for a 130-gram bird. To account for the relative lack of seasonal variation in DEC, the original hypothesis was rejected in favor of an alternative that predicts that a bird will change its time and energy allocations throughout the year in such a way that its DEC remains relatively constant. When compared with DEC values calculated using the food-balance technique, the DEC values based on time-budget data underestimated empirical DEC values by as much as 14 percent during extreme temperature conditions. Laboratory measurements of nestling kingfishers, made to obtain data on the energy consumption needed for growth, found the bird's growth pattern characteristics to be similar to those of other holenesting birds. Dividing the caloric consumption of the nestlings by 7.85 kilocalories (the caloric value of a Coho salmon weighing 6 grams and measuring 8 centimeters) yielded an average daily consumption of 8.3 fish per bird during a 28-day nestling period. At peak growth during that interval, nestlings consumed a maximum of 11.2 fish daily. Similarly converted, the adult kingfisher's caloric consumption of fish averaged 9.2 Coho salmon fingerlings per day. In contrast, previous studies had estimated nestling and adult kingfisher consumption at approximately 40 and 20 fish per day, respectively. Title: Energetics of the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) Author: Vessel, Richard Douglas A year-long caged study the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) combined time-budget and food-balance techniques to obtain data on daily energy consumption (DEC) throughout an annual cycle. This study tested the hypothesis that seasonal variations in DEC could be predicted as a function of temperature, photoperiod, and timed-activity data. The DEC averaged 58 kilocalories per day for September to March and 60 kilocalories per day for March to September, both values for a 130-gram bird (average post-absorptive adult weight). DEC values for June to December and December to June averaged 61 and 55 kilocalories per day, again for a 130-gram bird. To account for the relative lack of seasonal variation in DEC, the original hypothesis was rejected in favor of an alternative that predicts that a bird will change its time and energy allocations throughout the year in such a way that its DEC remains relatively constant. When compared with DEC values calculated using the food-balance technique, the DEC values based on time-budget data underestimated empirical DEC values by as much as 14 percent during extreme temperature conditions. Laboratory measurements of nestling kingfishers, made to obtain data on the energy consumption needed for growth, found the bird's growth pattern characteristics to be similar to those of other holenesting birds. Dividing the caloric consumption of the nestlings by 7.85 kilocalories (the caloric value of a Coho salmon weighing 6 grams and measuring 8 centimeters) yielded an average daily consumption of 8.3 fish per bird during a 28-day nestling period. At peak growth during that interval, nestlings consumed a maximum of 11.2 fish daily. Similarly converted, the adult kingfisher's caloric consumption of fish averaged 9.2 Coho salmon fingerlings per day. In contrast, previous studies had estimated nestling and adult kingfisher consumption at approximately 40 and 20 fish per day, respectively. Close

• 2640. [Article] Geographic variations in water quality and recreational use along the upper Wallowa River and selected tributaries

  Physical, chemical and bacterial water quality parameters of the upper Wallowa River were sampled periodically between July 2, 1978 and June 9, 1979 at nine stream and lake sampling sites. Water upstream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geographic variations in water quality and recreational use along the upper Wallowa River and selected tributaries Author: McDowell, Theodore R. Physical, chemical and bacterial water quality parameters of the upper Wallowa River were sampled periodically between July 2, 1978 and June 9, 1979 at nine stream and lake sampling sites. Water upstream from Wallowa Lake was typified by low nutrient concentrations ( generally below detectable limits except for nitrates), low. specific conductivity (50-99 micromhos), and water temperatures below 15°C. Results of bacterial sampling were inconclusive, but sites and areas warranting further study were identified. An intensive study of spatial variations in bacterial water quality and recreational use was conducted at 15 stream and lake sampling sites on the East Fork of the Wallowa River between July 5 and September 3, 1979. Streamflow, precipitation, water temperatures, and fecal coliform bacteria counts were determined two or three times per week and during storm events. Levels and patterns of recreational use were also monitored during that period. Fecal coliform counts varied significantly (at the 0.001 p level) with geographic patterns of recreational use, but there was no significant relationship between levels of recreational use. Bacterial water quality also varied significantly (at the 0.001 p level) between habitats in the study area. Fecal coliform counts were lowest in lakes and alpine streams and highest in meadow and forest streams. Fecal coliform counts were closely correlated ( r = 0.57 to 0.84, significant at the 0.01 level) with precipitation in the lower portions of the study area, but not in the headwaters where sources of fecal contamination were relatively absent. Fecal coliform counts were generally highest during the rising phase of storm runoff at those sites below 2200 m; however, prediction equations based on hydrologic variables lacked precision because significant levels of fecal contamination entered the areas streams during dry periods. Title: Geographic variations in water quality and recreational use along the upper Wallowa River and selected tributaries Author: McDowell, Theodore R. Physical, chemical and bacterial water quality parameters of the upper Wallowa River were sampled periodically between July 2, 1978 and June 9, 1979 at nine stream and lake sampling sites. Water upstream from Wallowa Lake was typified by low nutrient concentrations ( generally below detectable limits except for nitrates), low. specific conductivity (50-99 micromhos), and water temperatures below 15°C. Results of bacterial sampling were inconclusive, but sites and areas warranting further study were identified. An intensive study of spatial variations in bacterial water quality and recreational use was conducted at 15 stream and lake sampling sites on the East Fork of the Wallowa River between July 5 and September 3, 1979. Streamflow, precipitation, water temperatures, and fecal coliform bacteria counts were determined two or three times per week and during storm events. Levels and patterns of recreational use were also monitored during that period. Fecal coliform counts varied significantly (at the 0.001 p level) with geographic patterns of recreational use, but there was no significant relationship between levels of recreational use. Bacterial water quality also varied significantly (at the 0.001 p level) between habitats in the study area. Fecal coliform counts were lowest in lakes and alpine streams and highest in meadow and forest streams. Fecal coliform counts were closely correlated ( r = 0.57 to 0.84, significant at the 0.01 level) with precipitation in the lower portions of the study area, but not in the headwaters where sources of fecal contamination were relatively absent. Fecal coliform counts were generally highest during the rising phase of storm runoff at those sites below 2200 m; however, prediction equations based on hydrologic variables lacked precision because significant levels of fecal contamination entered the areas streams during dry periods. Close