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• 451. [Article] Microscale thermal management using membrane vapor extraction

  With the miniaturization of microelectronics and increase of processor speeds in the last few decades, thermal management is drastically affecting overall packaging and system capabilities. Due to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microscale thermal management using membrane vapor extraction Author: Apreotesi, Mario A. With the miniaturization of microelectronics and increase of processor speeds in the last few decades, thermal management is drastically affecting overall packaging and system capabilities. Due to the special needs introduced, research focusing on microscale cooling has increased. This study combines the positive characteristics of single- and two-phase flows in branching microchannels by locally extracting the generated vapor. A test fixture and test flow loop were designed and fabricated with which to experimentally assess the thesis statement of the project. Using water as the working fluid, preliminary data were gathered for inlet flow rates ranging between 2 and 10 g/min and vapor extraction pressure differentials ranging between 14 and 48 kPa. The inlet flow was 2 to 3 °C below the saturation temperature (subcooled) with a constant energy input of 8.5 W. In the preliminary tests, vapor was extracted from the two-phase flow. Although the preliminary results indicate the need for further improvements in the test fixture, flow loop and testing procedure, the initial trends support the thesis statement and suggest the need for further testing. After improvements are made, additional data will be collected and correlations will be generated. Title: Microscale thermal management using membrane vapor extraction Author: Apreotesi, Mario A. With the miniaturization of microelectronics and increase of processor speeds in the last few decades, thermal management is drastically affecting overall packaging and system capabilities. Due to the special needs introduced, research focusing on microscale cooling has increased. This study combines the positive characteristics of single- and two-phase flows in branching microchannels by locally extracting the generated vapor. A test fixture and test flow loop were designed and fabricated with which to experimentally assess the thesis statement of the project. Using water as the working fluid, preliminary data were gathered for inlet flow rates ranging between 2 and 10 g/min and vapor extraction pressure differentials ranging between 14 and 48 kPa. The inlet flow was 2 to 3 °C below the saturation temperature (subcooled) with a constant energy input of 8.5 W. In the preliminary tests, vapor was extracted from the two-phase flow. Although the preliminary results indicate the need for further improvements in the test fixture, flow loop and testing procedure, the initial trends support the thesis statement and suggest the need for further testing. After improvements are made, additional data will be collected and correlations will be generated. Close

• 452. [Article] Predicting the distribution of oceanic-stage Kemp’s ridley sea turtles

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting the distribution of oceanic-stage Kemp’s ridley sea turtles Author: Shaver, Donna J., Putman, Nathan F., Mansfield, Katherine L., Verley, Philippe, He, Ruoying To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Royal Society. The published article can be found at: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/. Title: Predicting the distribution of oceanic-stage Kemp’s ridley sea turtles Author: Shaver, Donna J., Putman, Nathan F., Mansfield, Katherine L., Verley, Philippe, He, Ruoying To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Royal Society. The published article can be found at: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/. Close

• 453. [Article] Antarctic icebergs: A significant natural ocean sound source in the Southern Hemisphere

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antarctic icebergs: A significant natural ocean sound source in the Southern Hemisphere Author: Lau, T. -K. A., Fowler, Matt, Matsumoto, Haru, Salo, Sigrid A., Dziak, Robert P., Haxel, Joseph H., Tournadre, Jean, Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the American Geophysical Union. The published article can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Title: Antarctic icebergs: A significant natural ocean sound source in the Southern Hemisphere Author: Lau, T. -K. A., Fowler, Matt, Matsumoto, Haru, Salo, Sigrid A., Dziak, Robert P., Haxel, Joseph H., Tournadre, Jean, Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the American Geophysical Union. The published article can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Close

• 454. [Article] Hydrogeography of Cloudburst Flooding in the Himalaya

  Even though cloudburst events in high mountain areas can be highly destructive and result in significant losses of life, little is known definitively about these flood events. An exact understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeography of Cloudburst Flooding in the Himalaya Author: Michelsen, Sonja Even though cloudburst events in high mountain areas can be highly destructive and result in significant losses of life, little is known definitively about these flood events. An exact understanding of the driving processes, typical precipitation rates, and impacts of cloudburst events remain uncertain. This study seeks to advance knowledge on the hydrology, spatial aspects, and impacts of cloudburst events through compiling a list of reported cloudburst events, investigating five case studies of cloudburst events to identify trends, and providing direction for future research. Information was collected from news articles, publications, government records, and remotely-sensed data. Major similarities across the five assessed events included occurrence during the monsoon and at night, impacted villages at elevations between 1600 and 2100 meters, lack of rainfall signatures in remotely-sensed precipitation data, occurrence of landslides with cloudburst events, catchments consisting of a majority of landslide hazard slopes, village access blockades, migrant workers as a large fatality group, and damages to hydropower. Further study on cloudburst events within larger atmospheric-landscape processes and the underlying hydrology would be helpful to plan for and respond to the flood hazards resulting from these events. Title: Hydrogeography of Cloudburst Flooding in the Himalaya Author: Michelsen, Sonja Even though cloudburst events in high mountain areas can be highly destructive and result in significant losses of life, little is known definitively about these flood events. An exact understanding of the driving processes, typical precipitation rates, and impacts of cloudburst events remain uncertain. This study seeks to advance knowledge on the hydrology, spatial aspects, and impacts of cloudburst events through compiling a list of reported cloudburst events, investigating five case studies of cloudburst events to identify trends, and providing direction for future research. Information was collected from news articles, publications, government records, and remotely-sensed data. Major similarities across the five assessed events included occurrence during the monsoon and at night, impacted villages at elevations between 1600 and 2100 meters, lack of rainfall signatures in remotely-sensed precipitation data, occurrence of landslides with cloudburst events, catchments consisting of a majority of landslide hazard slopes, village access blockades, migrant workers as a large fatality group, and damages to hydropower. Further study on cloudburst events within larger atmospheric-landscape processes and the underlying hydrology would be helpful to plan for and respond to the flood hazards resulting from these events. Close

• 455. [Article] Effects of ocean acidification on growth rate, calcified tissue, and behavior of the juvenile ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus.

  Anthropogenically-induced increases in the acidity of the ocean have the potential to seriously harm marine calcifying organisms by decreasing the availability of carbonate (CO32−) used to make shells. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of ocean acidification on growth rate, calcified tissue, and behavior of the juvenile ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus. Author: Britsch, Melissa L Anthropogenically-induced increases in the acidity of the ocean have the potential to seriously harm marine calcifying organisms by decreasing the availability of carbonate (CO32−) used to make shells. I tested the effects of lowered pH on juvenile Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal sea star and keystone predator in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Populations of P. ochraceus were greatly reduced by outbreaks of sea star wasting disease, which has the potential to alter community structure and lower biodiversity in the intertidal region. However, large numbers of juvenile P. ochraceus have recruited to the rocky intertidal and their ability to persist will be important for the recovery of P. ochraceus populations. To test the effects of pH, I studied the growth rate, calcification, righting time, and movement and prey-sensing ability in the PISCO laboratory mesocosm at Hatfield Marine Science Center. The results of the experiments showed non-significant trends towards a negative effect of pH on growth rate and righting time. Few studies have been done on the effects of pH on sea stars and the results are highly species-specific. Additional research is needed clarify and make accurate predictions about the effects of pH on juvenile P. ochraceus. Title: Effects of ocean acidification on growth rate, calcified tissue, and behavior of the juvenile ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus. Author: Britsch, Melissa L Anthropogenically-induced increases in the acidity of the ocean have the potential to seriously harm marine calcifying organisms by decreasing the availability of carbonate (CO32−) used to make shells. I tested the effects of lowered pH on juvenile Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal sea star and keystone predator in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Populations of P. ochraceus were greatly reduced by outbreaks of sea star wasting disease, which has the potential to alter community structure and lower biodiversity in the intertidal region. However, large numbers of juvenile P. ochraceus have recruited to the rocky intertidal and their ability to persist will be important for the recovery of P. ochraceus populations. To test the effects of pH, I studied the growth rate, calcification, righting time, and movement and prey-sensing ability in the PISCO laboratory mesocosm at Hatfield Marine Science Center. The results of the experiments showed non-significant trends towards a negative effect of pH on growth rate and righting time. Few studies have been done on the effects of pH on sea stars and the results are highly species-specific. Additional research is needed clarify and make accurate predictions about the effects of pH on juvenile P. ochraceus. Close

• 456. [Article] Science performance of United States youth on international exams: A cross-cultural meta-synthesis

  The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to investigate why students from the U.S. receive the scores they do on the international TIMSS and PISA science exams. This work sought to shed light on the perceived ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Science performance of United States youth on international exams: A cross-cultural meta-synthesis Author: Huss, Christiana H The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to investigate why students from the U.S. receive the scores they do on the international TIMSS and PISA science exams. This work sought to shed light on the perceived disparity between science performance of U.S. students and students from other countries. To do so, twenty-two papers that offered possible explanations for U.S. science performance in an international context were reviewed and synthesized. One important finding was that several variables had different effects on science achievement in different countries; for the most part, there were no trends that indicated high-performing nations engaged in certain practices that low-performing nations did not. As such, in order to work towards better science education and achievement, these findings suggest that the U.S. might more effectively shape policy by modeling high-performing schools within the U.S., rather than by modeling other high-performing countries. Title: Science performance of United States youth on international exams: A cross-cultural meta-synthesis Author: Huss, Christiana H The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to investigate why students from the U.S. receive the scores they do on the international TIMSS and PISA science exams. This work sought to shed light on the perceived disparity between science performance of U.S. students and students from other countries. To do so, twenty-two papers that offered possible explanations for U.S. science performance in an international context were reviewed and synthesized. One important finding was that several variables had different effects on science achievement in different countries; for the most part, there were no trends that indicated high-performing nations engaged in certain practices that low-performing nations did not. As such, in order to work towards better science education and achievement, these findings suggest that the U.S. might more effectively shape policy by modeling high-performing schools within the U.S., rather than by modeling other high-performing countries. Close

• 457. [Article] It's not about the school: a societal shift regarding higher education

  The idea of college needs to shift from being about going to a “good school” for any degree to "getting the right education” for what you want to do. I want to investigate why we should be giving access ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: It's not about the school: a societal shift regarding higher education Author: Schnell, Kristina N. The idea of college needs to shift from being about going to a “good school” for any degree to "getting the right education” for what you want to do. I want to investigate why we should be giving access to career assessment and preferred learning tests at the middle school age. The state's 40-40-20 initiative and future Oregon employment trends support this thinking. Society's focus should be more about the skills someone possesses, and less about where the degree or certificate was earned. There is minimal life guidance for students once they have graduated, and many feel unprepared for a career and cheated out of their money if they didn’t have clear career goals prior to graduation. I propose a website that would make career goal planning easily accessible for all middle school students in Oregon, with the intent that if the website was created it could be distributed and utilized by career counselors. The website would include things such as personality tests, career aptitude tests, degrees offered at each Oregon university and college, and what careers those can lead to. Title: It's not about the school: a societal shift regarding higher education Author: Schnell, Kristina N. The idea of college needs to shift from being about going to a “good school” for any degree to "getting the right education” for what you want to do. I want to investigate why we should be giving access to career assessment and preferred learning tests at the middle school age. The state's 40-40-20 initiative and future Oregon employment trends support this thinking. Society's focus should be more about the skills someone possesses, and less about where the degree or certificate was earned. There is minimal life guidance for students once they have graduated, and many feel unprepared for a career and cheated out of their money if they didn’t have clear career goals prior to graduation. I propose a website that would make career goal planning easily accessible for all middle school students in Oregon, with the intent that if the website was created it could be distributed and utilized by career counselors. The website would include things such as personality tests, career aptitude tests, degrees offered at each Oregon university and college, and what careers those can lead to. Close

• 458. [Article] Expressions of modernity in rural Pakistan : searching for emic perspectives

  This dissertation examines women's lives in a rapidly urbanizing rural community in Southern Pakistan to understand their responses to modernity in developing societies. Applying a mixed-methods approach, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expressions of modernity in rural Pakistan : searching for emic perspectives Author: Niazi, Amarah, 1981- This dissertation examines women's lives in a rapidly urbanizing rural community in Southern Pakistan to understand their responses to modernity in developing societies. Applying a mixed-methods approach, socio-demographic data is collected and contrasted with oral history and personal narratives to analyze social change through women's access to education and reproductive health care in the village. The results are framed within a post-modern and post-colonial feminist anthropological discourse to reveal that Sheherpind represents a model of 'multiple modernities' where women's agency and progress could only be contextualized in non-western, local cultural perspectives. Emerging trends in the village are evaluated for their 'Applied' significance to underscore areas of local, national and transnational policy significance. Title: Expressions of modernity in rural Pakistan : searching for emic perspectives Author: Niazi, Amarah, 1981- This dissertation examines women's lives in a rapidly urbanizing rural community in Southern Pakistan to understand their responses to modernity in developing societies. Applying a mixed-methods approach, socio-demographic data is collected and contrasted with oral history and personal narratives to analyze social change through women's access to education and reproductive health care in the village. The results are framed within a post-modern and post-colonial feminist anthropological discourse to reveal that Sheherpind represents a model of 'multiple modernities' where women's agency and progress could only be contextualized in non-western, local cultural perspectives. Emerging trends in the village are evaluated for their 'Applied' significance to underscore areas of local, national and transnational policy significance. Close

• 459. [Article] Multi application small light water reactor containment analysis and design

  This thesis presents the assessment of the Multi Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) containment design during steady-state and transient conditions. The MASLWR project is a joint effort between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multi application small light water reactor containment analysis and design Author: Haugh, Brandon Patrick This thesis presents the assessment of the Multi Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) containment design during steady-state and transient conditions. The MASLWR project is a joint effort between Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory (INEEL), NEXANT Bechtel, and Oregon State University. The project is funded under a Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) grant from the Department of Energy (DOE). The GOTHIC code was used to simulate the full scale prototype and the Oregon State University MASLWR test facility. Detailed models of the full scale prototype and OSU test facility were generated in GOTHIC. GOTHIC condensation heat transfer models produced heat transfer coefficients that vary by an order of magnitude. This had a significant impact on the pressurization rate and peak pressure achieved within containment. A comparison of the GOTHIC calculation results for the full scale prototype and the test facility model shows reasonable agreement with respect to containment pressure trends and safety system mass flow rates. Title: Multi application small light water reactor containment analysis and design Author: Haugh, Brandon Patrick This thesis presents the assessment of the Multi Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) containment design during steady-state and transient conditions. The MASLWR project is a joint effort between Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory (INEEL), NEXANT Bechtel, and Oregon State University. The project is funded under a Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) grant from the Department of Energy (DOE). The GOTHIC code was used to simulate the full scale prototype and the Oregon State University MASLWR test facility. Detailed models of the full scale prototype and OSU test facility were generated in GOTHIC. GOTHIC condensation heat transfer models produced heat transfer coefficients that vary by an order of magnitude. This had a significant impact on the pressurization rate and peak pressure achieved within containment. A comparison of the GOTHIC calculation results for the full scale prototype and the test facility model shows reasonable agreement with respect to containment pressure trends and safety system mass flow rates. Close

• 460. [Article] Effect of floricane number on primocane growth, yield components, and cold hardiness in 'Marion' trailing blackberry

  In spring of 1993 and 1994, mature 'Marion' (Rubus sp.) plants were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane pruning was included. Primocane ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of floricane number on primocane growth, yield components, and cold hardiness in 'Marion' trailing blackberry Author: Cortell, Jessica M. In spring of 1993 and 1994, mature 'Marion' (Rubus sp.) plants were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane pruning was included. Primocane growth was measured from emergence in April until growth cessation at the end of October. Yield component analysis was completed after harvest during the first season and in the following season. Dry weight partitioning was determined in summer and winter. During the winter, cold hardiness of primocanes was determined by controlled freezing. In 1993, plants without floricanes produced more primocanes with a greater total length and showed a trend toward a greater number and length of primocane branches at the end of the season. In 1993, internode length was significantly reduced in plants with 0 or 4 floricanes compared to plants with 8 or 12 canes. In 1994, there were no significant differences in primocane growth among treatments. Primocane growth in all treatments occurred in flushes with plants without floricanes having a significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR) on 5 dates compared to plants with floricanes in 1993. In 1994, there was no treatment effect on AGR over the season; however, plants without floricanes still had a greater primocane AGR than plants with floricanes on six dates before fruit harvest. During both years, there were approximately 5-7 peaks in AGR throughout the season. When comparing primocane growth at three phenological stages in 1993, plants with no floricanes had a significantly higher AGR during fruit production and from harvest to growth cessation than plants with floricanes. In 1994, plants with no floricanes had the highest rate of growth before bloom and a trend towards higher AGR during fruit production. After fruit production, there were no differences in AGR between the treatments in 1994. Plants with floricanes produced a second flush of primocanes while plants with no floricanes produced only one flush. Primocane length (averaged for 4, 8, and 12 floricane plants) of the first flush was significantly different from the second flush at all dates during the season except for the final end of season measurement. In 1993, primocane topping at 30 cm tended to decrease primocane number and total length. In 1994, there were no significant effects of topping except for increased branch length. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that were significantly more cold hardy (lower LT₅₀) in 1994 and 1995 than plants with floricanes. All treatments had greater hardiness in 1995 than in 1994. In both 1993 and 1994, plants with four floricanes had significantly higher percent budbreak than plants with 12 floricanes. In 1993, plants with four floricanes also had significantly fewer nodes per cane, a shorter average cane length, reduced lateral length. and a lower number of branch canes compared to plants with 8 or 12 floricanes. In 1994, there were no variables affected by floricane number per plant other than percent budbreak. In 1993, there was no significant difference in yield between plants with 8 and 12 floricanes while plants with 4 floricanes had a lower yield. In 1994, yield per cane was significantly higher in plants with 4 floricanes compared to plants with 8 or 12 floricanes; yield per plant was not affected by floricane number. There were no significant treatment effects on berry weight in either year. In summer of 1993, there was a trend for a decrease in primocane dry weight and a significant decrease in branch dry weight with an increase in floricane number. Total plant, fruit, floricane and lateral dry weight increased linearly with increasing floricane number. Results were similar for floricane components in the summer of 1994, however, there were no treatment effects on primocane or branch dry weight. There was also a positive linear relationship between crown dry weight and floricane number in 1994. By the winter of 1994 and 1995, there were no treatment effects on primocane or crown dry weight. Plants without floricanes produced a significantly greater number of canes per plant than plants with floricanes in 1993 but not in 1994. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that had a significantly lower percent budbreak the following year (1994) than plants with floricanes. There was a similar trend in 1995. Plants without floricanes had a higher number of nodes per branch and a greater average branch cane length than plants with 8 or 12 floricanes. Number of nodes per cane tended to decrease with increased floricane number per plant in 1994 and 1995. There was no significant treatment effect on fruit per lateral, berry weight or yield per plant in either 1994 or 1995. However, in 1994, plants without floricanes had the lowest yield per cane but the highest yield per meter of cane compared to plants with floricanes. Topping primocanes at 30 cm in 1993 had no significant effect on yield components the following season. The only variable significantly affected by pruning in 1994 was a reduction in fruit per lateral with primocane pruning. 'Marion' primocanes had a typical sigmoid growth curve similar to the growth pattern seen in red raspberry and other plants. Our findings of the emergence of two flushes of primocanes without primocane suppression and absolute growth rate occurring in peaks of growth throughout the season have not been previously reported in Rubus. Primocanes on plants with floricanes may have the ability to "catch up" to those on plants without floricanes after harvest as there were no differences in primocane dry weight by winter. In this study, we did not see an increase in yield in plants grown without floricanes the previous season as is generally found in 'Marion'. This may have been a result of winter training rather than primocanes being trained in the summer as they grew, a practice that improves light exposure to the canes. Yield compensation occurred through an increase in percent budbreak in plants with 4 floricanes compared to those with 8 or 12 canes. Title: Effect of floricane number on primocane growth, yield components, and cold hardiness in 'Marion' trailing blackberry Author: Cortell, Jessica M. In spring of 1993 and 1994, mature 'Marion' (Rubus sp.) plants were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane pruning was included. Primocane growth was measured from emergence in April until growth cessation at the end of October. Yield component analysis was completed after harvest during the first season and in the following season. Dry weight partitioning was determined in summer and winter. During the winter, cold hardiness of primocanes was determined by controlled freezing. In 1993, plants without floricanes produced more primocanes with a greater total length and showed a trend toward a greater number and length of primocane branches at the end of the season. In 1993, internode length was significantly reduced in plants with 0 or 4 floricanes compared to plants with 8 or 12 canes. In 1994, there were no significant differences in primocane growth among treatments. Primocane growth in all treatments occurred in flushes with plants without floricanes having a significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR) on 5 dates compared to plants with floricanes in 1993. In 1994, there was no treatment effect on AGR over the season; however, plants without floricanes still had a greater primocane AGR than plants with floricanes on six dates before fruit harvest. During both years, there were approximately 5-7 peaks in AGR throughout the season. When comparing primocane growth at three phenological stages in 1993, plants with no floricanes had a significantly higher AGR during fruit production and from harvest to growth cessation than plants with floricanes. In 1994, plants with no floricanes had the highest rate of growth before bloom and a trend towards higher AGR during fruit production. After fruit production, there were no differences in AGR between the treatments in 1994. Plants with floricanes produced a second flush of primocanes while plants with no floricanes produced only one flush. Primocane length (averaged for 4, 8, and 12 floricane plants) of the first flush was significantly different from the second flush at all dates during the season except for the final end of season measurement. In 1993, primocane topping at 30 cm tended to decrease primocane number and total length. In 1994, there were no significant effects of topping except for increased branch length. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that were significantly more cold hardy (lower LT₅₀) in 1994 and 1995 than plants with floricanes. All treatments had greater hardiness in 1995 than in 1994. In both 1993 and 1994, plants with four floricanes had significantly higher percent budbreak than plants with 12 floricanes. In 1993, plants with four floricanes also had significantly fewer nodes per cane, a shorter average cane length, reduced lateral length. and a lower number of branch canes compared to plants with 8 or 12 floricanes. In 1994, there were no variables affected by floricane number per plant other than percent budbreak. In 1993, there was no significant difference in yield between plants with 8 and 12 floricanes while plants with 4 floricanes had a lower yield. In 1994, yield per cane was significantly higher in plants with 4 floricanes compared to plants with 8 or 12 floricanes; yield per plant was not affected by floricane number. There were no significant treatment effects on berry weight in either year. In summer of 1993, there was a trend for a decrease in primocane dry weight and a significant decrease in branch dry weight with an increase in floricane number. Total plant, fruit, floricane and lateral dry weight increased linearly with increasing floricane number. Results were similar for floricane components in the summer of 1994, however, there were no treatment effects on primocane or branch dry weight. There was also a positive linear relationship between crown dry weight and floricane number in 1994. By the winter of 1994 and 1995, there were no treatment effects on primocane or crown dry weight. Plants without floricanes produced a significantly greater number of canes per plant than plants with floricanes in 1993 but not in 1994. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that had a significantly lower percent budbreak the following year (1994) than plants with floricanes. There was a similar trend in 1995. Plants without floricanes had a higher number of nodes per branch and a greater average branch cane length than plants with 8 or 12 floricanes. Number of nodes per cane tended to decrease with increased floricane number per plant in 1994 and 1995. There was no significant treatment effect on fruit per lateral, berry weight or yield per plant in either 1994 or 1995. However, in 1994, plants without floricanes had the lowest yield per cane but the highest yield per meter of cane compared to plants with floricanes. Topping primocanes at 30 cm in 1993 had no significant effect on yield components the following season. The only variable significantly affected by pruning in 1994 was a reduction in fruit per lateral with primocane pruning. 'Marion' primocanes had a typical sigmoid growth curve similar to the growth pattern seen in red raspberry and other plants. Our findings of the emergence of two flushes of primocanes without primocane suppression and absolute growth rate occurring in peaks of growth throughout the season have not been previously reported in Rubus. Primocanes on plants with floricanes may have the ability to "catch up" to those on plants without floricanes after harvest as there were no differences in primocane dry weight by winter. In this study, we did not see an increase in yield in plants grown without floricanes the previous season as is generally found in 'Marion'. This may have been a result of winter training rather than primocanes being trained in the summer as they grew, a practice that improves light exposure to the canes. Yield compensation occurred through an increase in percent budbreak in plants with 4 floricanes compared to those with 8 or 12 canes. Close