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• 51. [Article] Effect of short-term decrease in water temperature on body temperature and involvement of testosterone in steelhead and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of short-term decrease in water temperature on body temperature and involvement of testosterone in steelhead and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Schreck, Carl B., Noakes, David L.G., Yada, Takashi, Matsuda, Hiroyuki, Miura, Go, Munakata, Arimune To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Effect of short-term decrease in water temperature on body temperature and involvement of testosterone in steelhead and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Schreck, Carl B., Noakes, David L.G., Yada, Takashi, Matsuda, Hiroyuki, Miura, Go, Munakata, Arimune To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 52. [Article] Determination of Surface Fluxes from the Surface Radiative Temperature

  This study examines the bulk aerodynamic method for estimating surface fluxes of heat and moisture using the surface radiative temperature. The surface radiative temperature is often the only available ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of Surface Fluxes from the Surface Radiative Temperature Author: Sun, Jielun, Mahrt, L. This study examines the bulk aerodynamic method for estimating surface fluxes of heat and moisture using the surface radiative temperature. The surface radiative temperature is often the only available surface temperature from field measurements. Models typically predict heat fluxes from the surface radiative temperature computed from the surface energy balance. In this study, the corresponding radiometric exchange coefficient and radiometric roughness height are computed from tower- and low-level aircraft data taken during four different field programs. The data analysis shows that the radiometric exchange coefficient does not increase with increasing instability. This is because the radiometric exchange coefficient must compensate for the large vertical temperature difference resulting from use of the surface radiative temperature. The data analysis and scaling arguments indicate that the radiometric exchange coefficient for heat in the bulk aerodynamic formulation is closely related to θ*/Δθ for both stable and unstable conditions, where Δθ is the difference between the surface radiative temperature and the air temperature and θ* is the negative of the heat flux divided by the surface friction velocity. Application of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory with surface radiative temperature also reduces to a relatively circular internal relationship between the radiometric roughness height and θ*/Δθ. This roughness height is flow dependent and not systematically related to the roughness height for momentum. As an additional complication, the observed radiometric exchange coefficient for heat depends on the relationship between the measured surface radiative temperature and the microscale distribution of surface radiative temperature in the footprint of the heat flux measurement. Analogous problems affect the prediction of the moisture flux based on the saturation vapor pressure at the surface radiative temperature. Title: Determination of Surface Fluxes from the Surface Radiative Temperature Author: Sun, Jielun, Mahrt, L. This study examines the bulk aerodynamic method for estimating surface fluxes of heat and moisture using the surface radiative temperature. The surface radiative temperature is often the only available surface temperature from field measurements. Models typically predict heat fluxes from the surface radiative temperature computed from the surface energy balance. In this study, the corresponding radiometric exchange coefficient and radiometric roughness height are computed from tower- and low-level aircraft data taken during four different field programs. The data analysis shows that the radiometric exchange coefficient does not increase with increasing instability. This is because the radiometric exchange coefficient must compensate for the large vertical temperature difference resulting from use of the surface radiative temperature. The data analysis and scaling arguments indicate that the radiometric exchange coefficient for heat in the bulk aerodynamic formulation is closely related to θ*/Δθ for both stable and unstable conditions, where Δθ is the difference between the surface radiative temperature and the air temperature and θ* is the negative of the heat flux divided by the surface friction velocity. Application of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory with surface radiative temperature also reduces to a relatively circular internal relationship between the radiometric roughness height and θ*/Δθ. This roughness height is flow dependent and not systematically related to the roughness height for momentum. As an additional complication, the observed radiometric exchange coefficient for heat depends on the relationship between the measured surface radiative temperature and the microscale distribution of surface radiative temperature in the footprint of the heat flux measurement. Analogous problems affect the prediction of the moisture flux based on the saturation vapor pressure at the surface radiative temperature. Close

• 53. [Article] Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the U.S. East Coast

  Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the U.S. East Coast Author: Shearman, R. Kipp, Lentz, Steven J. Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [−0.1° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹] and off Florida [−0.3° ± 0.2°C (100 yr)⁻¹]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8–2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (36°N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air–sea exchange of heat. Title: Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the U.S. East Coast Author: Shearman, R. Kipp, Lentz, Steven J. Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [−0.1° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹] and off Florida [−0.3° ± 0.2°C (100 yr)⁻¹]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8–2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (36°N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air–sea exchange of heat. Close

• 54. [Article] Thermoperiods and soil temperatures as they affect growth and dormancy of Douglas-fir seedlings of different geographic origin

  The effects of a range of thermoperiods and soil temperatures upon growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were studied. The seeds, of varieties glauca and menziesii, came ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermoperiods and soil temperatures as they affect growth and dormancy of Douglas-fir seedlings of different geographic origin Author: Lavender, Denis P., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Overton, W. Scott The effects of a range of thermoperiods and soil temperatures upon growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were studied. The seeds, of varieties glauca and menziesii, came from eight widely separated areas. Plants from both varieties made maximum growth with soil and air temperatures between 18 and 24 C during the 20 weeks of the study. Little requirement for diurnal fluctuation in temperature was evident. Low soil temperatures greatly reduced growth and hastened dormancy of plants grown under all the thermoperiods tested. The effects of a range of thermoperiods and soil temperatures upon the initiation of dormancy in var. menziesii and var. glauca seedlings grown under a 9-hour daily photoperiod also were investigated. Low air temperatures generally postponed initiation of dormancy of var. menziesii seedlings, but warm days and cool nights were most effective in postponing dormancy of var. glauca plants. Soil temperatures had no consistent effect upon the initiation of dormancy under the 9-hour photoperiod. Title: Thermoperiods and soil temperatures as they affect growth and dormancy of Douglas-fir seedlings of different geographic origin Author: Lavender, Denis P., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Overton, W. Scott The effects of a range of thermoperiods and soil temperatures upon growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were studied. The seeds, of varieties glauca and menziesii, came from eight widely separated areas. Plants from both varieties made maximum growth with soil and air temperatures between 18 and 24 C during the 20 weeks of the study. Little requirement for diurnal fluctuation in temperature was evident. Low soil temperatures greatly reduced growth and hastened dormancy of plants grown under all the thermoperiods tested. The effects of a range of thermoperiods and soil temperatures upon the initiation of dormancy in var. menziesii and var. glauca seedlings grown under a 9-hour daily photoperiod also were investigated. Low air temperatures generally postponed initiation of dormancy of var. menziesii seedlings, but warm days and cool nights were most effective in postponing dormancy of var. glauca plants. Soil temperatures had no consistent effect upon the initiation of dormancy under the 9-hour photoperiod. Close

• 55. [Article] Variation in air and soil temperatures in forest communities on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, 1970-1972

  Best copy available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in air and soil temperatures in forest communities on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, 1970-1972 Author: Zobel, Donald B., McKee, Arthur, Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington Best copy available. Title: Variation in air and soil temperatures in forest communities on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, 1970-1972 Author: Zobel, Donald B., McKee, Arthur, Hawk, Glenn M., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Dyrness, C. T., University of Washington Best copy available. Close

• 56. [Article] Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments

  The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Close

• 57. [Article] Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock

  The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock Author: Thiam, Massamba The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs of the kiln, greater power needs, knot dropout, and reduction in some strength properties. The latter was the subject of this study. Three hundred pieces of No.2 and Better nominal 42 by 145 mm (nominal 2 by 6 inches) by 2400 mm western hemlock were kiln-dried at high (116°C dry bulb and 90°C wet bulb) and conventional (82°C dry bulb and 66°C wet bulb) temperatures to a 15 % moisture content. Drying times at the high temperature condition were 50 % less than at the conventional temperature. The lower value of moisture content at equilibrium observed for the wood dried at high temperature was not statistically different from that of the wood dried at conventional temperature. High temperature drying had no significant effect on mean modulus of elasticity or modulus of rupture. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a significant decrease of shear strength. Values determined by static bending and shear parallel to the grain tests are reported. Title: Effect of high temperature drying on bending and shear strengths of western hemlock Author: Thiam, Massamba The advantages of high-temperature drying are faster drying, reduced inventory, reduced energy requirements, and reduced equilibrium moisture content. However the disadvantages are higher initial costs of the kiln, greater power needs, knot dropout, and reduction in some strength properties. The latter was the subject of this study. Three hundred pieces of No.2 and Better nominal 42 by 145 mm (nominal 2 by 6 inches) by 2400 mm western hemlock were kiln-dried at high (116°C dry bulb and 90°C wet bulb) and conventional (82°C dry bulb and 66°C wet bulb) temperatures to a 15 % moisture content. Drying times at the high temperature condition were 50 % less than at the conventional temperature. The lower value of moisture content at equilibrium observed for the wood dried at high temperature was not statistically different from that of the wood dried at conventional temperature. High temperature drying had no significant effect on mean modulus of elasticity or modulus of rupture. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a significant decrease of shear strength. Values determined by static bending and shear parallel to the grain tests are reported. Close

• 58. [Article] Distributed temperature sensing with neodymium-doped optical fiber

  Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being studied for use as high efficiency power plants in alternative fuel vehicles. To maintain high efficiency the operating temperatures of the membranes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distributed temperature sensing with neodymium-doped optical fiber Author: Lounsbury, Jimson S. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being studied for use as high efficiency power plants in alternative fuel vehicles. To maintain high efficiency the operating temperatures of the membranes in these fuel cells must be closely monitored and controlled. However, the environment inside of the fuel cell is not favorable for traditional temperature sensing, so a new optical-fiber-based, distributed temperature sensor was proposed to address this need. This thesis investigates the properties of neodymium-doped optical fiber for use as a distributed temperature sensor for PEM fuel cells. The optical absorption spectrum was measured to identify the energy band structure and determine upconversion excitation schemes. The temperature coefficient of the Nd³⁺-doped silica fiber fluorescence decay time was measured for several bands of emission. Finally, two-photon upconversion was attempted from the lower excited states of Nd:YAG and Nd:silica. Title: Distributed temperature sensing with neodymium-doped optical fiber Author: Lounsbury, Jimson S. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being studied for use as high efficiency power plants in alternative fuel vehicles. To maintain high efficiency the operating temperatures of the membranes in these fuel cells must be closely monitored and controlled. However, the environment inside of the fuel cell is not favorable for traditional temperature sensing, so a new optical-fiber-based, distributed temperature sensor was proposed to address this need. This thesis investigates the properties of neodymium-doped optical fiber for use as a distributed temperature sensor for PEM fuel cells. The optical absorption spectrum was measured to identify the energy band structure and determine upconversion excitation schemes. The temperature coefficient of the Nd³⁺-doped silica fiber fluorescence decay time was measured for several bands of emission. Finally, two-photon upconversion was attempted from the lower excited states of Nd:YAG and Nd:silica. Close

• 59. [Article] Genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs in Arabidopsis

  Flowering is the primary trait affected by ambient temperature changes. Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs playing an important regulatory role in plant development. In this study, to elucidate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs in Arabidopsis Author: Kim, Wanhui, Lee, Jeong Hwan, Lee, Hanna, Carrington, James C., Fitzgerald, Heather, Ahn, Ji Hoon, Yoo, Seung Kwan, Yoo, Seong Jeon Flowering is the primary trait affected by ambient temperature changes. Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs playing an important regulatory role in plant development. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of flowering-time regulation by small RNAs, we identified six ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs (miR156, miR163, miR169, miR172, miR398 and miR399) in Arabidopsis via miRNA microarray and northern hybridization analyses. We also determined the expression profile of 120 unique miRNA loci in response to ambient temperature changes by miRNA northern hybridization analysis. The expression of the ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs and their target genes was largely anticorrelated at two different temperatures (16 and 23 C). Interestingly, a lesion in short vegetative phase (SVP), a key regulator within the thermosensory pathway, caused alteration in the expression of miR172 and a subset of its target genes, providing a link between a thermosensory pathway gene and miR172. The miR172- overexpressing plants showed a temperatureindependent early flowering phenotype, suggesting that modulation of miR172 expression leads to temperature insensitivity. Taken together, our results suggest a genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs under non-stress temperature conditions. Title: Genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs in Arabidopsis Author: Kim, Wanhui, Lee, Jeong Hwan, Lee, Hanna, Carrington, James C., Fitzgerald, Heather, Ahn, Ji Hoon, Yoo, Seung Kwan, Yoo, Seong Jeon Flowering is the primary trait affected by ambient temperature changes. Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs playing an important regulatory role in plant development. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of flowering-time regulation by small RNAs, we identified six ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs (miR156, miR163, miR169, miR172, miR398 and miR399) in Arabidopsis via miRNA microarray and northern hybridization analyses. We also determined the expression profile of 120 unique miRNA loci in response to ambient temperature changes by miRNA northern hybridization analysis. The expression of the ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs and their target genes was largely anticorrelated at two different temperatures (16 and 23 C). Interestingly, a lesion in short vegetative phase (SVP), a key regulator within the thermosensory pathway, caused alteration in the expression of miR172 and a subset of its target genes, providing a link between a thermosensory pathway gene and miR172. The miR172- overexpressing plants showed a temperatureindependent early flowering phenotype, suggesting that modulation of miR172 expression leads to temperature insensitivity. Taken together, our results suggest a genetic framework for flowering-time regulation by ambient temperature-responsive miRNAs under non-stress temperature conditions. Close

• 60. [Article] Modeling a heat regenerator-reactor with temperature dependent gas properties

  This thesis examines the transient response of a packed bed heat regenerator when heated from an initial uniform bed temperature. Very large (1700 K) temperature differences were studied as well as the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling a heat regenerator-reactor with temperature dependent gas properties Author: Kulkarni, Milind S. This thesis examines the transient response of a packed bed heat regenerator when heated from an initial uniform bed temperature. Very large (1700 K) temperature differences were studied as well as the effect of simultaneous chemical reaction in the gas phase. First the effects of temperature on physical and transport properties were studied in detail in the absence of a reaction. Models with compressible flow were compared with conventional models with constant properties and incompressible flow. Several measures of the regenerator's response to a step change in inlet gas temperature were calculated to characterize the spread of the temperature front. Variances of the spatial derivative of the gas temperature profile and the time derivative of the product gas temperature were used to evaluate thermal efficiency. The effects of an exothermic homogeneous gas phase reaction in the regenerator process were also studied. Several simple kinetic schemes and inlet conditions were simulated and the profiles of reaction rate and conversion as well as temperature were analyzed. Title: Modeling a heat regenerator-reactor with temperature dependent gas properties Author: Kulkarni, Milind S. This thesis examines the transient response of a packed bed heat regenerator when heated from an initial uniform bed temperature. Very large (1700 K) temperature differences were studied as well as the effect of simultaneous chemical reaction in the gas phase. First the effects of temperature on physical and transport properties were studied in detail in the absence of a reaction. Models with compressible flow were compared with conventional models with constant properties and incompressible flow. Several measures of the regenerator's response to a step change in inlet gas temperature were calculated to characterize the spread of the temperature front. Variances of the spatial derivative of the gas temperature profile and the time derivative of the product gas temperature were used to evaluate thermal efficiency. The effects of an exothermic homogeneous gas phase reaction in the regenerator process were also studied. Several simple kinetic schemes and inlet conditions were simulated and the profiles of reaction rate and conversion as well as temperature were analyzed. Close