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• 91. [Article] An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players

  The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players Author: Doherty, Michael Thomas The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) measured the personality traits of 150 high school basketball players. The Individual Data Questionnaire was used to identify background characteristics for comparison with the AMI trait scores. The AMI and the questionnaire were administered at 12 high schools in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon during the spring of 1974. Statistical significance was arbitrarily set at the .05 level of confidence, and the hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by appropriate statistical methods. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test 14 hypotheses which stated that there were no significant trends in the relationship of the AMI scores and the autobiographical data. The remaining 13 hypotheses were tested by t-test to determine significant differences between the means of the trait scores for various populations within the study. Of the 27 null hypotheses, 23 were rejected when significant trends or differences were found on one or more of the 11 AMI traits. It was found that there were differences between black players and white players on three traits. Low social status subjects scored lower than middle and high status subjects on one trait. When races were compared at each status level, there were no differences among low status subjects. There was a difference on one trait at the middle status level and on one trait at the high status level. Because there were only two white subjects at the low status level and only one black at the high status level, those comparisons are probably based on insufficient numbers for proper statistical analysis. When players who lived with both natural parents were compared with those living with one natural parent or a relative, no differences were found. A third group made up of subjects living with one natural parent and a stepparent was found to score lower than each of the first two groups on a single trait. Subjects who were first-born children scored higher on one trait than later-born children. As family size increased, the subjects' scores tended to decrease on six traits. Scores tended to increase on one trait as the subjects' level of educational aspirations increased. There was a tendency for scores to increase on eight traits as the subjects' level of leadership attained in school organizations increased. As the subjects' attitude toward school grew more positive, scores tended to increase on six traits. The subjects' scores tended to increase on two traits and to decrease on one as their fathers' level of educational achievement increased. As the level of educational achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. There was a tendency for scores to increase on three traits as the subjects' length of organized basketball experience increased. Subjects who were starters tended to score higher than substitutes on two traits. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the number and combination of sports in which they participated. In all six possible comparisons among the four groups, differences were found on one or more traits. No relationships were found between the AMI scores and the level of basketball honors achieved by the subjects. There were no relationships between the subjects' scores and the level of athletic achievement of their fathers. As the level of athletic achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. Scores tended to increase on four traits as the subjects' level of athletic aspirations increased. Title: An analysis of the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality traits of high school basketball players Author: Doherty, Michael Thomas The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between selected autobiographical data and the personality characteristics of high school basketball players. The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) measured the personality traits of 150 high school basketball players. The Individual Data Questionnaire was used to identify background characteristics for comparison with the AMI trait scores. The AMI and the questionnaire were administered at 12 high schools in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon during the spring of 1974. Statistical significance was arbitrarily set at the .05 level of confidence, and the hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by appropriate statistical methods. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test 14 hypotheses which stated that there were no significant trends in the relationship of the AMI scores and the autobiographical data. The remaining 13 hypotheses were tested by t-test to determine significant differences between the means of the trait scores for various populations within the study. Of the 27 null hypotheses, 23 were rejected when significant trends or differences were found on one or more of the 11 AMI traits. It was found that there were differences between black players and white players on three traits. Low social status subjects scored lower than middle and high status subjects on one trait. When races were compared at each status level, there were no differences among low status subjects. There was a difference on one trait at the middle status level and on one trait at the high status level. Because there were only two white subjects at the low status level and only one black at the high status level, those comparisons are probably based on insufficient numbers for proper statistical analysis. When players who lived with both natural parents were compared with those living with one natural parent or a relative, no differences were found. A third group made up of subjects living with one natural parent and a stepparent was found to score lower than each of the first two groups on a single trait. Subjects who were first-born children scored higher on one trait than later-born children. As family size increased, the subjects' scores tended to decrease on six traits. Scores tended to increase on one trait as the subjects' level of educational aspirations increased. There was a tendency for scores to increase on eight traits as the subjects' level of leadership attained in school organizations increased. As the subjects' attitude toward school grew more positive, scores tended to increase on six traits. The subjects' scores tended to increase on two traits and to decrease on one as their fathers' level of educational achievement increased. As the level of educational achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. There was a tendency for scores to increase on three traits as the subjects' length of organized basketball experience increased. Subjects who were starters tended to score higher than substitutes on two traits. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the number and combination of sports in which they participated. In all six possible comparisons among the four groups, differences were found on one or more traits. No relationships were found between the AMI scores and the level of basketball honors achieved by the subjects. There were no relationships between the subjects' scores and the level of athletic achievement of their fathers. As the level of athletic achievement of the mothers increased, the subjects' scores tended to increase on four traits. Scores tended to increase on four traits as the subjects' level of athletic aspirations increased. Close

• 92. [Article] The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood

  The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood Author: Meinhold, Jana L. The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities and community members from the Portland, Oregon area were surveyed about their relationships with a single biological sibling. Participants were asked a series of questions concerning three life transitions (transition out of the parental home, transition to marriage or intimate partnership, and the transition to parenthood), contact (e-mail, phone, and personal), and sibling intimacy. Participants were also asked open-ended questions based on their responses to quantitative questions. A series of hierarchical linear regressions identified that sister-sister pairs were associated with the greatest levels of e-mail, phone, and personal contact, followed by the sister-brother, brother-sister, and brother-brother pairs. The gender of sibling pairs was not found to have an influence on the intimacy siblings shared. Coresidential status showed little to no influence on the intimacy and e-mail contact siblings shared, indicating that intimacy and e-mail contact did not appear to be influenced by the transition away from home for siblings. The phone and personal contact was however, significant with the transition away from home. The intimate relationship status of sibling pairs had little to no influence on the intimacy and phone contact shared by siblings. As predicted, those pairs in which both the participant and the sibling were single showed the greatest e-mail and personal contact. When looking at the transition to parenthood, e-mail contact was not influenced by the transition to parenthood, but childless sibling pairs identified the greatest levels of sibling intimacy and personal contact compared to all other pairs. Phone contact was the lowest for sibling pairs in which both the siblings were parents. Open-ended data offered a different explanation of the intimacy and contact between siblings. Feedback from participants indicated that intimacy was something that possibly remained consistent across gender and life transitions, even with a drop in personal, phone, and email contact. Implications and future directions were also explored. Title: The influence of life transition statuses on sibling intimacy and contact in early adulthood Author: Meinhold, Jana L. The current project investigated the influence of three life transitions on the intimacy and contact siblings share in early adulthood. Using a web-based survey, 260 young adults from two large state universities and community members from the Portland, Oregon area were surveyed about their relationships with a single biological sibling. Participants were asked a series of questions concerning three life transitions (transition out of the parental home, transition to marriage or intimate partnership, and the transition to parenthood), contact (e-mail, phone, and personal), and sibling intimacy. Participants were also asked open-ended questions based on their responses to quantitative questions. A series of hierarchical linear regressions identified that sister-sister pairs were associated with the greatest levels of e-mail, phone, and personal contact, followed by the sister-brother, brother-sister, and brother-brother pairs. The gender of sibling pairs was not found to have an influence on the intimacy siblings shared. Coresidential status showed little to no influence on the intimacy and e-mail contact siblings shared, indicating that intimacy and e-mail contact did not appear to be influenced by the transition away from home for siblings. The phone and personal contact was however, significant with the transition away from home. The intimate relationship status of sibling pairs had little to no influence on the intimacy and phone contact shared by siblings. As predicted, those pairs in which both the participant and the sibling were single showed the greatest e-mail and personal contact. When looking at the transition to parenthood, e-mail contact was not influenced by the transition to parenthood, but childless sibling pairs identified the greatest levels of sibling intimacy and personal contact compared to all other pairs. Phone contact was the lowest for sibling pairs in which both the siblings were parents. Open-ended data offered a different explanation of the intimacy and contact between siblings. Feedback from participants indicated that intimacy was something that possibly remained consistent across gender and life transitions, even with a drop in personal, phone, and email contact. Implications and future directions were also explored. Close

• 93. [Article] Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents

  The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents Author: Taylor, Amanda L. The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental outcomes that may co-occur within an individual (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Resilience may strengthen over time and across domains (e.g., psychological well-being, physical health), thus a corresponding variation in functioning across domains of development is also likely (Wright, Fopma-Loy, & Fischer, 2005). A multidimensional approach to resilience is necessary to account for this variation in functioning. Therefore, the current research trend of examining a single outcome and then ascribing a unidimensional 'resilient vs. not resilient' label without specifying a domain of resilience may be masking the co-occurrence of positive and negative outcomes of at-risk individuals. To address this gap, this dissertation presents two studies exploring resilience as a multidimensional construct. Both studies examined data from 323 students who participated in the Chicago cluster randomized trial of the Positive Action (PA) program (Ji, DuBois, Flay, & Brechling, 2008). The first study identified distinct subcategories of resilience profiles in an at-risk group of adolescents. Latent class analysis results indicate that, in contrast to the unidimensional--i.e., resilient or not resilient--construct of resilience, there are multiple profiles of resilience among at-risk students. Four distinct groups of students with markedly different resilience patterns were identified: Consistently Resilient (35.5%)--high on positive and low on negative outcomes, Consistently Non-resilient (18%)--low on positive and high on negative outcomes, Socio-emotional Resilience with Academic Issues (29.6%)--high on Social-emotional and Character Development (SECD) and positive health behaviors, low/moderate on negative outcomes, but reporting very poor academic performance, and Academically Resilient with Mental Health Issues (16.9%)--high on positive outcomes (SECD was moderate), low/moderate on violence and substance use, but very high on anxiety and depression. The second study used multinomial logistic regression to examine individual-, family-, and community-level risk and protective factors at grade 3 that predict distinct resilience patterns among children at grade 5. Analyses predicted resilient group membership, indicating students with high levels of empathy, parental and teacher reports of responsibility, parental encouragement, and students’ feelings of safety at grade 3 were more likely to be resilient across multiple domains at grade 5. Together, these studies empirically support a more integrative, comprehensive, and multidimensional conceptualization of resilience and its predictors that is better-suited to identifying hidden strengths and vulnerabilities in children and adolescents. Title: Examining multidimensional resilience in at-risk adolescents Author: Taylor, Amanda L. The bulk of resilience research has focused on developmental outcomes in a single domain of functioning (e.g., academic achievement), overlooking the complex interplay of positive and negative developmental outcomes that may co-occur within an individual (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Resilience may strengthen over time and across domains (e.g., psychological well-being, physical health), thus a corresponding variation in functioning across domains of development is also likely (Wright, Fopma-Loy, & Fischer, 2005). A multidimensional approach to resilience is necessary to account for this variation in functioning. Therefore, the current research trend of examining a single outcome and then ascribing a unidimensional 'resilient vs. not resilient' label without specifying a domain of resilience may be masking the co-occurrence of positive and negative outcomes of at-risk individuals. To address this gap, this dissertation presents two studies exploring resilience as a multidimensional construct. Both studies examined data from 323 students who participated in the Chicago cluster randomized trial of the Positive Action (PA) program (Ji, DuBois, Flay, & Brechling, 2008). The first study identified distinct subcategories of resilience profiles in an at-risk group of adolescents. Latent class analysis results indicate that, in contrast to the unidimensional--i.e., resilient or not resilient--construct of resilience, there are multiple profiles of resilience among at-risk students. Four distinct groups of students with markedly different resilience patterns were identified: Consistently Resilient (35.5%)--high on positive and low on negative outcomes, Consistently Non-resilient (18%)--low on positive and high on negative outcomes, Socio-emotional Resilience with Academic Issues (29.6%)--high on Social-emotional and Character Development (SECD) and positive health behaviors, low/moderate on negative outcomes, but reporting very poor academic performance, and Academically Resilient with Mental Health Issues (16.9%)--high on positive outcomes (SECD was moderate), low/moderate on violence and substance use, but very high on anxiety and depression. The second study used multinomial logistic regression to examine individual-, family-, and community-level risk and protective factors at grade 3 that predict distinct resilience patterns among children at grade 5. Analyses predicted resilient group membership, indicating students with high levels of empathy, parental and teacher reports of responsibility, parental encouragement, and students’ feelings of safety at grade 3 were more likely to be resilient across multiple domains at grade 5. Together, these studies empirically support a more integrative, comprehensive, and multidimensional conceptualization of resilience and its predictors that is better-suited to identifying hidden strengths and vulnerabilities in children and adolescents. Close

• 94. [Article] Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice

  Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice Author: Deyo, James A. Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid organ atrophy. In the present study C57BI/6 (B6) mice received MCT (0-150 mg/kg/day, po) for 14 days. Overt toxicity was minimal and observed only at highly immunosuppressive doses. Following MCT exposure, significant dose-dependent suppressions were observed in the following immune responses: numbers of antibody producing cells, cytotoxic T- lymphocyte activity, and NK cell cytotoxicity. The antibody responses to the T cell-dependent antigen, SRBC, and the T cell-independent (TI) antigens, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS, were decreased with identical dose response curves. This, along with data showing MCT decreased blastogenesis of B cells more than T cells at the lowest dose level, and that high doses induced significant decreases in the total number of B cells only, suggest that the B cell may be more sensitive than T cells, NK cells , or macrophages. The liver and lung toxicity of MCT is believed to be mediated through its metabolism by mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes to reactive pyrroles (monocrotaline pyrrole, MCTP; and dihydropyrrolizine, DHP). Accordingly, it was our hypothesis that the immunotoxicity could be modulated by altering MFO activity. To test this, mice were given a single dose of MCT (100 or 200 mg/kg, po) after MFO induction with phenobarbital; in other experiments mice received the MFO inhibitor chloramphenicol immediately before and 3 hrs after a single exposure to MCT (300 mg/kg, po). However, neither MFO induction nor inhibition significantly altered the immunosuppressive potency of MCT. The antibody and blastogenic responses of splenic lymphocytes directly exposed to MCT (1-3 mM) or MCTP (1-8 μM) in culture were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that both parent and metabolite were immunotoxic. However, the inability to alter the in vivo immunotoxicity by altering MFO activity questions the role this metabolite may play in vivo. In conclusion, the immune system in B6 mice is a sensitive target of MCT toxicity. Inhibition of blastogenesis appears to be one mechanism of MCT-induced immunosuppression. In contrast to other toxic effects of MCT, our results suggest that the parent compound itself plays a significant role in the immunotoxicity. Title: Immunotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline in C57B1/6 mice Author: Deyo, James A. Monocrotaline (MCT) is a member of a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Exposure to PAs can result in liver and cardiopulmonary lesions as well as lymphoid organ atrophy. In the present study C57BI/6 (B6) mice received MCT (0-150 mg/kg/day, po) for 14 days. Overt toxicity was minimal and observed only at highly immunosuppressive doses. Following MCT exposure, significant dose-dependent suppressions were observed in the following immune responses: numbers of antibody producing cells, cytotoxic T- lymphocyte activity, and NK cell cytotoxicity. The antibody responses to the T cell-dependent antigen, SRBC, and the T cell-independent (TI) antigens, DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS, were decreased with identical dose response curves. This, along with data showing MCT decreased blastogenesis of B cells more than T cells at the lowest dose level, and that high doses induced significant decreases in the total number of B cells only, suggest that the B cell may be more sensitive than T cells, NK cells , or macrophages. The liver and lung toxicity of MCT is believed to be mediated through its metabolism by mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes to reactive pyrroles (monocrotaline pyrrole, MCTP; and dihydropyrrolizine, DHP). Accordingly, it was our hypothesis that the immunotoxicity could be modulated by altering MFO activity. To test this, mice were given a single dose of MCT (100 or 200 mg/kg, po) after MFO induction with phenobarbital; in other experiments mice received the MFO inhibitor chloramphenicol immediately before and 3 hrs after a single exposure to MCT (300 mg/kg, po). However, neither MFO induction nor inhibition significantly altered the immunosuppressive potency of MCT. The antibody and blastogenic responses of splenic lymphocytes directly exposed to MCT (1-3 mM) or MCTP (1-8 μM) in culture were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that both parent and metabolite were immunotoxic. However, the inability to alter the in vivo immunotoxicity by altering MFO activity questions the role this metabolite may play in vivo. In conclusion, the immune system in B6 mice is a sensitive target of MCT toxicity. Inhibition of blastogenesis appears to be one mechanism of MCT-induced immunosuppression. In contrast to other toxic effects of MCT, our results suggest that the parent compound itself plays a significant role in the immunotoxicity. Close

• 95. [Article] Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon

  Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Close

• 96. [Article] The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing

  This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing Author: Filipovitch, Anthony J. Year: 1975 This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of the large number of intersecting individual pathways which the city represents. Young children, however, have little experience of this city: for the most part, their microcosm extends only a few blocks from home. Cities are a function of density and large numbers of people, and these two characteristics are also descriptive of multi-family structures. In the child's microcosm, multi-family dwellings could be considered as the type of communication-facilitating structure which is analogous to the city. The housing environment was examined along its physical dimension (housing environment as a piece of territory), socio-spatial dimension (social characteristics which are descriptive of the territory), and social dimensions (characteristics which are not tied to a specific spatial location). Children's behaviors were examined in terms of strategies for adapting to sensory load produced by the housing environment. Three procedures were used to obtain data: observation of the children, at home and at a day-care center; interviews of both the child and a parent; and a test constructed by J.A. Desor to measure tolerance for social density. The subjects were 32 4- and 5-year-old children enrolled in the day-care center at Portland State University. Protocols of behavior episodes collected in field observation were coded by two coders, and inter-coder reliability was computed. The coefficient for a completely naive coder was 0.76; for a coder familiar with the concept of 'behavior episodes,' the coefficient was 0.86. Convergent validity of the behavioral measures was evaluated using a multitrait-multimethod matrix. ~nile the measures show high face validity, convergent validity was not established for similar measures drawn from the home and school environments. The exception to this was the measures of play-group size, which showed a consistent pattern of convergence. The matrix of correlations of measures which were descriptive of the housing environment showed a fairly clear clustering of the measures along the expected dimensions. A t Test showed that there were significant differences between single-family and multi-family homes. In analyzing the hypotheses, it was found that children living in buildings with more peers show a greater acceptance of social density than children living in buildings with fewer peers. This strategy expressed itself in behavior also, for children living in buildings with more peers also played with more people. The relationship was cross situational, suggesting that this strategy is a 'functional unity,' or a consistent pattern of the child's personality. It was also found that the number of people in the neighborhood was related to the extent to which the child rejected offers for interaction. However, since there were no significant differences in number of people in the neighborhood between single-family and multi-family dwellings, this relationship does not distinguish between apartment and single-family dwellers. It was also found that, if length of time in the present housing unit is controlled, there is a negative relationship between the number of people in the housing environment and the duration of play activity. No differences were found in the amount of solitary play or the number of settings used. Title: The relationship between the housing environment and the child's behavior: strategies for adapting to multi-family housing Author: Filipovitch, Anthony J. Year: 1975 This study is an inquiry into some of the effects of the housing environment on the behavior of children. The city can be seen as a structure which facilitates communication and interaction because of the large number of intersecting individual pathways which the city represents. Young children, however, have little experience of this city: for the most part, their microcosm extends only a few blocks from home. Cities are a function of density and large numbers of people, and these two characteristics are also descriptive of multi-family structures. In the child's microcosm, multi-family dwellings could be considered as the type of communication-facilitating structure which is analogous to the city. The housing environment was examined along its physical dimension (housing environment as a piece of territory), socio-spatial dimension (social characteristics which are descriptive of the territory), and social dimensions (characteristics which are not tied to a specific spatial location). Children's behaviors were examined in terms of strategies for adapting to sensory load produced by the housing environment. Three procedures were used to obtain data: observation of the children, at home and at a day-care center; interviews of both the child and a parent; and a test constructed by J.A. Desor to measure tolerance for social density. The subjects were 32 4- and 5-year-old children enrolled in the day-care center at Portland State University. Protocols of behavior episodes collected in field observation were coded by two coders, and inter-coder reliability was computed. The coefficient for a completely naive coder was 0.76; for a coder familiar with the concept of 'behavior episodes,' the coefficient was 0.86. Convergent validity of the behavioral measures was evaluated using a multitrait-multimethod matrix. ~nile the measures show high face validity, convergent validity was not established for similar measures drawn from the home and school environments. The exception to this was the measures of play-group size, which showed a consistent pattern of convergence. The matrix of correlations of measures which were descriptive of the housing environment showed a fairly clear clustering of the measures along the expected dimensions. A t Test showed that there were significant differences between single-family and multi-family homes. In analyzing the hypotheses, it was found that children living in buildings with more peers show a greater acceptance of social density than children living in buildings with fewer peers. This strategy expressed itself in behavior also, for children living in buildings with more peers also played with more people. The relationship was cross situational, suggesting that this strategy is a 'functional unity,' or a consistent pattern of the child's personality. It was also found that the number of people in the neighborhood was related to the extent to which the child rejected offers for interaction. However, since there were no significant differences in number of people in the neighborhood between single-family and multi-family dwellings, this relationship does not distinguish between apartment and single-family dwellers. It was also found that, if length of time in the present housing unit is controlled, there is a negative relationship between the number of people in the housing environment and the duration of play activity. No differences were found in the amount of solitary play or the number of settings used. Close

• 97. [Article] Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis

  Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis Author: McFarlane, William R., Lynch, Sarah, Melton, Ryan P. Year: 2012 Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that the mean age is in mid-adolescence, 16-18 years of age. For those reasons, early intervention inherently involves adolescents, and by extension their parents and other family members and supports. Regarding the type of intervention, it is relevant that the current empirically-derived standard of treatment for schizophrenia, as concluded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research survey of the treatment outcome literature, includes family psychoeducation, supported employment, assertive community treatment and antipsychotic medication,; i.e., a combination of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. Combinations of all four of these treatments, as in Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT), achieve very low rates of relapse, substantial reductions of symptoms and remarkable functional outcomes, particularly in the domain of competitive employment. Furthermore, a large comparative study of outcomes in community settings found that psychoeducational multifamily groups were more effective than single-family psychoeducation specifically in the first episode and in high-risk-for relapse cases, suggesting that particular psychosocial treatments may be especially effective in early phases of illness. Title: Family Psychoeducation in Clinical High Risk and First- Episode Psychosis Author: McFarlane, William R., Lynch, Sarah, Melton, Ryan P. Year: 2012 Seventy percent of those who will have an episode of psychosis will have done so by age 25. Data from clinical trials of intervention during the clinical high risk period of psychosis have determined that the mean age is in mid-adolescence, 16-18 years of age. For those reasons, early intervention inherently involves adolescents, and by extension their parents and other family members and supports. Regarding the type of intervention, it is relevant that the current empirically-derived standard of treatment for schizophrenia, as concluded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research survey of the treatment outcome literature, includes family psychoeducation, supported employment, assertive community treatment and antipsychotic medication,; i.e., a combination of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. Combinations of all four of these treatments, as in Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT), achieve very low rates of relapse, substantial reductions of symptoms and remarkable functional outcomes, particularly in the domain of competitive employment. Furthermore, a large comparative study of outcomes in community settings found that psychoeducational multifamily groups were more effective than single-family psychoeducation specifically in the first episode and in high-risk-for relapse cases, suggesting that particular psychosocial treatments may be especially effective in early phases of illness. Close

• 98. [Article] Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States

  Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., Blum, Joel D., Park, B. B. Year: 2011 Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due to acid rain and forest harvesting on forest health and productivity. We collected soil samples from 19 sites in the northeastern United States, chemically analyzed them using a sequential extraction procedure, and compared them to the chemical composition of foliage of the dominant tree species. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in foliage were correlated with exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations in the upper mineral soil; for most tree species they were also correlated to acid-extractable Ca and Mg in the parent material (C horizon). Foliar P was better correlated with soil P in the upper mineral soil than in the C horizon, while foliar AI was insensitive to soil AI concentrations. In five sites in New Hampshire, the Ca/Sr of foliage was consistent with that of the Oie horizon, after taking the reported discrimination of Ca over Sr into account. In sites in New York, without an Oie horizon, the Ca/Sr of foliage was too high to be explained by any of the soil pools. A comparison of Ca/Sr ratios of foliage among species at common sites showed oak (Quercus spp.) to have higher Ca/Sr ratios than sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), birch (Betula spp.), red maple (A. rubrum L.) and beech (Fagus spp.). The interpretation of soil Ca sources from Ca/Sr ratios is complicated at sites where a single horizon does not dominate the source. Title: Foliar Nutrient Concentrations Related to Soil Sources Across a Range of Sites in the Northeastern United States Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., Blum, Joel D., Park, B. B. Year: 2011 Understanding the supply of nutrients from various soil sources and the sensitivity of tree species to soil nutrient availability is critical for predicting the effects of declines in base cations due to acid rain and forest harvesting on forest health and productivity. We collected soil samples from 19 sites in the northeastern United States, chemically analyzed them using a sequential extraction procedure, and compared them to the chemical composition of foliage of the dominant tree species. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in foliage were correlated with exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations in the upper mineral soil; for most tree species they were also correlated to acid-extractable Ca and Mg in the parent material (C horizon). Foliar P was better correlated with soil P in the upper mineral soil than in the C horizon, while foliar AI was insensitive to soil AI concentrations. In five sites in New Hampshire, the Ca/Sr of foliage was consistent with that of the Oie horizon, after taking the reported discrimination of Ca over Sr into account. In sites in New York, without an Oie horizon, the Ca/Sr of foliage was too high to be explained by any of the soil pools. A comparison of Ca/Sr ratios of foliage among species at common sites showed oak (Quercus spp.) to have higher Ca/Sr ratios than sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), birch (Betula spp.), red maple (A. rubrum L.) and beech (Fagus spp.). The interpretation of soil Ca sources from Ca/Sr ratios is complicated at sites where a single horizon does not dominate the source. Close

• 99. [Article] NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite

  Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite Author: Farley, Karla, Ruzicka, Alexander M., Armstrong, Katherine Year: 2015 Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. Here we discuss various features of NWA 8614 and the possible significance of the meteorite. Petrological and chemical analyses were performed using optical microscopy with a DM2500 Leica petrographic microscope and a Zeiss Sigma VP-FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a high-efficiency energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Oxygen isotopes were analyzed by Karen Ziegler at the University of New Mexico on acid-washed samples to remove terrestrial weathering products. Owing to the abundance of chondrules, NWA 8641 may be one of the least heated winonaites, and therefore may provide clues to the chondritic protolith of the winonaite parent body. Overall textures are similar to those found in type 6 chondrites that escaped significant melting. Despite similar geothermometer temperatures for various mineral pairs, NWA 8614 apparently did not attain Fe-Mg equilibrium between olivine and pyroxene. Like other winonaites, NWA 8614 has olivine compositions that are too magnesian for equilibrium relative to low-Ca pyroxene. Among winonaites as a whole, there is no evidence for a curved trend between Fa and Fs compositions as would be expected for FeO-reduction during metamorphism [Benedix, et al 1998], nor for mineral compositions that correlate with geothermometry temperatures. This argues against a single metamorphic FeO-reduction trend from a common chondritic precursor. Instead, protoliths for different winonaites may have varied slightly in composition. Title: NWA 8614: The Least Heated Winonaite Author: Farley, Karla, Ruzicka, Alexander M., Armstrong, Katherine Year: 2015 Northwest Africa 8614 is classified as a winonaite on the basis of oxygen isotope ratios, mineralogy, and highly reduced chemistry. Unlike other winonaites, it contains numerous and readily apparent chondrules. Here we discuss various features of NWA 8614 and the possible significance of the meteorite. Petrological and chemical analyses were performed using optical microscopy with a DM2500 Leica petrographic microscope and a Zeiss Sigma VP-FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a high-efficiency energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Oxygen isotopes were analyzed by Karen Ziegler at the University of New Mexico on acid-washed samples to remove terrestrial weathering products. Owing to the abundance of chondrules, NWA 8641 may be one of the least heated winonaites, and therefore may provide clues to the chondritic protolith of the winonaite parent body. Overall textures are similar to those found in type 6 chondrites that escaped significant melting. Despite similar geothermometer temperatures for various mineral pairs, NWA 8614 apparently did not attain Fe-Mg equilibrium between olivine and pyroxene. Like other winonaites, NWA 8614 has olivine compositions that are too magnesian for equilibrium relative to low-Ca pyroxene. Among winonaites as a whole, there is no evidence for a curved trend between Fa and Fs compositions as would be expected for FeO-reduction during metamorphism [Benedix, et al 1998], nor for mineral compositions that correlate with geothermometry temperatures. This argues against a single metamorphic FeO-reduction trend from a common chondritic precursor. Instead, protoliths for different winonaites may have varied slightly in composition. Close

• 100. [Article] Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Wise, Mitchell, et al., Graebner, Ryan C., Geniza, Matthew, Jaiswal, Pankaj To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with the Tocochromanol (Vitamin E) Pathway in Barley Author: Cuesta-Marcos, Alfonso, Hayes, Patrick M., Wise, Mitchell, et al., Graebner, Ryan C., Geniza, Matthew, Jaiswal, Pankaj To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close