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• 121. [Article] Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability

  It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability Author: Rineer, Jennifer Rae Year: 2015 It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than before, either out of preference or financial necessity. Therefore, it is essential that we understand how to support employees so that they can continue working in a healthy, happy, and productive manner as they age. The construct of work ability (the extent to which people perceive they can meet the mental and physical demands of their jobs) has the potential to guide research and practice on how best to support employees throughout the lifespan. However, though studied extensively in the occupational health literature, work ability has only recently gained attention in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology and Occupational Health Psychology literatures. This study helps to further integrate work ability into our field and theoretically ground the construct using the Job Demands-Resources model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). Specifically, this study examined psychosocial characteristics of the work environment (age diversity climate, team cohesion, organizational justice, and leader-member exchange) that were expected to buffer against the negative effects of increased age and poor health on work ability. The interaction between team cohesion and poor health had a significant effect on work ability. While the other hypothesized interaction relationships were unsupported, ancillary analyses showed that both team cohesion and age diversity climate do relate positively to work ability, even after controlling for age and health. These findings highlight the importance of a positive social work environment in supporting employees' work ability throughout the lifespan. Suggestions for future research include examining additional psychosocial predictors and behavioral outcomes of work ability, as well as conducting intervention studies aimed at increasing work ability by improving social aspects of the work environment. Title: Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability Author: Rineer, Jennifer Rae Year: 2015 It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than before, either out of preference or financial necessity. Therefore, it is essential that we understand how to support employees so that they can continue working in a healthy, happy, and productive manner as they age. The construct of work ability (the extent to which people perceive they can meet the mental and physical demands of their jobs) has the potential to guide research and practice on how best to support employees throughout the lifespan. However, though studied extensively in the occupational health literature, work ability has only recently gained attention in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology and Occupational Health Psychology literatures. This study helps to further integrate work ability into our field and theoretically ground the construct using the Job Demands-Resources model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). Specifically, this study examined psychosocial characteristics of the work environment (age diversity climate, team cohesion, organizational justice, and leader-member exchange) that were expected to buffer against the negative effects of increased age and poor health on work ability. The interaction between team cohesion and poor health had a significant effect on work ability. While the other hypothesized interaction relationships were unsupported, ancillary analyses showed that both team cohesion and age diversity climate do relate positively to work ability, even after controlling for age and health. These findings highlight the importance of a positive social work environment in supporting employees' work ability throughout the lifespan. Suggestions for future research include examining additional psychosocial predictors and behavioral outcomes of work ability, as well as conducting intervention studies aimed at increasing work ability by improving social aspects of the work environment. Close

• 122. [Article] The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation

  Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation Author: Eckhardt, Cara L., Eng, Heather, Dills, John L., Wisner, Katherine L. Year: 2016 Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether the prevalence of RWG (an increase of >0.67 in weight-for-age z-score) differed by growth reference (2006 WHO standards vs 2000 CDC references) and age interval of assessment (0–3, 0–6, 6–12 and 0–12 months). Pooled data from singleton term infants from two observational studies on maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were used (n = 161). Differences in RWG prevalence by growth reference and age interval were tested using Cochran’s Q and McNemar’s tests. Results: The CDC reference produced a higher RWG prevalence (14% of infants additionally categorized as RWG, p < 0.0001) within the 0–3 month age interval compared to the WHO standards; this pattern was reversed for the 6–12 and 0–12 month intervals. RWG prevalence did not differ across age interval within the WHO standards, but did differ with the CDC references (range: 22% for 0–3 months to 4.2% for 6–12 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Caution is advised when comparing studies with different criteria for RWG. Future studies should use the 2006 WHO standards and a consistent age interval of evaluation. Title: The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation Author: Eckhardt, Cara L., Eng, Heather, Dills, John L., Wisner, Katherine L. Year: 2016 Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether the prevalence of RWG (an increase of >0.67 in weight-for-age z-score) differed by growth reference (2006 WHO standards vs 2000 CDC references) and age interval of assessment (0–3, 0–6, 6–12 and 0–12 months). Pooled data from singleton term infants from two observational studies on maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were used (n = 161). Differences in RWG prevalence by growth reference and age interval were tested using Cochran’s Q and McNemar’s tests. Results: The CDC reference produced a higher RWG prevalence (14% of infants additionally categorized as RWG, p < 0.0001) within the 0–3 month age interval compared to the WHO standards; this pattern was reversed for the 6–12 and 0–12 month intervals. RWG prevalence did not differ across age interval within the WHO standards, but did differ with the CDC references (range: 22% for 0–3 months to 4.2% for 6–12 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Caution is advised when comparing studies with different criteria for RWG. Future studies should use the 2006 WHO standards and a consistent age interval of evaluation. Close

• 123. [Article] Erosion by rivers and transport pathways in the ocean: A provenance tool using 40Ar--39Ar incremental heating on fine-grained sediment

  We use Ar-40-Ar-39 incremental heating to fingerprint bulk fluvial sediment entering the northeast Pacific Ocean, with the long-term intent of tracking sediment source and transport changes from the terrestrial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Erosion by rivers and transport pathways in the ocean: A provenance tool using 40Ar--39Ar incremental heating on fine-grained sediment Author: Duncan, Robert A., Pisias, Nicklas G., VanLaningham, Sam We use Ar-40-Ar-39 incremental heating to fingerprint bulk fluvial sediment entering the northeast Pacific Ocean, with the long-term intent of tracking sediment source and transport changes from the terrestrial system to the marine environment through time. We show reproducible age spectra from individual rivers accounting for the majority of sediment delivered to the Pacific margin. Two tests are performed to confirm the validity of the bulk sediment Ar-40-Ar-39 incremental heating measurements and to address why polymineralic sediment might yield concordant age steps. The first model tests, in light of bulk mineralogy and diffusion of Ar from silicates, whether measured K/Ca spectra (measured from Ar-39 and Ar-37, respectively) are consistent with typical values for K- and Ca-bearing minerals. Calculations show that the bulk mineralogy is reflected in the outgassing K/Ca spectra and identify plagioclase as the dominant mineral contributing to the plateau-defining portion of the age spectra. A second model predicts bulk sediment ages from integrated bedrock cooling age-area estimates in order to examine whether bulk sediment plateau ages are representative of the average cooling age of rocks from a given river basin. Calculated and observed ages are notably similar in three river basins when topographic and lithologic effects are accounted for. Overall, this technique shows considerable promise, not only in tracking individual terrigenous sources in the marine realm but also for understanding processes such as erosion and sediment transport in terrestrial systems. Title: Erosion by rivers and transport pathways in the ocean: A provenance tool using 40Ar--39Ar incremental heating on fine-grained sediment Author: Duncan, Robert A., Pisias, Nicklas G., VanLaningham, Sam We use Ar-40-Ar-39 incremental heating to fingerprint bulk fluvial sediment entering the northeast Pacific Ocean, with the long-term intent of tracking sediment source and transport changes from the terrestrial system to the marine environment through time. We show reproducible age spectra from individual rivers accounting for the majority of sediment delivered to the Pacific margin. Two tests are performed to confirm the validity of the bulk sediment Ar-40-Ar-39 incremental heating measurements and to address why polymineralic sediment might yield concordant age steps. The first model tests, in light of bulk mineralogy and diffusion of Ar from silicates, whether measured K/Ca spectra (measured from Ar-39 and Ar-37, respectively) are consistent with typical values for K- and Ca-bearing minerals. Calculations show that the bulk mineralogy is reflected in the outgassing K/Ca spectra and identify plagioclase as the dominant mineral contributing to the plateau-defining portion of the age spectra. A second model predicts bulk sediment ages from integrated bedrock cooling age-area estimates in order to examine whether bulk sediment plateau ages are representative of the average cooling age of rocks from a given river basin. Calculated and observed ages are notably similar in three river basins when topographic and lithologic effects are accounted for. Overall, this technique shows considerable promise, not only in tracking individual terrigenous sources in the marine realm but also for understanding processes such as erosion and sediment transport in terrestrial systems. Close

• 124. [Article] Effects of Aging on the Molecular Circadian Oscillations in Drosophila

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. and can be found at: http://informahealthcare.com...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Aging on the Molecular Circadian Oscillations in Drosophila Author: Guzik, Elzbieta M., Giebultowicz, Jadwiga M., Rakshit, Kuntol, Krishnan, Natraj, Pyza, Elzbieta This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. and can be found at: http://informahealthcare.com/cbi. Title: Effects of Aging on the Molecular Circadian Oscillations in Drosophila Author: Guzik, Elzbieta M., Giebultowicz, Jadwiga M., Rakshit, Kuntol, Krishnan, Natraj, Pyza, Elzbieta This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. and can be found at: http://informahealthcare.com/cbi. Close

• 125. [Article] Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents

  This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents Author: Carder, Paula C., Weinstein, Jenny, Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole Year: 2012 This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing properties, from persons age 55 and older on the waitlist for housing, and from older adults in the Portland area. While local data were unavailable at the time of this report, we know that nationally, more than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by persons age 62 and older. With this in mind, Home Forward must make decisions now about how to respond to the aging of both current residents and the local community. The population of older persons has and will continue to increase in Multnomah County, and Oregon. While many older persons enjoy relative economic stability, a sizeable number are very poor and face housing instability and declining health. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the poverty rate among county residents age 65 and older is 10.9%, higher than the national average of 9%. A recent study of Multnomah County adults with incomes at or below 200% of poverty level found that 44% of those who had moved in the prior five years had done so to reduce housing costs. Title: Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents Author: Carder, Paula C., Weinstein, Jenny, Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole Year: 2012 This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing properties, from persons age 55 and older on the waitlist for housing, and from older adults in the Portland area. While local data were unavailable at the time of this report, we know that nationally, more than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by persons age 62 and older. With this in mind, Home Forward must make decisions now about how to respond to the aging of both current residents and the local community. The population of older persons has and will continue to increase in Multnomah County, and Oregon. While many older persons enjoy relative economic stability, a sizeable number are very poor and face housing instability and declining health. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the poverty rate among county residents age 65 and older is 10.9%, higher than the national average of 9%. A recent study of Multnomah County adults with incomes at or below 200% of poverty level found that 44% of those who had moved in the prior five years had done so to reduce housing costs. Close

• 126. [Article] Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Close

• 127. [Article] A Comparative Analysis of Rodent Species Shows Oxidative Stress Resilience and HSP70 Expression Levels Correlate with Species Longevity

  Researchers of healthy aging have determined trends between a species’ body mass and its maximal life span (MLSP). Actual MLSPs are then compared to predicted MLSPs and reported as a longevity quotient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comparative Analysis of Rodent Species Shows Oxidative Stress Resilience and HSP70 Expression Levels Correlate with Species Longevity Author: Sarker, Minhazur R. Researchers of healthy aging have determined trends between a species’ body mass and its maximal life span (MLSP). Actual MLSPs are then compared to predicted MLSPs and reported as a longevity quotient (LQ). Long-lived mammals, such as humans and naked mole rats (NMR), have LQs ranging from 5.0 to 10.0, meaning they live 5 to 10 times longer than expected. This LQ similarity leads researchers to believe the NMR may be an ideal model organism for human aging research. Among the proposed theories of aging, the oxidative stress theory, which states that cells have a chronic presence of oxidative stress that increases with age, is one of the most widely accepted. Our work delves deeper into this theory as it pertains to the NMR. We observed that NMR fibroblasts (NMRFs) have a much greater resilience to menadione, an oxidative stressor, than mouse fibroblasts (MFs), which, under the oxidative stress theory of aging, may explain why NMR have delayed onsets of aging phenotypes. We then observed that compared to MFs and rat hepatocytes, NMRFs have a greater basal expression of heat-­shock protein 70 (HSP70), a primary role player in homeostatic responses to oxidative stress. This greater HSP70 expression may grant the NMRFs a stronger initial defense allowing them to maintain viability at greater levels of oxidative stress. Finally, our work investigated the use of geranylgeranyl acetone (GGA) as an HSP70 inducer to slow the insults from oxidative stress. We were not able to show GGA as an efficient HSP70 inducer. Ultimately, our work has discovered some key aspects of the naked mole rat, however, further investigation is needed to determine if naked mole rats may serve as the ideal model species for human healthy aging research. Title: A Comparative Analysis of Rodent Species Shows Oxidative Stress Resilience and HSP70 Expression Levels Correlate with Species Longevity Author: Sarker, Minhazur R. Researchers of healthy aging have determined trends between a species’ body mass and its maximal life span (MLSP). Actual MLSPs are then compared to predicted MLSPs and reported as a longevity quotient (LQ). Long-lived mammals, such as humans and naked mole rats (NMR), have LQs ranging from 5.0 to 10.0, meaning they live 5 to 10 times longer than expected. This LQ similarity leads researchers to believe the NMR may be an ideal model organism for human aging research. Among the proposed theories of aging, the oxidative stress theory, which states that cells have a chronic presence of oxidative stress that increases with age, is one of the most widely accepted. Our work delves deeper into this theory as it pertains to the NMR. We observed that NMR fibroblasts (NMRFs) have a much greater resilience to menadione, an oxidative stressor, than mouse fibroblasts (MFs), which, under the oxidative stress theory of aging, may explain why NMR have delayed onsets of aging phenotypes. We then observed that compared to MFs and rat hepatocytes, NMRFs have a greater basal expression of heat-­shock protein 70 (HSP70), a primary role player in homeostatic responses to oxidative stress. This greater HSP70 expression may grant the NMRFs a stronger initial defense allowing them to maintain viability at greater levels of oxidative stress. Finally, our work investigated the use of geranylgeranyl acetone (GGA) as an HSP70 inducer to slow the insults from oxidative stress. We were not able to show GGA as an efficient HSP70 inducer. Ultimately, our work has discovered some key aspects of the naked mole rat, however, further investigation is needed to determine if naked mole rats may serve as the ideal model species for human healthy aging research. Close

• 128. [Article] Life history examination of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) off the Oregon coast

  The growth, size and age composition, mortality and reproduction of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) were examined using fishery data and analysis of fish characteristics for samples collected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history examination of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) off the Oregon coast Author: Nichol, Daniel Gerard The growth, size and age composition, mortality and reproduction of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) were examined using fishery data and analysis of fish characteristics for samples collected of f the Oregon coast. A total of 1060 fish, caught by commercial groundfish and shrimp trawlers operating out of Newport, Coos Bay and Astoria, were collected between July 1986 and July 1987. S. crameri were found to be slow growing and longlived reaching ages in excess of 100 years. The composition of fish captured with commercial groundfish trawl gear (excluding shrimp gear) was dominated by recent recruits ranging from 6 to 9 years of age. The age at full recruitment to commercial groundfish gear was 7 years. Assuming constant recruitment and mortality after 1978, total instantaneous mortality (Z) for recent recruits may have been as high as 0.42. This estimate may be inflated, however, if the 1978-1980 yearclasses were strong relative to earlier yearclasses. The timing of major reproductive events was protracted. Insemination occurred from September to December, fertilization from December to February, and parturition from December to March. Fifty percent of the females were mature at an age of 8 years and a total length (TL) of 36.7 cm, whereas males attained 50% maturity at an age of 5 years and 29.7 cm TL. Fecundity increased nonlinearly with fish size and ranged from 19,815 to 489,064 oocytes/ovary pair. Based on its longevity, its relatively young age at full recruitment, and its age at maturity, S. crameri appears vulnerable to overexploitation. Title: Life history examination of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) off the Oregon coast Author: Nichol, Daniel Gerard The growth, size and age composition, mortality and reproduction of darkblotched rockfish (Sebastes crameri) were examined using fishery data and analysis of fish characteristics for samples collected of f the Oregon coast. A total of 1060 fish, caught by commercial groundfish and shrimp trawlers operating out of Newport, Coos Bay and Astoria, were collected between July 1986 and July 1987. S. crameri were found to be slow growing and longlived reaching ages in excess of 100 years. The composition of fish captured with commercial groundfish trawl gear (excluding shrimp gear) was dominated by recent recruits ranging from 6 to 9 years of age. The age at full recruitment to commercial groundfish gear was 7 years. Assuming constant recruitment and mortality after 1978, total instantaneous mortality (Z) for recent recruits may have been as high as 0.42. This estimate may be inflated, however, if the 1978-1980 yearclasses were strong relative to earlier yearclasses. The timing of major reproductive events was protracted. Insemination occurred from September to December, fertilization from December to February, and parturition from December to March. Fifty percent of the females were mature at an age of 8 years and a total length (TL) of 36.7 cm, whereas males attained 50% maturity at an age of 5 years and 29.7 cm TL. Fecundity increased nonlinearly with fish size and ranged from 19,815 to 489,064 oocytes/ovary pair. Based on its longevity, its relatively young age at full recruitment, and its age at maturity, S. crameri appears vulnerable to overexploitation. Close

• 129. [Article] A comparison of the attributes of nonmetropolitan preretirees who plan to age in place to preretirees who plan to in-migrate : for use in designing community revitalization

  A growing number of nonmetropolitan communities have chosen to pursue nontraditional avenues for economic development including the promotion of the nonmetropolitan area to older adults who may choose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of the attributes of nonmetropolitan preretirees who plan to age in place to preretirees who plan to in-migrate : for use in designing community revitalization Author: Barlow-Pieterick, Marilyn A growing number of nonmetropolitan communities have chosen to pursue nontraditional avenues for economic development including the promotion of the nonmetropolitan area to older adults who may choose to migrate after retirement. The purpose of this study was to help community leaders in nonmetropolitan areas make informed decisions if they choose to revitalize their town through the aid of immigration and retention of retirees, by knowing what infrastructure to plan for based on the neighborhood, housing, and support service preferences of future nonmetropolitan retirees. This prospective study compared two populations: preretirees who planned to migrate to nonmetropolitan areas during the first 10 years of retirement and preretirees who planned to age in place in nonmetropolitan areas upon retirement by (1) age integrated/ age segregated neighborhood preference; (2) housing tenure and structure preference; (3) support service preference of a hospital and/or family members; and (4) the socio-demographic variables of marital status, health status, current income level, and number of sources of retirement income. An age stratified random sample of preretirees from two states (N=1,175), Oregon and Utah, was included in the study. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and chi-square and one t-test to test nine null hypotheses. Migrant respondents differed in their preference for neighborhoods with older residents (p=.00000), preference to rent (p=.00002), and tendency to feel that family in the community was important (p=.00031). Migrants differed significantly in their marital status (p=.01292), in that more were unmarried. With regard to health status (p=.02752), more age in place reported excellent and fair/poor health as opposed to migrants' very good and good health. Nonmetropolitan community leaders interested in economic revitalization through the attraction of and retention of elderly retirees may want to consider including in their community the following: housing that tends to be more age segregated than age integrated, single family dwellings that can be rented, a hospital, and formal support services that may be needed if the informal support of family and friends is not available. Title: A comparison of the attributes of nonmetropolitan preretirees who plan to age in place to preretirees who plan to in-migrate : for use in designing community revitalization Author: Barlow-Pieterick, Marilyn A growing number of nonmetropolitan communities have chosen to pursue nontraditional avenues for economic development including the promotion of the nonmetropolitan area to older adults who may choose to migrate after retirement. The purpose of this study was to help community leaders in nonmetropolitan areas make informed decisions if they choose to revitalize their town through the aid of immigration and retention of retirees, by knowing what infrastructure to plan for based on the neighborhood, housing, and support service preferences of future nonmetropolitan retirees. This prospective study compared two populations: preretirees who planned to migrate to nonmetropolitan areas during the first 10 years of retirement and preretirees who planned to age in place in nonmetropolitan areas upon retirement by (1) age integrated/ age segregated neighborhood preference; (2) housing tenure and structure preference; (3) support service preference of a hospital and/or family members; and (4) the socio-demographic variables of marital status, health status, current income level, and number of sources of retirement income. An age stratified random sample of preretirees from two states (N=1,175), Oregon and Utah, was included in the study. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and chi-square and one t-test to test nine null hypotheses. Migrant respondents differed in their preference for neighborhoods with older residents (p=.00000), preference to rent (p=.00002), and tendency to feel that family in the community was important (p=.00031). Migrants differed significantly in their marital status (p=.01292), in that more were unmarried. With regard to health status (p=.02752), more age in place reported excellent and fair/poor health as opposed to migrants' very good and good health. Nonmetropolitan community leaders interested in economic revitalization through the attraction of and retention of elderly retirees may want to consider including in their community the following: housing that tends to be more age segregated than age integrated, single family dwellings that can be rented, a hospital, and formal support services that may be needed if the informal support of family and friends is not available. Close

• 130. [Article] The cost of fisheries induced evolution. An example using data for North-East Atlantic cod

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The cost of fisheries induced evolution. An example using data for North-East Atlantic cod Author: Reithe, Siv Abstract only. Title: The cost of fisheries induced evolution. An example using data for North-East Atlantic cod Author: Reithe, Siv Abstract only. Close