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• 61. [Article] Photo of Big Creek structure placement

  This log placement project took place on Argue Creek, a tributary to Big Creek in the Smith River Basin. ODFW habitat biologists designed and inspected this project in 2004.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photo of Big Creek structure placement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This log placement project took place on Argue Creek, a tributary to Big Creek in the Smith River Basin. ODFW habitat biologists designed and inspected this project in 2004. Title: Photo of Big Creek structure placement Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This log placement project took place on Argue Creek, a tributary to Big Creek in the Smith River Basin. ODFW habitat biologists designed and inspected this project in 2004. Close

• 62. [Article] GAMMA SPECTRUM ENHANCEMENT IN A METAL LOADED PLASTIC SCINTILLATOR USING PSD

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: GAMMA SPECTRUM ENHANCEMENT IN A METAL LOADED PLASTIC SCINTILLATOR USING PSD Author: Gadey, Harish Reddy Title: GAMMA SPECTRUM ENHANCEMENT IN A METAL LOADED PLASTIC SCINTILLATOR USING PSD Author: Gadey, Harish Reddy Close

• 63. [Article] Quantification of Ecological Change Using Repeat Photography and Ground Based Lidar

  Remote sensing techniques have long been useful in quantifying changes in ecosystems and the field of remote sensing is constantly evolving to better assess and describe changes, both spatially and temporally. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantification of Ecological Change Using Repeat Photography and Ground Based Lidar Author: Batchelor, Jonathan L. Remote sensing techniques have long been useful in quantifying changes in ecosystems and the field of remote sensing is constantly evolving to better assess and describe changes, both spatially and temporally. In this thesis I explored the novel use of two remote sensing methods to quantify ecosystems; repeat photograph to describe change over time, and ground based lidar to describe change spatially. Using repeat photography, I assessed the effects of the removal of livestock in riparian systems at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in southeastern Oregon, 23 years after the cessation of cattle grazing. I compared photos taken before grazing was ended with later retake photos. Two methods were used for this assessment: 1) a qualitative visual method comparing seven cover types and processes and 2) a new quantitative method of inserting digital line transects into photos. Results indicated that channel widths and eroding banks decreased in 64% and 73% of sites, respectively. I found a 90% decrease in the amount of bare soil (p<0.001) and a 63 % decrease in exposed channel (p<0.001) as, well as a significant increase in the cover of grasses/sedges/forbs (15% increase, p=0.037), rushes (389% increase, p=0.014) and willow (388% increase, P<0.001). I also assessed the accuracy of the new method of inserting digital line transects into photo pairs. An overall accuracy of 91% (kappa 83%) suggests digital line transects can be a useful tool for quantifying vegetation cover from photos. My results indicate that the removal of cattle can result in dramatic changes in riparian vegetation, even in semi-arid landscapes and without active restoration treatments. I used ground based lidar to quantify forest structure in a spatially explicit manner. The structural complexity of a forest has profound influences on its ecological functioning and overall health. The arrangement and amount of aboveground biomass are two important components of this structural complexity that influence the biodiversity in a forest ecosystem. In this paper, I explored and develop novel depth and openness metrics derived from single point ground-based lidar scans, which can quantify this complexity to a higher level of detail. Depth is a 3D, radial measure of the visible distance in all directions from a location (e.g., at the scanner origin). Openness is the percent of scan pulses in the near-omnidirectional view without a return,. To derive these metrics, I collected 243 scans at 27 forested stands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, representing a broad range of forest structure types. I created structural signatures using depth and openness for each stand and determined that our metrics could reliably differentiate forests. These metrics were compared to several traditional metrics: diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and diameter diversity index (DDI). The mean and variance in DBH of trees, basal area, and DDI of each stand were determined by generating isovists (polygons measuring visible space from a location) derived from point cloud cross sections. Interestingly, there was only weak to moderate correlation observed between depth or openness metrics when compared with the mean and variance in DBH, basal area, and DDI, suggesting that our new metrics (depth and openness) quantify a wider range of aspects of structure at the stand and plot level that are not captured by those traditional metrics. The proposed metrics can quantify forest structure at a high level of precision, reduce observer bias, and preserve a level of complexity lost in simple indices. The proposed metrics have great potential for quantifying change in forested systems, and describing habitat for organisms. Title: Quantification of Ecological Change Using Repeat Photography and Ground Based Lidar Author: Batchelor, Jonathan L. Remote sensing techniques have long been useful in quantifying changes in ecosystems and the field of remote sensing is constantly evolving to better assess and describe changes, both spatially and temporally. In this thesis I explored the novel use of two remote sensing methods to quantify ecosystems; repeat photograph to describe change over time, and ground based lidar to describe change spatially. Using repeat photography, I assessed the effects of the removal of livestock in riparian systems at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in southeastern Oregon, 23 years after the cessation of cattle grazing. I compared photos taken before grazing was ended with later retake photos. Two methods were used for this assessment: 1) a qualitative visual method comparing seven cover types and processes and 2) a new quantitative method of inserting digital line transects into photos. Results indicated that channel widths and eroding banks decreased in 64% and 73% of sites, respectively. I found a 90% decrease in the amount of bare soil (p<0.001) and a 63 % decrease in exposed channel (p<0.001) as, well as a significant increase in the cover of grasses/sedges/forbs (15% increase, p=0.037), rushes (389% increase, p=0.014) and willow (388% increase, P<0.001). I also assessed the accuracy of the new method of inserting digital line transects into photo pairs. An overall accuracy of 91% (kappa 83%) suggests digital line transects can be a useful tool for quantifying vegetation cover from photos. My results indicate that the removal of cattle can result in dramatic changes in riparian vegetation, even in semi-arid landscapes and without active restoration treatments. I used ground based lidar to quantify forest structure in a spatially explicit manner. The structural complexity of a forest has profound influences on its ecological functioning and overall health. The arrangement and amount of aboveground biomass are two important components of this structural complexity that influence the biodiversity in a forest ecosystem. In this paper, I explored and develop novel depth and openness metrics derived from single point ground-based lidar scans, which can quantify this complexity to a higher level of detail. Depth is a 3D, radial measure of the visible distance in all directions from a location (e.g., at the scanner origin). Openness is the percent of scan pulses in the near-omnidirectional view without a return,. To derive these metrics, I collected 243 scans at 27 forested stands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, representing a broad range of forest structure types. I created structural signatures using depth and openness for each stand and determined that our metrics could reliably differentiate forests. These metrics were compared to several traditional metrics: diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and diameter diversity index (DDI). The mean and variance in DBH of trees, basal area, and DDI of each stand were determined by generating isovists (polygons measuring visible space from a location) derived from point cloud cross sections. Interestingly, there was only weak to moderate correlation observed between depth or openness metrics when compared with the mean and variance in DBH, basal area, and DDI, suggesting that our new metrics (depth and openness) quantify a wider range of aspects of structure at the stand and plot level that are not captured by those traditional metrics. The proposed metrics can quantify forest structure at a high level of precision, reduce observer bias, and preserve a level of complexity lost in simple indices. The proposed metrics have great potential for quantifying change in forested systems, and describing habitat for organisms. Close

• 64. [Article] Photo-enhanced Toxicity of Oil Constituents and Corexit 9500 to Gulf of Mexico Marine Organisms

  Significant inputs of hydrocarbons are continually released into the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. Some of the most toxic hydrocarbon compounds are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photo-enhanced Toxicity of Oil Constituents and Corexit 9500 to Gulf of Mexico Marine Organisms Author: Finch, Bryson E. Significant inputs of hydrocarbons are continually released into the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. Some of the most toxic hydrocarbon compounds are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their ability to absorb ultraviolet light and enhance toxicity. Generally, PAHs exert their toxicity via narcosis but UV-absorbing PAHs can become photosensitized and significantly exacerbate toxic effects. During crude oil spills, PAHs are released in large amounts that have potential for narcotic and phototoxic effects on aquatic organisms. As a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, effort was placed on quantifying toxic effects of crude oils and oil constituents for aquatic organisms. The following studies attempted to characterize narcotic and phototoxic effects that may have occurred during the Deepwater Horizon incident; however, the results of this research are equally applicable to any PAH exposure scenario. The objectives of the following studies were to: 1) identify susceptible stages of Gulf of Mexico organisms to the photo-enhanced toxicity of PAHs, 2) determine the importance of UV intensity and exposure duration on phototoxicity, 3) determine the effect of alkylation on the phototoxic potency of PAHs, 4) validate the assumption of additivity for phototoxic PAHs mixtures, 5) evaluate the potential for narcotic toxicity and phototoxicity of fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils released from the Deepwater Horizon, and 6) assess the potential for ongoing oil phototoxicity at field sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Model organisms used in studies included the mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Studies demonstrated that organism sensitivity to phototoxicity of PAHs decreased with organism age and increasing pigmentation. Photo-enhanced toxicity was, to some extent, dependent on the degree of organism pigmentation. Generally, high-intensity short-duration UV treatments resulted in greater toxicity than low-intensity long-duration UV treatments at similar UV doses. Fresh Macondo crude oil was more toxic than weathered crude oils, both in the presence and absence of UV light. Differences in toxicity between fresh and weathered crude oils were primarily attributed to the lighter mono and di-aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh crude oils. Phototoxic PAH concentrations were relatively similar among fresh and weathered crude oils, suggesting recalcitrance to oil weathering processes. The addition of Corexit 9500, an oil-dispersant used during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, to crude oil in laboratory experiments increased toxicity compared to tests conducted with crude oil alone. It is anticipated that this enhanced response resulted from the increased concentrations of phototoxic and narcotic PAHs in water-accommodated fractions and the inherent toxicity of Corexit 9500. Weathered crude oil present in previously heavily-oiled Barataria Bay, LA field sites was found to pose little or no phototoxic risk in ambient environmental conditions four years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Water-accommodated fractions of field-collected oil suggest slight phototoxic potential to mysid shrimp in the laboratory in highly transparent artificial seawater. When examining mixtures of phototoxic PAHs in crude oil, laboratory studies suggested that toxicity adhered to an "additive interactions" model; therefore, predictive toxicity models should consider an additivity model for assessing the toxicity of hydrocarbon mixtures. Furthermore, PAH phototoxic potency seemed to increase with increasing methylation for all phototoxic PAHs examined. In fact, phenanthrene, a non-phototoxic PAH, demonstrated a slight degree of phototoxicity when methylated. Overall, predictive models based on HOMO-LUMO gap were relatively accurate in predicting phototoxicity compared with empirical data generated in the present study. Future models should consider effects of other substituents on photo-enhanced toxicity of PAHs due to toxicity differences between unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs observed in the present studies. Data presented in this dissertation, can be used in part, as the basis for an ecological risk assessment for the photo-enhanced toxicity of oil constituents in the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Title: Photo-enhanced Toxicity of Oil Constituents and Corexit 9500 to Gulf of Mexico Marine Organisms Author: Finch, Bryson E. Significant inputs of hydrocarbons are continually released into the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. Some of the most toxic hydrocarbon compounds are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their ability to absorb ultraviolet light and enhance toxicity. Generally, PAHs exert their toxicity via narcosis but UV-absorbing PAHs can become photosensitized and significantly exacerbate toxic effects. During crude oil spills, PAHs are released in large amounts that have potential for narcotic and phototoxic effects on aquatic organisms. As a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, effort was placed on quantifying toxic effects of crude oils and oil constituents for aquatic organisms. The following studies attempted to characterize narcotic and phototoxic effects that may have occurred during the Deepwater Horizon incident; however, the results of this research are equally applicable to any PAH exposure scenario. The objectives of the following studies were to: 1) identify susceptible stages of Gulf of Mexico organisms to the photo-enhanced toxicity of PAHs, 2) determine the importance of UV intensity and exposure duration on phototoxicity, 3) determine the effect of alkylation on the phototoxic potency of PAHs, 4) validate the assumption of additivity for phototoxic PAHs mixtures, 5) evaluate the potential for narcotic toxicity and phototoxicity of fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils released from the Deepwater Horizon, and 6) assess the potential for ongoing oil phototoxicity at field sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Model organisms used in studies included the mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Studies demonstrated that organism sensitivity to phototoxicity of PAHs decreased with organism age and increasing pigmentation. Photo-enhanced toxicity was, to some extent, dependent on the degree of organism pigmentation. Generally, high-intensity short-duration UV treatments resulted in greater toxicity than low-intensity long-duration UV treatments at similar UV doses. Fresh Macondo crude oil was more toxic than weathered crude oils, both in the presence and absence of UV light. Differences in toxicity between fresh and weathered crude oils were primarily attributed to the lighter mono and di-aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh crude oils. Phototoxic PAH concentrations were relatively similar among fresh and weathered crude oils, suggesting recalcitrance to oil weathering processes. The addition of Corexit 9500, an oil-dispersant used during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, to crude oil in laboratory experiments increased toxicity compared to tests conducted with crude oil alone. It is anticipated that this enhanced response resulted from the increased concentrations of phototoxic and narcotic PAHs in water-accommodated fractions and the inherent toxicity of Corexit 9500. Weathered crude oil present in previously heavily-oiled Barataria Bay, LA field sites was found to pose little or no phototoxic risk in ambient environmental conditions four years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Water-accommodated fractions of field-collected oil suggest slight phototoxic potential to mysid shrimp in the laboratory in highly transparent artificial seawater. When examining mixtures of phototoxic PAHs in crude oil, laboratory studies suggested that toxicity adhered to an "additive interactions" model; therefore, predictive toxicity models should consider an additivity model for assessing the toxicity of hydrocarbon mixtures. Furthermore, PAH phototoxic potency seemed to increase with increasing methylation for all phototoxic PAHs examined. In fact, phenanthrene, a non-phototoxic PAH, demonstrated a slight degree of phototoxicity when methylated. Overall, predictive models based on HOMO-LUMO gap were relatively accurate in predicting phototoxicity compared with empirical data generated in the present study. Future models should consider effects of other substituents on photo-enhanced toxicity of PAHs due to toxicity differences between unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs observed in the present studies. Data presented in this dissertation, can be used in part, as the basis for an ecological risk assessment for the photo-enhanced toxicity of oil constituents in the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Close

• 65. [Article] Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics

  A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Close

• 66. [Article] Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979

  A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Title: Evaluation of multistage sampling techniques to measure lodgepole pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in Montana, 1979 Author: United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Bennett, D. D. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using multistage sampling techniques to measure annual and cumulative mortality on a State-wide basis with acceptable statistical reliability, timeliness, and cost. Within the State of Montana, aerial surveys showed about 986,000 acres of lodgepole pine infested with mountain pine beetle. This area was stratified into three intensity classes. Initial stratification, from 1979 aerial sketchmap surveys, was followed by large-scale (1:6000) aerial photography (on a sample basis), photo interpretation, and ground truth measurements. Photo plots were selected by a systematic random process for each stratum. Ground truth plots were chosen by probability proportional to size (pps). Estimates of 1978 attacked lodgepole pine (faders) were 11.6 million trees, representing a volume of 161.4 million cubic feet. Relative sampling errors were 9.8 and 16.5 percent for numbers of faders and volume, respectively. The total number of standing dead was 33.4 million trees, with a volume of 517 million cubic feet. The survey required 257 man-hours at a cost of $43,500. Close

• 67. [Article] Water and bottom properties of a coastal environment derived from Hyperion data measured from the EO-1 spacecraft platform

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and bottom properties of a coastal environment derived from Hyperion data measured from the EO-1 spacecraft platform Author: Parsons, Rost, Arnone, Robert, Gao, Bo-Cai, Davis, Curtiss O., Lee, ZhongPing, Dye, Julie, Casey, Brandon, Weidemann, Alan, Goode, Wesley, Montes, Marcos J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and can be found at: http://spie.org/. Title: Water and bottom properties of a coastal environment derived from Hyperion data measured from the EO-1 spacecraft platform Author: Parsons, Rost, Arnone, Robert, Gao, Bo-Cai, Davis, Curtiss O., Lee, ZhongPing, Dye, Julie, Casey, Brandon, Weidemann, Alan, Goode, Wesley, Montes, Marcos J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and can be found at: http://spie.org/. Close

• 68. [Article] Managing light in dairy barns for increased milk production

  Published September 2001. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing light in dairy barns for increased milk production Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, Dahl, Geoffrey Eliot, University of Idaho. Extension, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Buyserie, A. C. (Annette C.), Gamroth, M. J. (Michael J.) Published September 2001. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Managing light in dairy barns for increased milk production Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, Dahl, Geoffrey Eliot, University of Idaho. Extension, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Buyserie, A. C. (Annette C.), Gamroth, M. J. (Michael J.) Published September 2001. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 69. [Article] Design of organic ternary blends and small-molecule bulk heterojunctions: photophysical considerations

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and can be found at: http://photonicsforenergy.spiedigitallibrary.org/j...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of organic ternary blends and small-molecule bulk heterojunctions: photophysical considerations Author: Johnson, Brian, Anthony, John, Paudel, Keshab, Hallani, Rawad, Ostroverkhova, Oksana, Rajesh, Kallarakkal Ramakrishnan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and can be found at: http://photonicsforenergy.spiedigitallibrary.org/journal.aspx?journalid=98. Title: Design of organic ternary blends and small-molecule bulk heterojunctions: photophysical considerations Author: Johnson, Brian, Anthony, John, Paudel, Keshab, Hallani, Rawad, Ostroverkhova, Oksana, Rajesh, Kallarakkal Ramakrishnan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and can be found at: http://photonicsforenergy.spiedigitallibrary.org/journal.aspx?journalid=98. Close

• 70. [Article] Surface composition age analysis of photo-oxidized polystyrene thin films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

  Polystyrene thin film surfaces are commonly used to study the interactions of macromolecules, such as proteins, with surfaces. Polystyrene films oxidized in UV light become more hydrophilic, however these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface composition age analysis of photo-oxidized polystyrene thin films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Author: Silva, Nicholas A. Polystyrene thin film surfaces are commonly used to study the interactions of macromolecules, such as proteins, with surfaces. Polystyrene films oxidized in UV light become more hydrophilic, however these surfaces have a limited shelf life because they are reduced over time. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of radiation duration and exposure time on the surface composition of photo-oxidized polystyrene thin films. Polystyrene (2 wt%) in toluene was spin-coated onto 1-cm² monocrystalline silicon squares, and annealed at 70 °C for 18 hours. Three sets of triplicate samples were irradiated in a UV-ozone cleaner for 0, 3, and 9 minutes. Film surface compositions were analyzed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 6 hours after irradiation and after one week of air exposure. Overall oxidation level decreased after one week, and the oxidation structure varied with irradiation time. It is speculated that decreases in oxidation level were due to surface contamination and reduction over time. Experimental results were inconclusive due to high levels of oxidative degradation and significant variation within sample sets. Future studies should shorten annealing and radiation exposure times to allow for improved contact angle measurement and lower degradation levels. More replicates or sample sets may further improve experimental outcomes. Title: Surface composition age analysis of photo-oxidized polystyrene thin films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Author: Silva, Nicholas A. Polystyrene thin film surfaces are commonly used to study the interactions of macromolecules, such as proteins, with surfaces. Polystyrene films oxidized in UV light become more hydrophilic, however these surfaces have a limited shelf life because they are reduced over time. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of radiation duration and exposure time on the surface composition of photo-oxidized polystyrene thin films. Polystyrene (2 wt%) in toluene was spin-coated onto 1-cm² monocrystalline silicon squares, and annealed at 70 °C for 18 hours. Three sets of triplicate samples were irradiated in a UV-ozone cleaner for 0, 3, and 9 minutes. Film surface compositions were analyzed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 6 hours after irradiation and after one week of air exposure. Overall oxidation level decreased after one week, and the oxidation structure varied with irradiation time. It is speculated that decreases in oxidation level were due to surface contamination and reduction over time. Experimental results were inconclusive due to high levels of oxidative degradation and significant variation within sample sets. Future studies should shorten annealing and radiation exposure times to allow for improved contact angle measurement and lower degradation levels. More replicates or sample sets may further improve experimental outcomes. Close