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• 361. [Article] Recruitment trends and physical characteristics of course woody debris in Oregon Coast Range streams

  This study investigated the long-term consequences of timber stand removal on the recruitment, physical characteristics, and spatial distribution of coarse woody debris in small (second- and third-order) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recruitment trends and physical characteristics of course woody debris in Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Heimann, David C. This study investigated the long-term consequences of timber stand removal on the recruitment, physical characteristics, and spatial distribution of coarse woody debris in small (second- and third-order) streams of the Oregon Coast Range. A chronosequence of stream-stand systems, ranging from 21- to 140-years since disturbance (YSD), were sampled to determine temporal trends in coarse woody debris characteristics along with successional changes in riparian forests. Total debris volumes ranged from 135 to 864 cubic meters per hectare. No distinct trend was found in the total volume of debris over time because of the variable effects of the disturbance event on pre-disturbance debris volumes (debris delivered prior to or during the disturbance event). Post-disturbance deliveries (debris delivered after disturbance by second-growth stand) of deciduous debris increased through 65-YSD then decreased. Post-disturbance coniferous debris volumes, which were first detected at the 28-YSD site, increased from 28- to 140-YSD. Pre-disturbance coniferous debris comprised the largest proportion of the total volume in the stream system until approximately 122-YSD at which time post-disturbance coniferous debris made up the largest proportion of total debris volume. At all sites the largest volume of pre-disturbance debris volumes were in the large (greater than 0.30 meters) diameter size class while the largest proportion of post-disturbance debris volumes were in the large diameter class only at the 65- through 140-YSD sites. The largest proportion of pre-disturbance debris volumes were in the large (greater than 4.0 meters) length size class at the 28- through 140-YSD sites and the largest proportion of post-disturbance debris was in the large size class at the 28- through 140-YSD sites. Morisita's index of dispersion, I[subscript σ] was used to test the type of spatial distribution pattern followed by the debris pieces. Results indicate that debris pieces in the pre- and post-disturbance delivery classes along with total pieces tended to fol 1cM a contagious (clumped) spatial distribution pattern at all sites. Results from this study will provide an improved perspective of the long-term forest stand and coarse woody debris dynamics associated with riparian areas. Title: Recruitment trends and physical characteristics of course woody debris in Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Heimann, David C. This study investigated the long-term consequences of timber stand removal on the recruitment, physical characteristics, and spatial distribution of coarse woody debris in small (second- and third-order) streams of the Oregon Coast Range. A chronosequence of stream-stand systems, ranging from 21- to 140-years since disturbance (YSD), were sampled to determine temporal trends in coarse woody debris characteristics along with successional changes in riparian forests. Total debris volumes ranged from 135 to 864 cubic meters per hectare. No distinct trend was found in the total volume of debris over time because of the variable effects of the disturbance event on pre-disturbance debris volumes (debris delivered prior to or during the disturbance event). Post-disturbance deliveries (debris delivered after disturbance by second-growth stand) of deciduous debris increased through 65-YSD then decreased. Post-disturbance coniferous debris volumes, which were first detected at the 28-YSD site, increased from 28- to 140-YSD. Pre-disturbance coniferous debris comprised the largest proportion of the total volume in the stream system until approximately 122-YSD at which time post-disturbance coniferous debris made up the largest proportion of total debris volume. At all sites the largest volume of pre-disturbance debris volumes were in the large (greater than 0.30 meters) diameter size class while the largest proportion of post-disturbance debris volumes were in the large diameter class only at the 65- through 140-YSD sites. The largest proportion of pre-disturbance debris volumes were in the large (greater than 4.0 meters) length size class at the 28- through 140-YSD sites and the largest proportion of post-disturbance debris was in the large size class at the 28- through 140-YSD sites. Morisita's index of dispersion, I[subscript σ] was used to test the type of spatial distribution pattern followed by the debris pieces. Results indicate that debris pieces in the pre- and post-disturbance delivery classes along with total pieces tended to fol 1cM a contagious (clumped) spatial distribution pattern at all sites. Results from this study will provide an improved perspective of the long-term forest stand and coarse woody debris dynamics associated with riparian areas. Close

• 362. [Article] Adaptations of traditional furniture in the contemporary home : 1959-1969

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the revival trends in furniture design during the period 1959-1969, and to understand the relationship of these adaptations to contemporary cultural objectives. An ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adaptations of traditional furniture in the contemporary home : 1959-1969 Author: Kwallek, Nancy Panak The purpose of this study was to investigate the revival trends in furniture design during the period 1959-1969, and to understand the relationship of these adaptations to contemporary cultural objectives. An understanding of the design characteristics from the originals to the modern derivatives is useful for those who wish to select good design within their income range. There is virtually no information readily available to the consumer relative to the appropriate selection of adapted furniture designs for contemporary interiors. The problem is dealt with in five specific aspects: (1) to ascertain the influences that caused the adaptations of historical styles; (2) to analyze the dominant furniture designs and to determine whether they have been modified relative to authentic pieces, and if so, in what way; (3) to recognize the contemporary style; (4) to gain a perspective of the use of adaptations in contemporary interiors; and (5) to help establish a criterion on behalf of the consumer for better furniture selection. The information was obtained through the observation of general trends, not through a statistical method. A number of sources including newspaper and magazine articles, books, personal correspondence and furniture catalogs from individual manufacturing companies were studied. As a basis for analysis, a written description and photographic evidence were used documenting the characteristics of the adaptations to their originals and to a contemporary composition. One of the influences on the revival was the refurbishing of the White House during the early 1960's. Another is the need of manufacturers to produce two furniture collections each year for affluence in America has also given manufacturers and designers an enormous consumer market. The desire for traditional styles may also be reflected in the need to escape from the pressures of twentieth century living by seeking that security which many believe was associated with the time of their grandparents. In addition, due to a lack of understanding of contemporary design, the popularity of traditional adaptations may show a psychological reaction against contemporary furniture. An analysis of the data revealed that the market offers furniture adaptations with influences dating back to Greek styling. Other general trends revert to the Renaissance period in Europe as well as the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe and America. In these adaptations the furniture designs tend to reflect characteristics, not the originals, of previous periods. The section in this thesis which deals with the use of the adaptations in contemporary interiors showed that some adaptations can accent contemporary interiors by introducing a totally unorthodox element and thus achieve variety. Stylized patterns and bright colors for upholstery fabrics add to that variety. If furniture is scaled down in size, or the details or motifs on the furniture are understated, the adaptations become more compatible with the simplicity of contemporary interiors. When viewed objectively, however, these adaptations have liabilities. The inference is that the designers who adapt furniture from previous periods do not appear to be fulfilling twentieth century needs of function and the objectives of honesty in design and materials. If these adaptations have to go into a contemporary format and a person believes that the furniture for an era should reflect that age, then the adaptations are not fulfilling contemporary cultural objectives. Historically each style of furniture was developed for a particular architectural structure and for the current needs of the people. In the same way, contemporary needs have altered the shape and purpose of rooms, and the furniture has to follow suit. However, the home furnishings market does not appear to reflect contemporary needs and designs. It is, instead, over-designed with traditional styles which are ill-adapted for twentieth century living. Title: Adaptations of traditional furniture in the contemporary home : 1959-1969 Author: Kwallek, Nancy Panak The purpose of this study was to investigate the revival trends in furniture design during the period 1959-1969, and to understand the relationship of these adaptations to contemporary cultural objectives. An understanding of the design characteristics from the originals to the modern derivatives is useful for those who wish to select good design within their income range. There is virtually no information readily available to the consumer relative to the appropriate selection of adapted furniture designs for contemporary interiors. The problem is dealt with in five specific aspects: (1) to ascertain the influences that caused the adaptations of historical styles; (2) to analyze the dominant furniture designs and to determine whether they have been modified relative to authentic pieces, and if so, in what way; (3) to recognize the contemporary style; (4) to gain a perspective of the use of adaptations in contemporary interiors; and (5) to help establish a criterion on behalf of the consumer for better furniture selection. The information was obtained through the observation of general trends, not through a statistical method. A number of sources including newspaper and magazine articles, books, personal correspondence and furniture catalogs from individual manufacturing companies were studied. As a basis for analysis, a written description and photographic evidence were used documenting the characteristics of the adaptations to their originals and to a contemporary composition. One of the influences on the revival was the refurbishing of the White House during the early 1960's. Another is the need of manufacturers to produce two furniture collections each year for affluence in America has also given manufacturers and designers an enormous consumer market. The desire for traditional styles may also be reflected in the need to escape from the pressures of twentieth century living by seeking that security which many believe was associated with the time of their grandparents. In addition, due to a lack of understanding of contemporary design, the popularity of traditional adaptations may show a psychological reaction against contemporary furniture. An analysis of the data revealed that the market offers furniture adaptations with influences dating back to Greek styling. Other general trends revert to the Renaissance period in Europe as well as the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe and America. In these adaptations the furniture designs tend to reflect characteristics, not the originals, of previous periods. The section in this thesis which deals with the use of the adaptations in contemporary interiors showed that some adaptations can accent contemporary interiors by introducing a totally unorthodox element and thus achieve variety. Stylized patterns and bright colors for upholstery fabrics add to that variety. If furniture is scaled down in size, or the details or motifs on the furniture are understated, the adaptations become more compatible with the simplicity of contemporary interiors. When viewed objectively, however, these adaptations have liabilities. The inference is that the designers who adapt furniture from previous periods do not appear to be fulfilling twentieth century needs of function and the objectives of honesty in design and materials. If these adaptations have to go into a contemporary format and a person believes that the furniture for an era should reflect that age, then the adaptations are not fulfilling contemporary cultural objectives. Historically each style of furniture was developed for a particular architectural structure and for the current needs of the people. In the same way, contemporary needs have altered the shape and purpose of rooms, and the furniture has to follow suit. However, the home furnishings market does not appear to reflect contemporary needs and designs. It is, instead, over-designed with traditional styles which are ill-adapted for twentieth century living. Close

• 363. [Article] The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir

  A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir Author: Graham, Joseph Nelson A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established during the first stage variable-plot cruise. A Hartley- List sample, taken from the first stage Douglas-fir in trees, selected second stage sample trees in proportion to their estimated total height. A subsequent equal probability systematic sample was taken to choose the third stage sample trees. First stage variable-plot cruise data provided a conventional estimate of stand volume per acre and the basis for expansion of estimates from subsequent sample stages. Second stage sample trees were measured for form and volume with a Barr and Stroud Type FP15 dendometer. These measurements were converted to tree volume estimates and expanded to volume per acre estimates for the stand. Third stage sample trees were felled. Cross-sectional disks were cut at measured intervals along the bole. Radial increment measurements from these disks provided the basis for estimating growth of individual trees and stand parameters. Findings indicate that the average tarif number, for use with the DNR (Department of Natural Resources, State of Washington) tarif volume tables, computed from stem analysis. data for the present Douglas-fir component of these stands is significantly different from that estimated by conventional methods using tree height and diameter. This suggests that the growth habit and stem form of Douglas-fir may be altered as a result of commercial thinning. It also implies that volume tables constructed for natural stands may underestimate volume in thinned stands Evaluation of King's site index revealed a decreasing trend in apparent site index of about one site class from 15 to 30 years breast height age. This downward trend appears to subside about the tire of the initial thinning operations and remain relatively constant thereafter. Examination of stem analysis data from an unthinned stand about 25 miles east of the project area revealed a similar trend in site index. Present volume per acre for an unthinned stand was predicted using past stand parameters and the DNR yield tables for the Douglas-fir zone. Results indicate that volume in the surviving stand plus that removed by commercial thinnings exceeds the predicted stand yield. This amounted to about 5 percent in one stand and about 16 percent in the higher density, more heavily thinned stand. This comparison implies that total yield in Douglas-fir stands 50 to 55 years of age may be slightly increased by repeated commercial thinnings. Title: The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir Author: Graham, Joseph Nelson A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established during the first stage variable-plot cruise. A Hartley- List sample, taken from the first stage Douglas-fir in trees, selected second stage sample trees in proportion to their estimated total height. A subsequent equal probability systematic sample was taken to choose the third stage sample trees. First stage variable-plot cruise data provided a conventional estimate of stand volume per acre and the basis for expansion of estimates from subsequent sample stages. Second stage sample trees were measured for form and volume with a Barr and Stroud Type FP15 dendometer. These measurements were converted to tree volume estimates and expanded to volume per acre estimates for the stand. Third stage sample trees were felled. Cross-sectional disks were cut at measured intervals along the bole. Radial increment measurements from these disks provided the basis for estimating growth of individual trees and stand parameters. Findings indicate that the average tarif number, for use with the DNR (Department of Natural Resources, State of Washington) tarif volume tables, computed from stem analysis. data for the present Douglas-fir component of these stands is significantly different from that estimated by conventional methods using tree height and diameter. This suggests that the growth habit and stem form of Douglas-fir may be altered as a result of commercial thinning. It also implies that volume tables constructed for natural stands may underestimate volume in thinned stands Evaluation of King's site index revealed a decreasing trend in apparent site index of about one site class from 15 to 30 years breast height age. This downward trend appears to subside about the tire of the initial thinning operations and remain relatively constant thereafter. Examination of stem analysis data from an unthinned stand about 25 miles east of the project area revealed a similar trend in site index. Present volume per acre for an unthinned stand was predicted using past stand parameters and the DNR yield tables for the Douglas-fir zone. Results indicate that volume in the surviving stand plus that removed by commercial thinnings exceeds the predicted stand yield. This amounted to about 5 percent in one stand and about 16 percent in the higher density, more heavily thinned stand. This comparison implies that total yield in Douglas-fir stands 50 to 55 years of age may be slightly increased by repeated commercial thinnings. Close

• 364. [Article] The relationship between self-concept and school attendance

  The purpose of this study was to seek evidence which might lead to the development of more effective ways of dealing with the problem of failure to attend school. Concept of self has long been considered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between self-concept and school attendance Author: Ogard, Ernest Maynard The purpose of this study was to seek evidence which might lead to the development of more effective ways of dealing with the problem of failure to attend school. Concept of self has long been considered worthy of consideration in evaluating behavior. It is known that significant experiences in life can modify self concept. This study selected 58 truant (T) students on the basis of 10 unexcused absences in a 4 week period from school during one academic year and 58 non truant (NT) students randomly selected from a total group of several hundred students electing to participate in a vocational skill training program, and tested the following hypotheses: I. There will not be a significant difference between the self concept scores of the student who poses an attendance problem and the student who does not pose an attendance problem as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. II. Self concept of attendance problem students will not change significantly after being in the George Emory School District Skill Center for one semester. III. After having been in the George Emory School District Skill Center for one semester there will be no significant differences between the gain scores of the attendance and nonattendance problem student. Hypothesis I was statistically tested to determine differences in self concept with two tailed unpaired t tests on the 4 mean score areas of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (T) group vs. (NT) group. Null hypothesis II was statistically tested by comparison of the (T) group pretest vs. (T) group post test scores in the 4 mean score areas of the instrument after one semester of treatment with two tailed paired t tests. Null hypothesis III was tested by (a) repeating the procedure outlined in Null Hypothesis II for the (NT) group and (b) comparing after treatment the (T) mean gain scores vs. the (NT) group mean gain scores with two tailed unpaired t tests on the 4 score areas of the instrument. It was concluded that: 1. There is no difference at the .05 statistical significance level in self concept between the truant and non-truant populations studied as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale score areas. The means of the four self concept score areas of the instrument seem to imply that the truant population had a lower self concept in two of the four score areas than the non-truant population. 2. Rescheduling into the elective vocational skill program used in this study did not improve self concept in any of the 4 score areas at the .05 statistical level of significance for the truant group. The means in three of the four score areas did reveal a trend toward improvement after treatment and there was a favorable change in standard deviation in two of the four score areas. 3. There was no increase at the .05 statistical level of significance in the positive gain scores for the truant population when compared to the non-truant population after treatment as measured by the four self concept score areas of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. The non-truant group population means in the 4 score areas revealed a trend toward improvement in self concept in all 4 score areas of the instrument. One area (D), at the .05 statistical level of significance, there was a favorable change in the standard deviation for the non-truant group after treatment in one score area of the four. The truant population gain means in the 4 self concept score areas revealed a trend toward larger gain in 3 of the 4 score areas than the non-truant population. Title: The relationship between self-concept and school attendance Author: Ogard, Ernest Maynard The purpose of this study was to seek evidence which might lead to the development of more effective ways of dealing with the problem of failure to attend school. Concept of self has long been considered worthy of consideration in evaluating behavior. It is known that significant experiences in life can modify self concept. This study selected 58 truant (T) students on the basis of 10 unexcused absences in a 4 week period from school during one academic year and 58 non truant (NT) students randomly selected from a total group of several hundred students electing to participate in a vocational skill training program, and tested the following hypotheses: I. There will not be a significant difference between the self concept scores of the student who poses an attendance problem and the student who does not pose an attendance problem as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. II. Self concept of attendance problem students will not change significantly after being in the George Emory School District Skill Center for one semester. III. After having been in the George Emory School District Skill Center for one semester there will be no significant differences between the gain scores of the attendance and nonattendance problem student. Hypothesis I was statistically tested to determine differences in self concept with two tailed unpaired t tests on the 4 mean score areas of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (T) group vs. (NT) group. Null hypothesis II was statistically tested by comparison of the (T) group pretest vs. (T) group post test scores in the 4 mean score areas of the instrument after one semester of treatment with two tailed paired t tests. Null hypothesis III was tested by (a) repeating the procedure outlined in Null Hypothesis II for the (NT) group and (b) comparing after treatment the (T) mean gain scores vs. the (NT) group mean gain scores with two tailed unpaired t tests on the 4 score areas of the instrument. It was concluded that: 1. There is no difference at the .05 statistical significance level in self concept between the truant and non-truant populations studied as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale score areas. The means of the four self concept score areas of the instrument seem to imply that the truant population had a lower self concept in two of the four score areas than the non-truant population. 2. Rescheduling into the elective vocational skill program used in this study did not improve self concept in any of the 4 score areas at the .05 statistical level of significance for the truant group. The means in three of the four score areas did reveal a trend toward improvement after treatment and there was a favorable change in standard deviation in two of the four score areas. 3. There was no increase at the .05 statistical level of significance in the positive gain scores for the truant population when compared to the non-truant population after treatment as measured by the four self concept score areas of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. The non-truant group population means in the 4 score areas revealed a trend toward improvement in self concept in all 4 score areas of the instrument. One area (D), at the .05 statistical level of significance, there was a favorable change in the standard deviation for the non-truant group after treatment in one score area of the four. The truant population gain means in the 4 self concept score areas revealed a trend toward larger gain in 3 of the 4 score areas than the non-truant population. Close

• 365. [Article] Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon

  The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Title: Vegetation-soil relations as a basis for resource management on the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. The study was conducted on the Ochoco National Forest in central Oregon. Vegetation-soil relationships were evaluated for the following objectives: 1. Develop a sound ecological foundation on which total land management decisions may be based. 2. Evaluate forest succession, stocking, and growth to improve management. 3. Develop accurate range condition and trend guides. The concept of non-random distribution of plant communities in a continuum gradient was used to guide the investigation. This philosophy requires sampling the entire spectrum of vegetation and environmental variability in order to determine plant community groupings for classification purposes. Data were collected on a fifth-acre plot for trees, and on two 100-foot three-quarter-inch loop transects for subordinate vegetation. Forage production was determined on ten 9.6-square foot plots. Soil profiles were described according to standard procedure. Only vegetation free from grazing or logging disturbance was sampled. Vegetation was classified by use of association tables. Mathematical computations included standard errors and correlation analysis. Non-forest associations were: Artemisia rigida/Poa secunda on about six inches of soil, Artemisia arbuscula/Festuca idahoensis on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from acid igneous rock, and Artemisia arbuscula/Agropyron spicatum on about 14 inches of clayey soil derived from basic igneous rock. These associations occur as natural openings in the forest zone due to soil properties inimical to tree establishment. Climax pine associations occurred on 12 to 30 inches of sandy, stony soil. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum occurs at lower elevations. Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix occurs on acid igneous derived soils. Pinus ponderosa/Carex geyeri occurs on basic igneous derived soils. All are grazed by livestock and require open tree stocking for optimum tree growth. The Abies grandis/Calamagrostis rubescens association occupies more land area than all other forest types combined. It has been maintained in open Pinus ponderosa by natural, recurrent ground fires. With fire control, this association gradually moves toward a climax of fir. The Abies grandis/Bromus vulgaris association occurs at upper elevations. Dense forest cover makes it unsuitable for grazing. Management is different than for the Abies/Calamagrostis. Even though the Pinus contorta/Vaccnium scoparurn/Calamagrostis rubescens is successional, it was classified as an associes for management purposes. It pioneers on Abies/Bromus sites following conflagration fires. Four other vegetation associations were briefly described. Numerical variability within associations poses problems for development of range and forest management guides. In most cases, correlation analysis permits refinement of data. Variability is caused by the continuum effect of vegetation and environment. The information derived from this study is discussed for application in management. Mapping recommendations include a basic vegetation map with overlays for timber and range management use. Guides are presented for development of range condition and trend standards, interpretation of trend, and evaluation of management. Forestry guides include suggestions for silviculture, stocking and growth, and timber management. In addition, application in watershed and multiple use is briefly discussed. Close

• 366. [Article] Spatial analysis of Phellinus weirii infection centers in the central Cascades of Oregon : inferring ecological processes from patterns

  This study was conducted to investigate why root disease centers east of the Cascade crest tend to be larger in diameter and more abundant than their counterparts to the west, within subalpine forest stands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial analysis of Phellinus weirii infection centers in the central Cascades of Oregon : inferring ecological processes from patterns Author: Lattin, Peter D. This study was conducted to investigate why root disease centers east of the Cascade crest tend to be larger in diameter and more abundant than their counterparts to the west, within subalpine forest stands of central Oregon. The trend in a 290 km² study area appeared opposite of what was expected under the prevailing explanation for the mechanism controlling disease center distribution. The spatial distribution of detected disease, caused largely by Phellinus weirii, has been attributed to variable fire return interval. Five alternate explanations, treated as working hypotheses were investigated for directional consistency and significance. These included (1) new infection establishment rates via spore, (2) root-root spread rates of established infections, (3) the influence of barriers to spread by root contact, (4) relative fire frequency, and (5) the influence of post-fire lag time prior to resumption of root-to-root spread (recrudescence) of surviving fungal inoculum. The detected level of infection was almost three times greater east of the crest than west. Infection centers were also significantly larger in diameter and formed more extensive complexes on the east side. Establishment of new infections by spore appears very uncommon. Most sampled centers at low elevations closest to the eastern mixed conifer zone were clones, having survived one or more fires. Higher spore-initiated infection establishment rate was therefore eliminated as a plausible explanation for east-west differences. Radial spread rate of eastern infection centers was also not significantly faster than western centers. A non-significant trend was detected for Phellinus genets to be oriented parallel to the direction of topographic barriers, suggesting long-term influence of landscape barriers on movement. Trends in infection center diameter were all significant and directionally opposite of predictions derived from the fire frequency hypothesis. Recrudescence time lag of surviving fungus appears quite variable and remains a possible explanation for east-west differences, especially when interpreted within the context of differences in fire severity. Age estimates were made for 14 genets after accounting for loss of radial spread time between fires. The maximum genet age was estimated to be between 2238 - 3015 years old. The advanced age of the genets warrant an additional consideration that cause and observed effect may be out of phase in space and time. Title: Spatial analysis of Phellinus weirii infection centers in the central Cascades of Oregon : inferring ecological processes from patterns Author: Lattin, Peter D. This study was conducted to investigate why root disease centers east of the Cascade crest tend to be larger in diameter and more abundant than their counterparts to the west, within subalpine forest stands of central Oregon. The trend in a 290 km² study area appeared opposite of what was expected under the prevailing explanation for the mechanism controlling disease center distribution. The spatial distribution of detected disease, caused largely by Phellinus weirii, has been attributed to variable fire return interval. Five alternate explanations, treated as working hypotheses were investigated for directional consistency and significance. These included (1) new infection establishment rates via spore, (2) root-root spread rates of established infections, (3) the influence of barriers to spread by root contact, (4) relative fire frequency, and (5) the influence of post-fire lag time prior to resumption of root-to-root spread (recrudescence) of surviving fungal inoculum. The detected level of infection was almost three times greater east of the crest than west. Infection centers were also significantly larger in diameter and formed more extensive complexes on the east side. Establishment of new infections by spore appears very uncommon. Most sampled centers at low elevations closest to the eastern mixed conifer zone were clones, having survived one or more fires. Higher spore-initiated infection establishment rate was therefore eliminated as a plausible explanation for east-west differences. Radial spread rate of eastern infection centers was also not significantly faster than western centers. A non-significant trend was detected for Phellinus genets to be oriented parallel to the direction of topographic barriers, suggesting long-term influence of landscape barriers on movement. Trends in infection center diameter were all significant and directionally opposite of predictions derived from the fire frequency hypothesis. Recrudescence time lag of surviving fungus appears quite variable and remains a possible explanation for east-west differences, especially when interpreted within the context of differences in fire severity. Age estimates were made for 14 genets after accounting for loss of radial spread time between fires. The maximum genet age was estimated to be between 2238 - 3015 years old. The advanced age of the genets warrant an additional consideration that cause and observed effect may be out of phase in space and time. Close

• 367. [Article] Evaluation of length distributions and growth variance to improve assessment of the loggerhead sea turtle, (Caretta caretta)

  Nest counts from the largest subpopulation of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Atlantic, peninsular Florida, have been declining since 1998. Analyzing trends of nests and adult females ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of length distributions and growth variance to improve assessment of the loggerhead sea turtle, (Caretta caretta) Author: Vaughan, Jason R. Nest counts from the largest subpopulation of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Atlantic, peninsular Florida, have been declining since 1998. Analyzing trends of nests and adult females is insufficient to determine the overall status of a sea turtle population, due to variation in nesting frequency and a 25 – 35 year time lag between hatching and maturation. While nest numbers of this threatened species have declined by 50% since 1998, catches of juvenile turtles in many areas have increased. Better assessment of population status and diagnosis of the causes of population trends are possible if we examine existing data on changes in abundance and size distribution from in–water surveys of juvenile and subadult turtles as well as adults. I have plotted the length frequency data and catch rates of neritic turtles (juvenile, subadult and adult turtles that inhabit nearshore waters) collected from 1980 – 2007 at 4 in–water sites ranging from North Carolina to Florida (N=10,486). I also examined the length distributions recorded from strandings of dead turtles found on beaches in the Gulf of Mexico (N=4,308) and along the U.S. east coast (N=10,918) from 1990 – 2005. I found a similar pattern in length distribution shifts over time, which provides compelling evidence that the data are revealing true population change. The data suggest an increase in the overall abundance of juvenile turtles in the southeast U.S. since the late 1990s and an increase in the median size of neritic juveniles (40 – 90 cm) since 1990. There has also been a reduction in the number and proportion of small (<55 cm) juveniles since 2000 in some areas; these are considered “recruits” to the neritic feeding areas on the continental shelf. The shift in median size of juveniles coupled with the increased abundance in North Carolina and Florida indicate that there may be a large cohort or group of similar sized turtles that should reach maturity in the next decade. Changes in length frequency through time could indicate changes in recruitment, survival rates, or behavior, and translating length to age requires a good estimate of variance in growth rates. I developed an individual–based growth model using variance estimated through a new technique that measures growth using increments measured in cross sections of the humerus bone of stranded turtles. The technique permits a reconstruction of the growth history of individual turtles. While the growth patterns are clearly not a smooth, asymptotic function over length and time, there is some consistency among individuals. My re–sampling analysis of growth from 92 turtles provided an estimate of 30.74 years (95% CI = 23.82 – 37.66) required for a U.S. loggerhead turtle to grow from 20 cm (age 1 or 2) to 90 cm. This analysis will improve our estimates of the mean and variance in the length of time loggerheads are spending in various habitats and life stages, and improve future demographic models to determine population status. My analyses incorporate multiple data sets and techniques to improve our understanding of how the whole loggerhead population is changing through time, leading to more accurate diagnosis and predictions about population trends. Title: Evaluation of length distributions and growth variance to improve assessment of the loggerhead sea turtle, (Caretta caretta) Author: Vaughan, Jason R. Nest counts from the largest subpopulation of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Atlantic, peninsular Florida, have been declining since 1998. Analyzing trends of nests and adult females is insufficient to determine the overall status of a sea turtle population, due to variation in nesting frequency and a 25 – 35 year time lag between hatching and maturation. While nest numbers of this threatened species have declined by 50% since 1998, catches of juvenile turtles in many areas have increased. Better assessment of population status and diagnosis of the causes of population trends are possible if we examine existing data on changes in abundance and size distribution from in–water surveys of juvenile and subadult turtles as well as adults. I have plotted the length frequency data and catch rates of neritic turtles (juvenile, subadult and adult turtles that inhabit nearshore waters) collected from 1980 – 2007 at 4 in–water sites ranging from North Carolina to Florida (N=10,486). I also examined the length distributions recorded from strandings of dead turtles found on beaches in the Gulf of Mexico (N=4,308) and along the U.S. east coast (N=10,918) from 1990 – 2005. I found a similar pattern in length distribution shifts over time, which provides compelling evidence that the data are revealing true population change. The data suggest an increase in the overall abundance of juvenile turtles in the southeast U.S. since the late 1990s and an increase in the median size of neritic juveniles (40 – 90 cm) since 1990. There has also been a reduction in the number and proportion of small (<55 cm) juveniles since 2000 in some areas; these are considered “recruits” to the neritic feeding areas on the continental shelf. The shift in median size of juveniles coupled with the increased abundance in North Carolina and Florida indicate that there may be a large cohort or group of similar sized turtles that should reach maturity in the next decade. Changes in length frequency through time could indicate changes in recruitment, survival rates, or behavior, and translating length to age requires a good estimate of variance in growth rates. I developed an individual–based growth model using variance estimated through a new technique that measures growth using increments measured in cross sections of the humerus bone of stranded turtles. The technique permits a reconstruction of the growth history of individual turtles. While the growth patterns are clearly not a smooth, asymptotic function over length and time, there is some consistency among individuals. My re–sampling analysis of growth from 92 turtles provided an estimate of 30.74 years (95% CI = 23.82 – 37.66) required for a U.S. loggerhead turtle to grow from 20 cm (age 1 or 2) to 90 cm. This analysis will improve our estimates of the mean and variance in the length of time loggerheads are spending in various habitats and life stages, and improve future demographic models to determine population status. My analyses incorporate multiple data sets and techniques to improve our understanding of how the whole loggerhead population is changing through time, leading to more accurate diagnosis and predictions about population trends. Close

• 368. [Article] Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon

  Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon Author: Campbell, John Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results indicate significant forest type, age, and forest type x age interaction effects on annual soil respiration. A regional age class distribution skewed away from the youngest and oldest forests moderate regional variation in soil respiration. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the regional variation in annual soil respiration is most dependent on summer base rates (i.e. soil respiration normalized to a common temperature) and much less dependent on site-specific temperature response curve (to which annual rates are relatively insensitive) and soil degree-days (which vary only 10% among sites). Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (ANPP, R²=O.06, p>0.1) but it was correlated with belowground net primary production (R²=0.43, p<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit fine root biomass, (R²=0.45, p<0.00l). Forest floor mass and mineral soil carbon were only weakly coupled to soil respiration (R²=0.14, and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within cover type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross-site trends. NEP was highly negative immediately following stand replacing disturbance in all forests and recovered to positive values by 10, 20, and 30 years of age for the mild and mesic Coast Range, West Cascades and East Cascades, respectively. The response of stand-level NEP to individual disturbance events is greater than that attributable to edaphoclimatic differences between forest type. However, when successional trends in NEP are weighted by current age class distributions, the variability in landscape-level NEP attributable to whole disturbance regimes is equivalent to that attributable regional edaphoclimatic differences between forest types. Simulations of age class distribution under varying disturbance frequencies suggest that the sensitivity of landscape-level NEP to changes in disturbance regime varies among forest types and is linked to both remnant detritus and photosynthetic recovery rate that are partly a function of long-term edaphoclimatic differences. Title: Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon Author: Campbell, John Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results indicate significant forest type, age, and forest type x age interaction effects on annual soil respiration. A regional age class distribution skewed away from the youngest and oldest forests moderate regional variation in soil respiration. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the regional variation in annual soil respiration is most dependent on summer base rates (i.e. soil respiration normalized to a common temperature) and much less dependent on site-specific temperature response curve (to which annual rates are relatively insensitive) and soil degree-days (which vary only 10% among sites). Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (ANPP, R²=O.06, p>0.1) but it was correlated with belowground net primary production (R²=0.43, p<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit fine root biomass, (R²=0.45, p<0.00l). Forest floor mass and mineral soil carbon were only weakly coupled to soil respiration (R²=0.14, and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within cover type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross-site trends. NEP was highly negative immediately following stand replacing disturbance in all forests and recovered to positive values by 10, 20, and 30 years of age for the mild and mesic Coast Range, West Cascades and East Cascades, respectively. The response of stand-level NEP to individual disturbance events is greater than that attributable to edaphoclimatic differences between forest type. However, when successional trends in NEP are weighted by current age class distributions, the variability in landscape-level NEP attributable to whole disturbance regimes is equivalent to that attributable regional edaphoclimatic differences between forest types. Simulations of age class distribution under varying disturbance frequencies suggest that the sensitivity of landscape-level NEP to changes in disturbance regime varies among forest types and is linked to both remnant detritus and photosynthetic recovery rate that are partly a function of long-term edaphoclimatic differences. Close

• 369. [Article] Structural evolution of the Russell Ranch oil field and vicinity, southern Coast Ranges, California

  The Russell Ranch oil field is located in the southern Coast Ranges west of Bakersfield, California. Detailed subsurface mapping shows that a northwest-oriented right-lateral wrench-fault system was active ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structural evolution of the Russell Ranch oil field and vicinity, southern Coast Ranges, California Author: Nevins, Barbara B. The Russell Ranch oil field is located in the southern Coast Ranges west of Bakersfield, California. Detailed subsurface mapping shows that a northwest-oriented right-lateral wrench-fault system was active from possibly latest Oligocene to Pliocene time. The effects of Quaternary thrusting were superimposed on, and influenced by, structures associated with the older wrench tectonic regime. The right-lateral shear system produced a complex pattern of right-stepping en echelon folds, dip-slip faults with normal separation, and strike-slip faults with both normal and reverse separation. Deformation along the wrench system began during deposition of the late Oligocene-early Miocene Soda Lake Shale and Painted Rock Sandstone members of the Vaqueros Formation, producing elongate en echelon submarine troughs and highs. Northerly trending growth faults of early Miocene age caused thickening of the late Saucesian-early Relizian Saltos Shale Member of the Monterey Formation and may have initiated growth of the Russell Ranch anticline. Northeast- to northwest-trending normal faults and northwest-trending strike-slip faults of the Russell fault system were active during deposition of a sequence tentatively correlated with the Branch Canyon Sandstone and Santa Margarita Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Strike-slip faulting produced a complex interleaving of fault slices and juxtaposed slices of contrasting lithologies and orientations. Subsequent minor movement along the wrench system folded the base of the Morales Formation, of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, into elongate en echelon folds. The north-dipping Whiterock and Morales thrusts brought Miocene and younger strata southward over deposits as young as late Pleistocene. The Whiterock thrust changes southward from a southeasterly to an easterly strike. The upper plate was thrust southward, and structures in the lower plate apparently controlled the geometry of the developing fault plane. The thrust ramps as it overrides the normal and strike-slip faults of middle Miocene age; rootless folds similar to those found in the Caliente Range are present in the upper thrust plate above the tectonic ramps. Wrench-related faulting in the Cuyama basin predates similar movement along the San Andreas fault to the northeast and may represent a strand of the proto-San Andreas fault. Quaternary thrusting in the basin was influenced by and now obscures the structures of the older wrench fault system; thrusting activity was probably contemporaneous with thrust faulting in the Transverse Ranges to the south. Title: Structural evolution of the Russell Ranch oil field and vicinity, southern Coast Ranges, California Author: Nevins, Barbara B. The Russell Ranch oil field is located in the southern Coast Ranges west of Bakersfield, California. Detailed subsurface mapping shows that a northwest-oriented right-lateral wrench-fault system was active from possibly latest Oligocene to Pliocene time. The effects of Quaternary thrusting were superimposed on, and influenced by, structures associated with the older wrench tectonic regime. The right-lateral shear system produced a complex pattern of right-stepping en echelon folds, dip-slip faults with normal separation, and strike-slip faults with both normal and reverse separation. Deformation along the wrench system began during deposition of the late Oligocene-early Miocene Soda Lake Shale and Painted Rock Sandstone members of the Vaqueros Formation, producing elongate en echelon submarine troughs and highs. Northerly trending growth faults of early Miocene age caused thickening of the late Saucesian-early Relizian Saltos Shale Member of the Monterey Formation and may have initiated growth of the Russell Ranch anticline. Northeast- to northwest-trending normal faults and northwest-trending strike-slip faults of the Russell fault system were active during deposition of a sequence tentatively correlated with the Branch Canyon Sandstone and Santa Margarita Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Strike-slip faulting produced a complex interleaving of fault slices and juxtaposed slices of contrasting lithologies and orientations. Subsequent minor movement along the wrench system folded the base of the Morales Formation, of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, into elongate en echelon folds. The north-dipping Whiterock and Morales thrusts brought Miocene and younger strata southward over deposits as young as late Pleistocene. The Whiterock thrust changes southward from a southeasterly to an easterly strike. The upper plate was thrust southward, and structures in the lower plate apparently controlled the geometry of the developing fault plane. The thrust ramps as it overrides the normal and strike-slip faults of middle Miocene age; rootless folds similar to those found in the Caliente Range are present in the upper thrust plate above the tectonic ramps. Wrench-related faulting in the Cuyama basin predates similar movement along the San Andreas fault to the northeast and may represent a strand of the proto-San Andreas fault. Quaternary thrusting in the basin was influenced by and now obscures the structures of the older wrench fault system; thrusting activity was probably contemporaneous with thrust faulting in the Transverse Ranges to the south. Close

• 370. [Article] A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988)

  More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988) Author: Tatarka, Bernadette More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for additional research dealing with basic style changes of men's boxer undershorts was compelling to this researcher, as well as adding to the literature concerning men's historic costume. The purpose of this study was to research the availability of men's boxer undershorts post World War II (1946-1988). Specifically, based on pictorial underwear fashions illustrated in the Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog, this study documented and analyzed the availability of boxer undershorts as to fiber content, fabric structure, color, style features, and special design motifs during the time period studied. The objective of the study was to increase the knowledge of men's historic costume through an investigation into the styles of men's boxer undershorts. The historical continuity of fashion, as well as other theories concerning fashion change served as the theoretical framework for this study. The historical continuity process of fashion proposes that each new fashion is an evolutionary outgrowth and elaboration of the previous fashion (Blumer, 1969). Examples include past research by Young (1937), Kroeber (1919), and Robinson (1976), which indicated that changes in fashions took place in well-defined cycles. It is believed by some researchers that broad fashion trends follow an evolutionary process. However, specific fashion details and styles may be a result of social events, technological advances, and other cultural activities. Studies by researcher's such as Baker (1962), Nugent (1962), and Behling (1985-1986) found relationships between women's clothing and changes in society. To document and analyze men's boxer undershorts, Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog was selected. Spring/Summer issues in two-year issues were chosen between the years of 1946 and 1988, which yielded a sample of 237 boxer undershorts. With seriation of the boxer undershorts, a frequency distribution was completed. Five research hypotheses were tested to accomplish the objective of the study. Results indicated that there were differences between the frequency of occurrence among a) fiber content, b) color, and c) style features. However, there was not a significant difference of occurrence among fabric structure of men's boxer undershorts. In addition, due to lack of information concerning fabric design motifs, an analysis was not able to be performed concerning this hypothesis. These findings support the belief that there are broad changes in boxer undershorts which follow an evolutionary process, however, specific changes in details are a result of society's influence. This is evident in the changes concerning fiber content, color, and style features which were influenced by technological advances. The fact that fabric structure of boxer undershorts was not influenced by society suggests that this is a broad trend which follows an evolutionary process. Comparing these results with data collected from advertisments in a fashion magazine such as Esquire is suggested for further study. The data also suggest that further study comparing the trends in style features of boxer undershorts documented in this study with those of men's trousers of the same time period would provide another topic for research. Title: A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988) Author: Tatarka, Bernadette More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for additional research dealing with basic style changes of men's boxer undershorts was compelling to this researcher, as well as adding to the literature concerning men's historic costume. The purpose of this study was to research the availability of men's boxer undershorts post World War II (1946-1988). Specifically, based on pictorial underwear fashions illustrated in the Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog, this study documented and analyzed the availability of boxer undershorts as to fiber content, fabric structure, color, style features, and special design motifs during the time period studied. The objective of the study was to increase the knowledge of men's historic costume through an investigation into the styles of men's boxer undershorts. The historical continuity of fashion, as well as other theories concerning fashion change served as the theoretical framework for this study. The historical continuity process of fashion proposes that each new fashion is an evolutionary outgrowth and elaboration of the previous fashion (Blumer, 1969). Examples include past research by Young (1937), Kroeber (1919), and Robinson (1976), which indicated that changes in fashions took place in well-defined cycles. It is believed by some researchers that broad fashion trends follow an evolutionary process. However, specific fashion details and styles may be a result of social events, technological advances, and other cultural activities. Studies by researcher's such as Baker (1962), Nugent (1962), and Behling (1985-1986) found relationships between women's clothing and changes in society. To document and analyze men's boxer undershorts, Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog was selected. Spring/Summer issues in two-year issues were chosen between the years of 1946 and 1988, which yielded a sample of 237 boxer undershorts. With seriation of the boxer undershorts, a frequency distribution was completed. Five research hypotheses were tested to accomplish the objective of the study. Results indicated that there were differences between the frequency of occurrence among a) fiber content, b) color, and c) style features. However, there was not a significant difference of occurrence among fabric structure of men's boxer undershorts. In addition, due to lack of information concerning fabric design motifs, an analysis was not able to be performed concerning this hypothesis. These findings support the belief that there are broad changes in boxer undershorts which follow an evolutionary process, however, specific changes in details are a result of society's influence. This is evident in the changes concerning fiber content, color, and style features which were influenced by technological advances. The fact that fabric structure of boxer undershorts was not influenced by society suggests that this is a broad trend which follows an evolutionary process. Comparing these results with data collected from advertisments in a fashion magazine such as Esquire is suggested for further study. The data also suggest that further study comparing the trends in style features of boxer undershorts documented in this study with those of men's trousers of the same time period would provide another topic for research. Close