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• 1461. [Image] RA_PETR_TG_0508

  	Large archer shooting at elk-like animal. These have been laid over an earlier scene, in which the small figures on the left were hunting an animal covered, now, by the more recent one. Below, a large ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RA_PETR_TG_0508 Year: 2001 Large archer shooting at elk-like animal. These have been laid over an earlier scene, in which the small figures on the left were hunting an animal covered, now, by the more recent one. Below, a large figure with spear (?), apparently unrelated to the first scene. Large, sloping surface, scraped and rough.; Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; varied; Uncertain Title: RA_PETR_TG_0508 Year: 2001 Large archer shooting at elk-like animal. These have been laid over an earlier scene, in which the small figures on the left were hunting an animal covered, now, by the more recent one. Below, a large figure with spear (?), apparently unrelated to the first scene. Large, sloping surface, scraped and rough.; Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; varied; Uncertain Close

• 1462. [Image] RA_PETR_TG_0678

  	Detail of the front section of the stylized stag showing areas of overlay: dog or wolf attacking the neck of the large stag overlays a smaller stag; and large stag's front leg overlays the antlers and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RA_PETR_TG_0678 Year: 1999 Detail of the front section of the stylized stag showing areas of overlay: dog or wolf attacking the neck of the large stag overlays a smaller stag; and large stag's front leg overlays the antlers and arrows of a small stag on the left. Two hunters on foot, one unfinished (?), the bow of the lower hunter possibly finished at a later time.; Late Bronze Age; Early Iron Age Title: RA_PETR_TG_0678 Year: 1999 Detail of the front section of the stylized stag showing areas of overlay: dog or wolf attacking the neck of the large stag overlays a smaller stag; and large stag's front leg overlays the antlers and arrows of a small stag on the left. Two hunters on foot, one unfinished (?), the bow of the lower hunter possibly finished at a later time.; Late Bronze Age; Early Iron Age Close

• 1463. [Image] RA_PETR_TG0058

  	Large surface covered with a variety of animals, both wild and domesticated. In lower left, a man with a large hanging object (throwing stone?). In upper left, a stylized, more recent animal. In center, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RA_PETR_TG0058 Year: 2003 Large surface covered with a variety of animals, both wild and domesticated. In lower left, a man with a large hanging object (throwing stone?). In upper left, a stylized, more recent animal. In center, an almost invisible, scraped, frontal female figure.; Late Bronze Age; Early Iron Age Title: RA_PETR_TG0058 Year: 2003 Large surface covered with a variety of animals, both wild and domesticated. In lower left, a man with a large hanging object (throwing stone?). In upper left, a stylized, more recent animal. In center, an almost invisible, scraped, frontal female figure.; Late Bronze Age; Early Iron Age Close

• 1464. [Image] RA_PETR_TG0057

  	Group of figures on left side of curved outcropping. Bulls, goats, argali below. In center left, a single female figure (?) with long braids. Several hunters, one with a large bow with extended tips, another ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RA_PETR_TG0057 Year: 2003 Group of figures on left side of curved outcropping. Bulls, goats, argali below. In center left, a single female figure (?) with long braids. Several hunters, one with a large bow with extended tips, another leading a horse as he draws his bow. The upper group appears to have been executed later than the lower group of images.; Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; Uncertain Title: RA_PETR_TG0057 Year: 2003 Group of figures on left side of curved outcropping. Bulls, goats, argali below. In center left, a single female figure (?) with long braids. Several hunters, one with a large bow with extended tips, another leading a horse as he draws his bow. The upper group appears to have been executed later than the lower group of images.; Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; Uncertain Close

• 1465. [Image] RA_PETR_TG_0672

  	Rider chasing a large elk while shooting arrows. The rider has tied his reins around his waist in order to free his hands. He reaches back with one hand to take an arrow from his quiver while holding his ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RA_PETR_TG_0672 Year: 1999 Rider chasing a large elk while shooting arrows. The rider has tied his reins around his waist in order to free his hands. He reaches back with one hand to take an arrow from his quiver while holding his bow with the other. He is accompanied by three dogs, one crudely pecked. The rider in the upper right may have been executed by another hand. The style of the horse and elk and the bow type point to a date in the late Bronze Age, but the rider indicates an already sophisticated skill in riding. The whole scene is finely pecked on a scraped and darkened surface.; Late Bronze Age Title: RA_PETR_TG_0672 Year: 1999 Rider chasing a large elk while shooting arrows. The rider has tied his reins around his waist in order to free his hands. He reaches back with one hand to take an arrow from his quiver while holding his bow with the other. He is accompanied by three dogs, one crudely pecked. The rider in the upper right may have been executed by another hand. The style of the horse and elk and the bow type point to a date in the late Bronze Age, but the rider indicates an already sophisticated skill in riding. The whole scene is finely pecked on a scraped and darkened surface.; Late Bronze Age Close

• 1466. [Image] Beer Can (Budweiser Beer)

  	Beer Can
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beer Can (Budweiser Beer) Author: James T. Rock, Mary Ellen Rock, Southern Oregon University Laboratory of Anthropology http://www.sou.edu/anthropology/anthlab/index.html, Shana Sandor Year: 1970 Beer Can Title: Beer Can (Budweiser Beer) Author: James T. Rock, Mary Ellen Rock, Southern Oregon University Laboratory of Anthropology http://www.sou.edu/anthropology/anthlab/index.html, Shana Sandor Year: 1970 Beer Can Close

• 1467. [Article] A comparison of socialization and the current attitudes towards personal and feminist issues of women over 65

  Women, as feminist and as familist, have been in many varied ways the subjects of study. They have been studied as black women, middle-aged women, sexual women, women in poverty, women in prison, women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of socialization and the current attitudes towards personal and feminist issues of women over 65 Author: Austin, Gayle, Sime, Anna Belle Year: 1975 Women, as feminist and as familist, have been in many varied ways the subjects of study. They have been studied as black women, middle-aged women, sexual women, women in poverty, women in prison, women raped, executives, celebrities, lesbians and homemakers. The classifications and combinations approached infinity. Now older women are becoming a more popular research topic, as their numbers increase with medical attainments. With the increasing participation of older “sisters” in such organizations as the National Organization for Women, and the advent of groups such as the gray panthers, it has become apparent that there are no age barriers to feminism. A series of questions led us to our topic. What will our attitudes on the issues now personally significant be in 40 years, when we have passed “retirement age?” What were women who have reached this age like when they were our age and younger? Is there a connection between their younger years and the attitudes they now possess? In pursing this final question we chose to define the “younger years” as before 25, when socialization influences one’s search of identity, development of autonomy, and development of internal criteria for self-esteem. The age chosen for our population was after the 65 the birthday, when most women are no longer working outside of the home for wages. It has been said that women who have achieved and have been rewarded for their achievements cannot accept traditional roles. Such roles do not gratify their non-nurturant, non-supportive, non-dependent, non-passive aspects of their selves. Our hypotheses were made in accordance: that a woman’s “feminism,” as measured by our scale, would be directly related to her achievement in school and work, her leadership or participation in religious activities, politics, and sports. In addition to the above objectives, we wanted to seek a relationship between the woman’s feminism scores and other aspects of her family background, her inter-relationships with boys, and her opportunities to travel. We approached these issues without hypotheses, but with great receptivity and interest. Title: A comparison of socialization and the current attitudes towards personal and feminist issues of women over 65 Author: Austin, Gayle, Sime, Anna Belle Year: 1975 Women, as feminist and as familist, have been in many varied ways the subjects of study. They have been studied as black women, middle-aged women, sexual women, women in poverty, women in prison, women raped, executives, celebrities, lesbians and homemakers. The classifications and combinations approached infinity. Now older women are becoming a more popular research topic, as their numbers increase with medical attainments. With the increasing participation of older “sisters” in such organizations as the National Organization for Women, and the advent of groups such as the gray panthers, it has become apparent that there are no age barriers to feminism. A series of questions led us to our topic. What will our attitudes on the issues now personally significant be in 40 years, when we have passed “retirement age?” What were women who have reached this age like when they were our age and younger? Is there a connection between their younger years and the attitudes they now possess? In pursing this final question we chose to define the “younger years” as before 25, when socialization influences one’s search of identity, development of autonomy, and development of internal criteria for self-esteem. The age chosen for our population was after the 65 the birthday, when most women are no longer working outside of the home for wages. It has been said that women who have achieved and have been rewarded for their achievements cannot accept traditional roles. Such roles do not gratify their non-nurturant, non-supportive, non-dependent, non-passive aspects of their selves. Our hypotheses were made in accordance: that a woman’s “feminism,” as measured by our scale, would be directly related to her achievement in school and work, her leadership or participation in religious activities, politics, and sports. In addition to the above objectives, we wanted to seek a relationship between the woman’s feminism scores and other aspects of her family background, her inter-relationships with boys, and her opportunities to travel. We approached these issues without hypotheses, but with great receptivity and interest. Close

• 1468. [Article] Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae

  Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae Author: Estes, Suzanne, Coleman-Hulbert, Anna Luella, Hicks, Kiley Ann, de Haan, Gene, Martha, Sarah R., Knapp, Jeremiah B., Smith, Samson William, Stein, Kevin C., Denver, Dee R. Year: 2011 Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging processes has been the lack of model systems with relevant, naturally occurring mitochondrial genetic variation. Toward the goal of developing such a model system, we studied natural variation in life history, metabolic, and aging phenotypes as it relates to levels of a naturally-occurring heteroplasmic mitochondrial ND5 deletion recently discovered to segregate among wild populations of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. The normal product of ND5 is a central component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and integral to cellular energy metabolism. Results: We quantified significant variation among C. briggsae isolates for all phenotypes measured, only some of which was statistically associated with isolate-specific ND5 deletion frequency. We found that fecundity-related traits and pharyngeal pumping rate were strongly inversely related to ND5 deletion level and that C. briggsae isolates with high ND5 deletion levels experienced a tradeoff between early fecundity and lifespan. Conversely, oxidative stress resistance was only weakly associated with ND5 deletion level while ATP content was unrelated to deletion level. Finally, mean levels of reactive oxygen species measured in vivo showed a significant non-linear relationship with ND5 deletion level, a pattern that may be driven by among-isolate variation in antioxidant or other compensatory mechanisms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the ND5 deletion may adversely affect fitness and mitochondrial functioning while promoting aging in natural populations, and help to further establish this species as a useful model for explicit tests of hypotheses in aging biology and mitochondrial genetics. Title: Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae Author: Estes, Suzanne, Coleman-Hulbert, Anna Luella, Hicks, Kiley Ann, de Haan, Gene, Martha, Sarah R., Knapp, Jeremiah B., Smith, Samson William, Stein, Kevin C., Denver, Dee R. Year: 2011 Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging processes has been the lack of model systems with relevant, naturally occurring mitochondrial genetic variation. Toward the goal of developing such a model system, we studied natural variation in life history, metabolic, and aging phenotypes as it relates to levels of a naturally-occurring heteroplasmic mitochondrial ND5 deletion recently discovered to segregate among wild populations of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. The normal product of ND5 is a central component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and integral to cellular energy metabolism. Results: We quantified significant variation among C. briggsae isolates for all phenotypes measured, only some of which was statistically associated with isolate-specific ND5 deletion frequency. We found that fecundity-related traits and pharyngeal pumping rate were strongly inversely related to ND5 deletion level and that C. briggsae isolates with high ND5 deletion levels experienced a tradeoff between early fecundity and lifespan. Conversely, oxidative stress resistance was only weakly associated with ND5 deletion level while ATP content was unrelated to deletion level. Finally, mean levels of reactive oxygen species measured in vivo showed a significant non-linear relationship with ND5 deletion level, a pattern that may be driven by among-isolate variation in antioxidant or other compensatory mechanisms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the ND5 deletion may adversely affect fitness and mitochondrial functioning while promoting aging in natural populations, and help to further establish this species as a useful model for explicit tests of hypotheses in aging biology and mitochondrial genetics. Close

• 1469. [Article] A survey of hearing loss in the special education classrooms of Vancouver School District 37

  In order for the mentally retarded population to achieve maximum benefit from rehabilitation efforts, it is essential that a complete picture of their abilities and disabilities be obtained. Consequently, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of hearing loss in the special education classrooms of Vancouver School District 37 Author: Folsom, Richard C. Year: 1970 In order for the mentally retarded population to achieve maximum benefit from rehabilitation efforts, it is essential that a complete picture of their abilities and disabilities be obtained. Consequently, the identification of hearing loss is an integral element in any diagnostic procedure. Vancouver School District 37 has directed increased attention toward speech and language training for children in the special education classrooms for the mentally retarded; however, differential hearing diagnosis has been inadequate or totally lacking. In order to more efficiently treat this problem, it was felt that a comprehensive investigation into the incidence and types of hearing loss of this population would provide a basis for program design. To adequately survey the previous investigations in the literature it was advantageous to divide them into categories according to likeness of criteria used in defining "hearing loss." In this survey, a heterogeneous sample of 212 retarded subjects ranging in age from 6 years, 8 months to 19 years, 9 months was audiometrically tested at four frequencies: 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz. The retarded subjects encompassed MI levels I through IV on the c1assification system developed by the American Association on Mental Deficiency. Tests were administered at eight locations within the Vancouver School District 37 which offered adequate test environments. The criterion for hearing loss in this survey was a loss of 20 dB or more in two or more frequencies in either ear. The audiometric procedure used in both air and bone-conduction testing was the revised technique of Newhart and Reger (1945, revised 1956). Operant procedures were designed after Stewart (1970). Two examiners were used, and ten test scores of each correlated at approximately .93 using the Pearson Product- Moment Correlation. Thirty-eight of the 212 subjects had hearing losses of 20 dB or more in two or more frequencies in either ear. This number established an incidence of 17. 9 per cent for this population. The present data indicate, in general, that the incidence of hearing loss is greater among the more severely retarded than among the less retarded. The audiometric data depict a general trend toward a decrease in hearing loss incidence with increasing .age. Of those with hearing loss, slightly more males (53 per cent) than females (47 per cent) were represented. The pattern established by the current survey revealed a concentration of conductive losses at lower age levels and a concentration of sensori-neural losses at the higher age levels. The special education classrooms of Vancouver School District 37 reveal a three to six times greater incidence of hearing loss than among the normal classrooms of the district. The concentration of conductive losses at lower age levels leads to a recommendation that hearing levels be screened each year up to age 12. Title: A survey of hearing loss in the special education classrooms of Vancouver School District 37 Author: Folsom, Richard C. Year: 1970 In order for the mentally retarded population to achieve maximum benefit from rehabilitation efforts, it is essential that a complete picture of their abilities and disabilities be obtained. Consequently, the identification of hearing loss is an integral element in any diagnostic procedure. Vancouver School District 37 has directed increased attention toward speech and language training for children in the special education classrooms for the mentally retarded; however, differential hearing diagnosis has been inadequate or totally lacking. In order to more efficiently treat this problem, it was felt that a comprehensive investigation into the incidence and types of hearing loss of this population would provide a basis for program design. To adequately survey the previous investigations in the literature it was advantageous to divide them into categories according to likeness of criteria used in defining "hearing loss." In this survey, a heterogeneous sample of 212 retarded subjects ranging in age from 6 years, 8 months to 19 years, 9 months was audiometrically tested at four frequencies: 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz. The retarded subjects encompassed MI levels I through IV on the c1assification system developed by the American Association on Mental Deficiency. Tests were administered at eight locations within the Vancouver School District 37 which offered adequate test environments. The criterion for hearing loss in this survey was a loss of 20 dB or more in two or more frequencies in either ear. The audiometric procedure used in both air and bone-conduction testing was the revised technique of Newhart and Reger (1945, revised 1956). Operant procedures were designed after Stewart (1970). Two examiners were used, and ten test scores of each correlated at approximately .93 using the Pearson Product- Moment Correlation. Thirty-eight of the 212 subjects had hearing losses of 20 dB or more in two or more frequencies in either ear. This number established an incidence of 17. 9 per cent for this population. The present data indicate, in general, that the incidence of hearing loss is greater among the more severely retarded than among the less retarded. The audiometric data depict a general trend toward a decrease in hearing loss incidence with increasing .age. Of those with hearing loss, slightly more males (53 per cent) than females (47 per cent) were represented. The pattern established by the current survey revealed a concentration of conductive losses at lower age levels and a concentration of sensori-neural losses at the higher age levels. The special education classrooms of Vancouver School District 37 reveal a three to six times greater incidence of hearing loss than among the normal classrooms of the district. The concentration of conductive losses at lower age levels leads to a recommendation that hearing levels be screened each year up to age 12. Close

• 1470. [Article] Lesbianism in sport from the perspective of the female team sport college athlete and the female team sport recreational player

  This study was designed to determine the degree of homophobia, expressed lesbian sexual preference behavior, and attitudes toward lesbianism among the female team sport college athlete and the female team ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lesbianism in sport from the perspective of the female team sport college athlete and the female team sport recreational player Author: Jaynes, Tracy Laura Year: 1984 This study was designed to determine the degree of homophobia, expressed lesbian sexual preference behavior, and attitudes toward lesbianism among the female team sport college athlete and the female team sport recreational player. It was hypothesized that the female team sport college athlete would be less homophobic, would express greater lesbian sexual preference behavior, and would possess more positive attitudes toward lesbianism than the female team sport recreational player. There were 32 female team sport college athletes representing four Utah university/college campuses and one Oregon university/college campus; 37 female team sport recreational players representing four Utah recreational team and two Oregon recreational teams. Data were collected during the months of March through June, 1983. All subjects participating were volunteers. The subjects' ages ranged from 18-35, the mean age being 23.5 years. The instruments used in this study were: 1) Index of Attitudes Toward Lesbians (Guthrie, 1982), 2) Demographic/Social Variable Data (Guthrie, 1982). The research administered the instruments individually to each volunteer, therefore there was a 100% return. Chi-Square Analyses were used and the major results indicated that there were no significant differences in the degree of homophobia, lesbian sexual preference behavior, and positive attitudes toward lesbianism between the two groups. Post hoc analyses of data were performed to determine whether age was a factor in degree of homophobia, the expression of lesbian sexual preference behavior, and the expression of positive attitudes toward lesbianism. These analyses revealed a large percentage of those individuals in the age group 20-24 years expressed non-homophobia, lesbian sexual preference behavior, and positive attitudes towards lesbianism. Since this age group (20-24 years) encompasses a great proportion of the college age women who participate in athletics, it is hypothesized that exposure, involvement, and attitudes concerning lesbianism are noticeably prevalent in the college athletic environment. Title: Lesbianism in sport from the perspective of the female team sport college athlete and the female team sport recreational player Author: Jaynes, Tracy Laura Year: 1984 This study was designed to determine the degree of homophobia, expressed lesbian sexual preference behavior, and attitudes toward lesbianism among the female team sport college athlete and the female team sport recreational player. It was hypothesized that the female team sport college athlete would be less homophobic, would express greater lesbian sexual preference behavior, and would possess more positive attitudes toward lesbianism than the female team sport recreational player. There were 32 female team sport college athletes representing four Utah university/college campuses and one Oregon university/college campus; 37 female team sport recreational players representing four Utah recreational team and two Oregon recreational teams. Data were collected during the months of March through June, 1983. All subjects participating were volunteers. The subjects' ages ranged from 18-35, the mean age being 23.5 years. The instruments used in this study were: 1) Index of Attitudes Toward Lesbians (Guthrie, 1982), 2) Demographic/Social Variable Data (Guthrie, 1982). The research administered the instruments individually to each volunteer, therefore there was a 100% return. Chi-Square Analyses were used and the major results indicated that there were no significant differences in the degree of homophobia, lesbian sexual preference behavior, and positive attitudes toward lesbianism between the two groups. Post hoc analyses of data were performed to determine whether age was a factor in degree of homophobia, the expression of lesbian sexual preference behavior, and the expression of positive attitudes toward lesbianism. These analyses revealed a large percentage of those individuals in the age group 20-24 years expressed non-homophobia, lesbian sexual preference behavior, and positive attitudes towards lesbianism. Since this age group (20-24 years) encompasses a great proportion of the college age women who participate in athletics, it is hypothesized that exposure, involvement, and attitudes concerning lesbianism are noticeably prevalent in the college athletic environment. Close