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• 321. [Article] Toward establishing the validity of the transformative optimism construct measurement for tsunami preparedness : a structural equation model for visitors of the Pacific Northwest coast

  Measurements of social constructs that evaluate natural hazard preparedness are important to decrease natural hazard vulnerability. Preparedness reduces natural hazard impacts and human vulnerability. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward establishing the validity of the transformative optimism construct measurement for tsunami preparedness : a structural equation model for visitors of the Pacific Northwest coast Author: Rios-Uribe, Carlos Andres Measurements of social constructs that evaluate natural hazard preparedness are important to decrease natural hazard vulnerability. Preparedness reduces natural hazard impacts and human vulnerability. Investment in education and education research contribute to human sustainable development and natural hazard preparedness. Faced with other needs, people typically do not prepare enough to reduce the potential impacts of infrequent but potentially catastrophic natural hazard events. Consequently, human vulnerability increases over time and space. Specifically, natural hazards such as tsunamis and earthquakes (Colombia 1979; Sumatra (Indonesia) 2004), hurricanes (Katrina 2005, U.S.), volcanoes (Nevado del Ruiz 1985, Colombia), floods (Venezuela 1999), and fires (Southern California 2007, U.S.) can exact a tremendous toll on both lives and property (United Nations: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), 2009). Yet, most damage from natural hazards can be mitigated or even avoided in great extent with proper preparedness. Why, then, do so few people take precautions? Furthermore, how can we induce major levels of preparedness? This research postulates a conceptual framework that takes into account the learning theory of Paulo Freire. The main objective of this research is to establish the initial validity and reliability of a new social construct measurement (TOTPI) that is accountable for tracing transformative optimism beliefs that impact behaviors related to tsunami hazard preparedness on the United States Pacific Northwest Coast, using exploratory structural equation models (ESEM). The final SEM model for TOTPI, with maximum likelihood parameter estimator, had a multiple correlation of R=0.543 (R²=0.30) between the predictors Transformative Optimism (T.O.), Resilient Optimism (R.O.), and Fatalistic Optimism (F.O.); and the current tsunami preparedness (criterion), this means that 30% of the current tsunami preparedness variance is explained by the T.O., R.O. and F.O. factors. The Chi-square is 355.26 with 126 degrees of freedom. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) is 0.92; TLI is 0.91; the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is 0.060 with RMSEA 90% C.I. between 0.053 and 0.068; and the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) is 0.051. This appears to be a good fit to the observed data according to Hu & Bentler (1999) as cited in Kline (2005, p. 140), and according to Browne & Cudek (1993, p.144) as cited in Brown (2006, p. 87). Title: Toward establishing the validity of the transformative optimism construct measurement for tsunami preparedness : a structural equation model for visitors of the Pacific Northwest coast Author: Rios-Uribe, Carlos Andres Measurements of social constructs that evaluate natural hazard preparedness are important to decrease natural hazard vulnerability. Preparedness reduces natural hazard impacts and human vulnerability. Investment in education and education research contribute to human sustainable development and natural hazard preparedness. Faced with other needs, people typically do not prepare enough to reduce the potential impacts of infrequent but potentially catastrophic natural hazard events. Consequently, human vulnerability increases over time and space. Specifically, natural hazards such as tsunamis and earthquakes (Colombia 1979; Sumatra (Indonesia) 2004), hurricanes (Katrina 2005, U.S.), volcanoes (Nevado del Ruiz 1985, Colombia), floods (Venezuela 1999), and fires (Southern California 2007, U.S.) can exact a tremendous toll on both lives and property (United Nations: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), 2009). Yet, most damage from natural hazards can be mitigated or even avoided in great extent with proper preparedness. Why, then, do so few people take precautions? Furthermore, how can we induce major levels of preparedness? This research postulates a conceptual framework that takes into account the learning theory of Paulo Freire. The main objective of this research is to establish the initial validity and reliability of a new social construct measurement (TOTPI) that is accountable for tracing transformative optimism beliefs that impact behaviors related to tsunami hazard preparedness on the United States Pacific Northwest Coast, using exploratory structural equation models (ESEM). The final SEM model for TOTPI, with maximum likelihood parameter estimator, had a multiple correlation of R=0.543 (R²=0.30) between the predictors Transformative Optimism (T.O.), Resilient Optimism (R.O.), and Fatalistic Optimism (F.O.); and the current tsunami preparedness (criterion), this means that 30% of the current tsunami preparedness variance is explained by the T.O., R.O. and F.O. factors. The Chi-square is 355.26 with 126 degrees of freedom. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) is 0.92; TLI is 0.91; the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is 0.060 with RMSEA 90% C.I. between 0.053 and 0.068; and the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) is 0.051. This appears to be a good fit to the observed data according to Hu & Bentler (1999) as cited in Kline (2005, p. 140), and according to Browne & Cudek (1993, p.144) as cited in Brown (2006, p. 87). Close

• 322. [Article] Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Sanzenbacher, Peter M. Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence of the spatial array of resources. Shorebirds (suborder: Charadrii) are a diverse and mobile group of wetland associated species. Large numbers of shorebirds utilize seasonally flooded wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley of northwest Oregon; however, there is little information on fidelity and movements of birds in the region or at other inland sites. Thus, we quantified winter fidelity and movement patterns of radio-tagged Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Prior to field telemetry, we evaluated use of a leg-loop harness design for attachment of radio-transmitters. Comparisons between captive Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) fitted with a harness package and a control group indicated no significant differences in behavior. In addition, observations of wild Killdeer and Dunlin indicated prolonged harness retention and no adverse effects on behavior. Therefore, we determined that the modified harness design was a suitable method for attachment of transmitters to shorebirds. Monitoring of radio-tagged Dunlin and Killdeer indicated interspecific differences in regional fidelity and residency patterns. Dunlin exhibited a high degree of regional fidelity and in most cases remained within the Valley for the duration of the winter. In contrast, Killdeer departed the study area throughout the winter and the population segment monitored was composed of winter residents (63%), winter transients (26%) and year-round resident breeders (11%). Dunlin were highly mobile with frequent movements up to 30 km from roost sites. Among seasons, Dunlin differed significantly in distance traveled, mean distance from capture site, and home range size. All were greatest during late winter. In comparison, the scale of Killdeer movements was much smaller, with no seasonal differences in movements. Results also suggested that resident Killdeer were more sedentary than migrants during the winter months. At a local scale, individuals of both species occurred predominantly in agricultural habitats and exhibited low degrees of fidelity to specific fields, with the exception that Dunlin frequently returned to certain roost sites. On a daily basis, movements of both Dunlin and Killdeer were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. Findings provide insight on the fidelity and winter movements of shorebirds, as well provide insight as to the functional connectivity of shorebird habitats in the Willamette Valley. Title: Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Sanzenbacher, Peter M. Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence of the spatial array of resources. Shorebirds (suborder: Charadrii) are a diverse and mobile group of wetland associated species. Large numbers of shorebirds utilize seasonally flooded wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley of northwest Oregon; however, there is little information on fidelity and movements of birds in the region or at other inland sites. Thus, we quantified winter fidelity and movement patterns of radio-tagged Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Prior to field telemetry, we evaluated use of a leg-loop harness design for attachment of radio-transmitters. Comparisons between captive Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) fitted with a harness package and a control group indicated no significant differences in behavior. In addition, observations of wild Killdeer and Dunlin indicated prolonged harness retention and no adverse effects on behavior. Therefore, we determined that the modified harness design was a suitable method for attachment of transmitters to shorebirds. Monitoring of radio-tagged Dunlin and Killdeer indicated interspecific differences in regional fidelity and residency patterns. Dunlin exhibited a high degree of regional fidelity and in most cases remained within the Valley for the duration of the winter. In contrast, Killdeer departed the study area throughout the winter and the population segment monitored was composed of winter residents (63%), winter transients (26%) and year-round resident breeders (11%). Dunlin were highly mobile with frequent movements up to 30 km from roost sites. Among seasons, Dunlin differed significantly in distance traveled, mean distance from capture site, and home range size. All were greatest during late winter. In comparison, the scale of Killdeer movements was much smaller, with no seasonal differences in movements. Results also suggested that resident Killdeer were more sedentary than migrants during the winter months. At a local scale, individuals of both species occurred predominantly in agricultural habitats and exhibited low degrees of fidelity to specific fields, with the exception that Dunlin frequently returned to certain roost sites. On a daily basis, movements of both Dunlin and Killdeer were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. Findings provide insight on the fidelity and winter movements of shorebirds, as well provide insight as to the functional connectivity of shorebird habitats in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 323. [Article] Impacts of instream flows on the Colorado River Delta, Mexico : spatial vegetation change analysis and opportunities for restoration

  Until the 1930s, flows of the Colorado River maintained approximately 781,060 hectares of wetlands in its delta. These wetlands provided important feeding and nesting grounds for resident and migratory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of instream flows on the Colorado River Delta, Mexico : spatial vegetation change analysis and opportunities for restoration Author: Zamora-Arroyo, Jose Francisco Until the 1930s, flows of the Colorado River maintained approximately 781,060 hectares of wetlands in its delta. These wetlands provided important feeding and nesting grounds for resident and migratory birds as well as spawning and protection habitat for many fish and other invertebrate species. However, the Delta's wetlands started to disappear as water was used for agricultural and urban uses in the United States and Mexico. The 1944 United States-Mexico water treaty, which allocates 1.8 million m³/year to Mexico, did not define a minimum flow to maintain the Delta's ecosystems. The resulting degraded Delta lead to the perception in the 1980s that the Delta was a dead ecosystem. This study investigates whether this "dead Delta" perception is valid. Its central hypothesis is that regenerated vegetation in riparian and flood plain zones is associated with surplus river flows during the 1990s. A vegetation analysis, using satellite imagery and field methods, shows that native trees have regenerated during the last 20 years, and now account for 23% of vegetation in a 100 km, non-perennial, stretch of river below the United States-Mexico border. A spatial trend analysis using multi-temporal data on percent vegetation cover indicates that there are 6,320 hectares that show a significant increasing trend (p-value<0.05) in vegetation cover, with the Delta's riparian zone having at least 18% of its area showing this trend. The study estimates that once in four years February to April flow of 300 million m³ (at 80-120 m³/s) is sufficient to germinate and establish new cohorts of native trees, and highlights the need for smaller but more periodic flows in order to maintain wetland areas. It is concluded that there is clear evidence of the resilience of the Delta's ecosystems and that the "dead Delta" perception is no longer valid. There exist critical habitat in the Delta that needs to be protected, while there also exist short and long term opportunities to ecologically enhance and expand current habitat. Hydrological and ecological studies are needed to estimate specific water requirements for these areas in order to efficiently target them for immediate and long term conservation actions. Title: Impacts of instream flows on the Colorado River Delta, Mexico : spatial vegetation change analysis and opportunities for restoration Author: Zamora-Arroyo, Jose Francisco Until the 1930s, flows of the Colorado River maintained approximately 781,060 hectares of wetlands in its delta. These wetlands provided important feeding and nesting grounds for resident and migratory birds as well as spawning and protection habitat for many fish and other invertebrate species. However, the Delta's wetlands started to disappear as water was used for agricultural and urban uses in the United States and Mexico. The 1944 United States-Mexico water treaty, which allocates 1.8 million m³/year to Mexico, did not define a minimum flow to maintain the Delta's ecosystems. The resulting degraded Delta lead to the perception in the 1980s that the Delta was a dead ecosystem. This study investigates whether this "dead Delta" perception is valid. Its central hypothesis is that regenerated vegetation in riparian and flood plain zones is associated with surplus river flows during the 1990s. A vegetation analysis, using satellite imagery and field methods, shows that native trees have regenerated during the last 20 years, and now account for 23% of vegetation in a 100 km, non-perennial, stretch of river below the United States-Mexico border. A spatial trend analysis using multi-temporal data on percent vegetation cover indicates that there are 6,320 hectares that show a significant increasing trend (p-value<0.05) in vegetation cover, with the Delta's riparian zone having at least 18% of its area showing this trend. The study estimates that once in four years February to April flow of 300 million m³ (at 80-120 m³/s) is sufficient to germinate and establish new cohorts of native trees, and highlights the need for smaller but more periodic flows in order to maintain wetland areas. It is concluded that there is clear evidence of the resilience of the Delta's ecosystems and that the "dead Delta" perception is no longer valid. There exist critical habitat in the Delta that needs to be protected, while there also exist short and long term opportunities to ecologically enhance and expand current habitat. Hydrological and ecological studies are needed to estimate specific water requirements for these areas in order to efficiently target them for immediate and long term conservation actions. Close

• 324. [Article] The water and energy dynamics of an old-growth seasonal temperate rainforest

  In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), concern about the impacts of climate and land cover change on water resources, flood-generating processes, and ecosystem dynamics emphasize the need for a mechanistic understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The water and energy dynamics of an old-growth seasonal temperate rainforest Author: Link, Timothy E. In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), concern about the impacts of climate and land cover change on water resources, flood-generating processes, and ecosystem dynamics emphasize the need for a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between forest canopies and hydrological processes. A detailed measurement and modeling program during the 1999 and 2000 hydrologic years characterized hydrological conditions and processes in a 500-600 year old Douglas fir-western hemlock seasonal temperate rainforest. The measurement program included sub-canopy arrays of radiometers, tipping bucket rain gauges, and soil temperature and moisture probes, to supplement a vertical temperature and humidity profile within the forest canopy. Analysis of the precipitation interception characteristics of the canopy indicated that the mean direct throughfall proportion was 0.36, and the mean saturation storage was 3.3 mm. Evaporation from small storms insufficient to saturate the canopy comprised 19% of the net interception loss, and canopy drying and evaporation during rainfall accounted for 47% and 33% of the net loss, respectively. Results of the measurement program were used to modify the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for forested systems. Changes to the model include improved representation of interception dynamics, stomatal conductance, and within-canopy energy transfer processes. The model effectively simulated canopy air and vapor density profiles, snowcover processes, throughfall, soil water content profiles, shallow soil temperatures, and transpiration fluxes for both a calibration period and for an uncalibrated year. Soil warming at bare locations was delayed until most of the snowcover ablated due to the large heat sink associated with the residual snow patches. During the summer, simulated evapotranspiration decreased from a maximum monthly mean of 2.17 mm day⁻¹ in July to 1.34 mm day⁻¹ in September, as a result of declining soil moisture and net radiation. Our results indicate that a relatively simple parameterization of the SHAW model for the vegetation canopy can accurately simulate seasonal hydrologic fluxes in this environment. Application and validation of the model in other forest systems will establish similarities and differences in the interactions of vegetation and hydrology, and assess the sensitivity of other systems to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Title: The water and energy dynamics of an old-growth seasonal temperate rainforest Author: Link, Timothy E. In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), concern about the impacts of climate and land cover change on water resources, flood-generating processes, and ecosystem dynamics emphasize the need for a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between forest canopies and hydrological processes. A detailed measurement and modeling program during the 1999 and 2000 hydrologic years characterized hydrological conditions and processes in a 500-600 year old Douglas fir-western hemlock seasonal temperate rainforest. The measurement program included sub-canopy arrays of radiometers, tipping bucket rain gauges, and soil temperature and moisture probes, to supplement a vertical temperature and humidity profile within the forest canopy. Analysis of the precipitation interception characteristics of the canopy indicated that the mean direct throughfall proportion was 0.36, and the mean saturation storage was 3.3 mm. Evaporation from small storms insufficient to saturate the canopy comprised 19% of the net interception loss, and canopy drying and evaporation during rainfall accounted for 47% and 33% of the net loss, respectively. Results of the measurement program were used to modify the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for forested systems. Changes to the model include improved representation of interception dynamics, stomatal conductance, and within-canopy energy transfer processes. The model effectively simulated canopy air and vapor density profiles, snowcover processes, throughfall, soil water content profiles, shallow soil temperatures, and transpiration fluxes for both a calibration period and for an uncalibrated year. Soil warming at bare locations was delayed until most of the snowcover ablated due to the large heat sink associated with the residual snow patches. During the summer, simulated evapotranspiration decreased from a maximum monthly mean of 2.17 mm day⁻¹ in July to 1.34 mm day⁻¹ in September, as a result of declining soil moisture and net radiation. Our results indicate that a relatively simple parameterization of the SHAW model for the vegetation canopy can accurately simulate seasonal hydrologic fluxes in this environment. Application and validation of the model in other forest systems will establish similarities and differences in the interactions of vegetation and hydrology, and assess the sensitivity of other systems to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Close

• 325. [Article] Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes

  The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes Author: Petry, Paulo The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria Island, Solimoes River. A total of 25,819 specimens representing 8 orders, 30 families, 101 genera and 139 species of fish were collected. Analysis of species richness distribution among 7 vegetation strata showed that vegetated sites had higher species richness than unvegetated sites. Stands of Paspalum repens had the most diverse fish fauna. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate relationship between fish assemblages and 16 environmental variables. CCA revealed that dissolved oxygen, water transparency, water depth and aquatic vegetation structure were significantly related to fish assemblage organization. The results suggest that physiological adaptations to hypoxia and habitat complexity play a major role in the organization of these assemblages. The morphology, ontogenetic development, shape variability and deposition of otolith microincrements are described for floodplain serrasalmin fishes. Serrasalmin otoliths were similar to other ostariophysan, nevertheless their shape was species-specific. Elliptical Fourier analysis showed that Mylossoma aureum lapilli were highly variable in shape when compared to closely related species. PCA and discriminant function analysis indicated that two distinct forms of lapillus can be recognized for M. aureum, and intra-species variation was higher than inter-species variation. Otolith microincrement analysis was tested for these fishes, and microincrement deposition validation showed that Piaractus brachipomus deposits otolith increments on a daily basis. Patterns of spatial distribution, growth and mortality characteristics of larvae and juvenile were examined for M. aureum inhabiting the Marchantaria Island floodplain. Otolith-derived birth date reconstruction showed that M. aureum spawning season extended from late November to March, and peak larvae recruitment to the island occurred in mid-December. Larvae and juveniles had different spatial distributions in relation to habitat usage. Instantaneous growth coefficients (g) varied from 0.0197(d⁻¹) to 0.265(d⁻¹) among cohorts. Early-season cohorts had wider otolith microincrements and higher instantaneous growth coefficients than late-season cohorts. Mortality estimated by the decline of loge (abundance) regressed on age indicated that cohort-specific instantaneous mortality varied significantly among cohorts, ranging from 0.027(d⁻¹) (2.6%/d) to 0.103(d⁻¹) (9.7%/d). Title: Fish assemblage organization in the Amazon River floodplain : species richness, spatial distribution and recruitment processes Author: Petry, Paulo The composition and distribution of fish assemblages was examined in a floodplain lake system in the Amazon basin. Quantitative samples were collected during the 1992-1993 flooding season at Marchantaria Island, Solimoes River. A total of 25,819 specimens representing 8 orders, 30 families, 101 genera and 139 species of fish were collected. Analysis of species richness distribution among 7 vegetation strata showed that vegetated sites had higher species richness than unvegetated sites. Stands of Paspalum repens had the most diverse fish fauna. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate relationship between fish assemblages and 16 environmental variables. CCA revealed that dissolved oxygen, water transparency, water depth and aquatic vegetation structure were significantly related to fish assemblage organization. The results suggest that physiological adaptations to hypoxia and habitat complexity play a major role in the organization of these assemblages. The morphology, ontogenetic development, shape variability and deposition of otolith microincrements are described for floodplain serrasalmin fishes. Serrasalmin otoliths were similar to other ostariophysan, nevertheless their shape was species-specific. Elliptical Fourier analysis showed that Mylossoma aureum lapilli were highly variable in shape when compared to closely related species. PCA and discriminant function analysis indicated that two distinct forms of lapillus can be recognized for M. aureum, and intra-species variation was higher than inter-species variation. Otolith microincrement analysis was tested for these fishes, and microincrement deposition validation showed that Piaractus brachipomus deposits otolith increments on a daily basis. Patterns of spatial distribution, growth and mortality characteristics of larvae and juvenile were examined for M. aureum inhabiting the Marchantaria Island floodplain. Otolith-derived birth date reconstruction showed that M. aureum spawning season extended from late November to March, and peak larvae recruitment to the island occurred in mid-December. Larvae and juveniles had different spatial distributions in relation to habitat usage. Instantaneous growth coefficients (g) varied from 0.0197(d⁻¹) to 0.265(d⁻¹) among cohorts. Early-season cohorts had wider otolith microincrements and higher instantaneous growth coefficients than late-season cohorts. Mortality estimated by the decline of loge (abundance) regressed on age indicated that cohort-specific instantaneous mortality varied significantly among cohorts, ranging from 0.027(d⁻¹) (2.6%/d) to 0.103(d⁻¹) (9.7%/d). Close

• 326. [Article] Survival of Phytophthora lateralis in an organic matter fraction of the soil

  Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, an extremely valuable timber tree species, is highly susceptible to a serious, soil -borne root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis. Disease outbreaks of epidemic proportions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Survival of Phytophthora lateralis in an organic matter fraction of the soil Author: Ostrofsky, William Dow Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, an extremely valuable timber tree species, is highly susceptible to a serious, soil -borne root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis. Disease outbreaks of epidemic proportions are continually causing high mortality in natural stands of the host tree. Practical control measures rely on an understanding of the many factors of disease dynamics. One important factor is pathogen survival. The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a better understanding of the survival capacity of P. lateralis in soil and organic debris. Survival studies are dependent on techniques used to detect organism presence. A technique was developed whereby P. lateralis could be detected in the soil. The fungus could generally be detected only in an organic matter fraction of the soil. This organic fraction was separated from the mineral fraction and used as the substrate from which the fungus was baited. When baits of cedar foliage were floated in water over the substrate, P, lateralis, if present, would infect and sporulate on the baits. Baits were considered infected only when sporangia of P. lateralis were observed. The optimum temperature range for infection of baits was between 15 and 20 C; the optimum incubation period was determined as six days. Pre-flooding the organic substrate with distilled water or a cedar root extract for three or seven days prior to baiting was shown to increase the frequency of detection of P. lateralis over substrate which was baited immediately. Blending the organic substrate had no apparent effect on detection. When an organic matter fraction of an infested soil was collected and stored at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, or 20 C for a period of five months, no apparent loss of infectivity occurred, indicating a high survival capacity of the fungus. P. lateralis was able to survive in organic material stored for four months at -5 C, 14 weeks at 25 C, or two weeks at 30 C. Two naturally infested soils were each stored for periods of up to four months. Samples of each soil were stored at four different moisture levels at each of two temperatures (5 C and 20 C). Survival of P. lateralis was poor in soil stored at moisture levels equivalent to less than -15 bars matric water potential. Survival of the fungus was also decreased when soils were stored under saturated conditions at room temperature. P. lateralis stored in soils at moisture contents between these two extremes lost little infectivity after four months. Organic matter highly infective with P. lateralis was added to three soils, and each soil was subjected to various biological treatments. Soils were steamed, planted to cedar (host species), alder, and Douglas-fir (non-host species) and left untreated. The fungus was recovered from the organic matter from all treatments after six months. Survival of P. lateralis appeared best in soils planted to cedar seedlings. The higher infectivity was probably attributable to an increase in inoculum, not to a higher survival capacity of the fungus. Since six months was the longest period over which survival of P. lateralis was tested, further studies are needed to determine the upper limit of its survival capacity. Title: Survival of Phytophthora lateralis in an organic matter fraction of the soil Author: Ostrofsky, William Dow Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, an extremely valuable timber tree species, is highly susceptible to a serious, soil -borne root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis. Disease outbreaks of epidemic proportions are continually causing high mortality in natural stands of the host tree. Practical control measures rely on an understanding of the many factors of disease dynamics. One important factor is pathogen survival. The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a better understanding of the survival capacity of P. lateralis in soil and organic debris. Survival studies are dependent on techniques used to detect organism presence. A technique was developed whereby P. lateralis could be detected in the soil. The fungus could generally be detected only in an organic matter fraction of the soil. This organic fraction was separated from the mineral fraction and used as the substrate from which the fungus was baited. When baits of cedar foliage were floated in water over the substrate, P, lateralis, if present, would infect and sporulate on the baits. Baits were considered infected only when sporangia of P. lateralis were observed. The optimum temperature range for infection of baits was between 15 and 20 C; the optimum incubation period was determined as six days. Pre-flooding the organic substrate with distilled water or a cedar root extract for three or seven days prior to baiting was shown to increase the frequency of detection of P. lateralis over substrate which was baited immediately. Blending the organic substrate had no apparent effect on detection. When an organic matter fraction of an infested soil was collected and stored at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, or 20 C for a period of five months, no apparent loss of infectivity occurred, indicating a high survival capacity of the fungus. P. lateralis was able to survive in organic material stored for four months at -5 C, 14 weeks at 25 C, or two weeks at 30 C. Two naturally infested soils were each stored for periods of up to four months. Samples of each soil were stored at four different moisture levels at each of two temperatures (5 C and 20 C). Survival of P. lateralis was poor in soil stored at moisture levels equivalent to less than -15 bars matric water potential. Survival of the fungus was also decreased when soils were stored under saturated conditions at room temperature. P. lateralis stored in soils at moisture contents between these two extremes lost little infectivity after four months. Organic matter highly infective with P. lateralis was added to three soils, and each soil was subjected to various biological treatments. Soils were steamed, planted to cedar (host species), alder, and Douglas-fir (non-host species) and left untreated. The fungus was recovered from the organic matter from all treatments after six months. Survival of P. lateralis appeared best in soils planted to cedar seedlings. The higher infectivity was probably attributable to an increase in inoculum, not to a higher survival capacity of the fungus. Since six months was the longest period over which survival of P. lateralis was tested, further studies are needed to determine the upper limit of its survival capacity. Close

• 327. [Article] Where the Stream Meets the Road : Prioritizing Culvert Replacement for Fish Passage

  Streams across the world are highly fragmented due to the presence of in-stream barriers (e.g., dams and stream-road crossings), many of which restrict or block fish passage. Retrofitting or replacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Where the Stream Meets the Road : Prioritizing Culvert Replacement for Fish Passage Author: Reagan, Rachel E. Streams across the world are highly fragmented due to the presence of in-stream barriers (e.g., dams and stream-road crossings), many of which restrict or block fish passage. Retrofitting or replacing these structures is a high priority for restoring habitat connectivity for native fishes and other aquatic organisms in the Pacific Northwest. The task of restoring habitat connectivity for problematic stream-road crossings is daunting given the many thousands of barriers that are present and the massive financial investments required. Further, the potential risks to road infrastructure from flooding, debris flows, and climate change will need to be addressed to ensure the best allocation of resources. In this study, I developed and implemented an approach to prioritize culvert replacements by including considerations of fish access, culvert replacement costs, and potential climate change impacts on the risk of culvert failure. The approach described herein involves consideration of expected costs throughout the life-cycle of culverts and an optimization model to select culvert replacements in the context of multiple objectives. I illustrate the application and explore trade-offs in the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon, a forest with hundreds of stream-road crossings where culvert replacements are being actively carried out. A variety of native fishes are considered, including salmon, trout, sculpin, dace, and lamprey. Within this setting, I applied the road crossing life-cycle and optimization models to prioritize replacements of culverts across a broad landscape and to explore how contrasting management objectives can change our decisions and on-the-ground actions. I found that the selection of culverts for replacement was variable, depending on the replacement costs used, site-specific risk, upstream habitat goals, and species in question. The framework presented here can help to determine which culverts to replace in order to improve connectivity for stream fishes. Evaluating climate change impacts did not change culvert replacement or size selections, but this could be different in areas predicted to have greater climate change impacts. Title: Where the Stream Meets the Road : Prioritizing Culvert Replacement for Fish Passage Author: Reagan, Rachel E. Streams across the world are highly fragmented due to the presence of in-stream barriers (e.g., dams and stream-road crossings), many of which restrict or block fish passage. Retrofitting or replacing these structures is a high priority for restoring habitat connectivity for native fishes and other aquatic organisms in the Pacific Northwest. The task of restoring habitat connectivity for problematic stream-road crossings is daunting given the many thousands of barriers that are present and the massive financial investments required. Further, the potential risks to road infrastructure from flooding, debris flows, and climate change will need to be addressed to ensure the best allocation of resources. In this study, I developed and implemented an approach to prioritize culvert replacements by including considerations of fish access, culvert replacement costs, and potential climate change impacts on the risk of culvert failure. The approach described herein involves consideration of expected costs throughout the life-cycle of culverts and an optimization model to select culvert replacements in the context of multiple objectives. I illustrate the application and explore trade-offs in the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon, a forest with hundreds of stream-road crossings where culvert replacements are being actively carried out. A variety of native fishes are considered, including salmon, trout, sculpin, dace, and lamprey. Within this setting, I applied the road crossing life-cycle and optimization models to prioritize replacements of culverts across a broad landscape and to explore how contrasting management objectives can change our decisions and on-the-ground actions. I found that the selection of culverts for replacement was variable, depending on the replacement costs used, site-specific risk, upstream habitat goals, and species in question. The framework presented here can help to determine which culverts to replace in order to improve connectivity for stream fishes. Evaluating climate change impacts did not change culvert replacement or size selections, but this could be different in areas predicted to have greater climate change impacts. Close

• 328. [Article] A model for simulating river and reservoir temperatures with applications for anadromous fish management

  A problem confronting the Corps of Engineers and other water resources planners in the Pacific Northwest is the prediction of anadromous fish enhancement benefits that would result from a proposed high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model for simulating river and reservoir temperatures with applications for anadromous fish management Author: Currie, James William A problem confronting the Corps of Engineers and other water resources planners in the Pacific Northwest is the prediction of anadromous fish enhancement benefits that would result from a proposed high dam project. These benefits are expected from augmenting natural streamflows with relatively cold reservoir withdrawals. The resulting increased streamflows and decreased river temperatures downstream are expected to sustain larger salmon populations than would occur without an impoundment. The objectives of this study are to develop a computer simulation model for continuously predicting reservoir and downstream temperatures and mass flows for a single high dam system; and to demonstrate how the model could be used in an actual planning situation to provide information on anadromous fish production. The reservoir submodel constructed for this study is based upon the stratified reservoir model developed at M.I.T. A downstream bulk flow river temperature and routing algorithm, solar flux submodel, and several decision submodels are constructed and incorporated into this system. The model permits determination of all values of mass flows, depths, and water temperatures at any designated point in time for specified points along a river, and for specified reservoir elevations. The model structure allows decision routines to be called at each time interval update for determining reservoir withdrawal, the amount of withdrawal from each of three specified reservoir outlets, and the channel withdrawal for irrigation. This model is applied to the proposed 145,000 acre-feet reservoir on the Calapooia River at Holley, Oregon, to investigate the expected trade-offs and product mix between anadromous fish (a function of water temperature and streamflow) and reservoir-based recreation (a function of reservoir elevation). It was found that the river temperatures downstream from the proposed reservoir could not be maintained within the optimum range for Pacific salmon. Further, it was found that the temperatures of the reservoir withdrawals would have a negligible effect upon river temperatures beyond 24 miles downstream from the dam site. An economic analysis suggests that the level of anadromous fish enhancement and recreation benefits predicted by the Corps of Engineers could not be achieved by constructing the proposed Holley project. The model developed in this study is structured so that any water quality parameter, not just temperature, could be simulated with the downstream routing algorithm. The model can also be used to evaluate the operational efficiency of existing multiple objective water projects. In addition, the model structure would make it relatively easy to build additional submodels into the algorithm. For example, the inclusion of a flood control or dynamic fish population submodel would depict a more realistic situation as well as broaden the economic analysis. The computer model structure requires the solution sequence to pass through all relevant subprograms at each time interval update. Thus, calculations covering only one internal time period are made on each pass of a subprogram. This model structure allows for considerable operating flexibility. For example, because all hydrometeorological data are read from subprograms, the model can be operated using either historical or stochastically generated data. Title: A model for simulating river and reservoir temperatures with applications for anadromous fish management Author: Currie, James William A problem confronting the Corps of Engineers and other water resources planners in the Pacific Northwest is the prediction of anadromous fish enhancement benefits that would result from a proposed high dam project. These benefits are expected from augmenting natural streamflows with relatively cold reservoir withdrawals. The resulting increased streamflows and decreased river temperatures downstream are expected to sustain larger salmon populations than would occur without an impoundment. The objectives of this study are to develop a computer simulation model for continuously predicting reservoir and downstream temperatures and mass flows for a single high dam system; and to demonstrate how the model could be used in an actual planning situation to provide information on anadromous fish production. The reservoir submodel constructed for this study is based upon the stratified reservoir model developed at M.I.T. A downstream bulk flow river temperature and routing algorithm, solar flux submodel, and several decision submodels are constructed and incorporated into this system. The model permits determination of all values of mass flows, depths, and water temperatures at any designated point in time for specified points along a river, and for specified reservoir elevations. The model structure allows decision routines to be called at each time interval update for determining reservoir withdrawal, the amount of withdrawal from each of three specified reservoir outlets, and the channel withdrawal for irrigation. This model is applied to the proposed 145,000 acre-feet reservoir on the Calapooia River at Holley, Oregon, to investigate the expected trade-offs and product mix between anadromous fish (a function of water temperature and streamflow) and reservoir-based recreation (a function of reservoir elevation). It was found that the river temperatures downstream from the proposed reservoir could not be maintained within the optimum range for Pacific salmon. Further, it was found that the temperatures of the reservoir withdrawals would have a negligible effect upon river temperatures beyond 24 miles downstream from the dam site. An economic analysis suggests that the level of anadromous fish enhancement and recreation benefits predicted by the Corps of Engineers could not be achieved by constructing the proposed Holley project. The model developed in this study is structured so that any water quality parameter, not just temperature, could be simulated with the downstream routing algorithm. The model can also be used to evaluate the operational efficiency of existing multiple objective water projects. In addition, the model structure would make it relatively easy to build additional submodels into the algorithm. For example, the inclusion of a flood control or dynamic fish population submodel would depict a more realistic situation as well as broaden the economic analysis. The computer model structure requires the solution sequence to pass through all relevant subprograms at each time interval update. Thus, calculations covering only one internal time period are made on each pass of a subprogram. This model structure allows for considerable operating flexibility. For example, because all hydrometeorological data are read from subprograms, the model can be operated using either historical or stochastically generated data. Close

• 329. [Article] Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats

  The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats Author: Lake, Frank K. The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations to climate, topography, ecological processes, and land use practices. This research incorporates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to partially examine the role of tribal fire uses and ethnobotany. Research methods use an interdisciplinary approach to characterize fuels and fire management issues in culturally significant riparian and terrestrial habitats. Tribal fuels and fire management practices were investigated. Understanding past tribal fire management systems is needed to place contemporary Native American fuels and fire management issues in to context for government agencies and private interest that have altered tribal opportunities to continue fire uses. This study examined fire effects on sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in valley riparian zones along the lower mid-Klamath River. Prescribed fire was used to induce sprouting of sandbar willow and reduce insect populations to improve basket material quantity and quality. Results indicate that flooding had greater affects on the structure, composition, and abundance of vegetation and fuels than prescribed fire. A second experiment to compare the effect of propane burning and pruning sandbar willow indicated that propane burning was less effective than pruning to improve stem morphology for basket weaving. Consultation with tribal basket weavers and research of the proportion of useable willow shoots, amount of insect damage and the relationship of stem diameter and length revealed these attributes were important criteria for determining usability for weaving. This research also included other basketry plants. TEK is used to better understand fire effects on culturally significant resources and the consequences of fire suppression on terrestrial and riparian habitats. The mechanisms of how fire suppression impacts tribes, resources and tribal land uses are presented. Recommendations are presented for additional research to improve collaboration with tribes, tribal organizations and communities based on contemporary tribal values and priorities for fuels and fire management. Title: Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats Author: Lake, Frank K. The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations to climate, topography, ecological processes, and land use practices. This research incorporates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to partially examine the role of tribal fire uses and ethnobotany. Research methods use an interdisciplinary approach to characterize fuels and fire management issues in culturally significant riparian and terrestrial habitats. Tribal fuels and fire management practices were investigated. Understanding past tribal fire management systems is needed to place contemporary Native American fuels and fire management issues in to context for government agencies and private interest that have altered tribal opportunities to continue fire uses. This study examined fire effects on sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in valley riparian zones along the lower mid-Klamath River. Prescribed fire was used to induce sprouting of sandbar willow and reduce insect populations to improve basket material quantity and quality. Results indicate that flooding had greater affects on the structure, composition, and abundance of vegetation and fuels than prescribed fire. A second experiment to compare the effect of propane burning and pruning sandbar willow indicated that propane burning was less effective than pruning to improve stem morphology for basket weaving. Consultation with tribal basket weavers and research of the proportion of useable willow shoots, amount of insect damage and the relationship of stem diameter and length revealed these attributes were important criteria for determining usability for weaving. This research also included other basketry plants. TEK is used to better understand fire effects on culturally significant resources and the consequences of fire suppression on terrestrial and riparian habitats. The mechanisms of how fire suppression impacts tribes, resources and tribal land uses are presented. Recommendations are presented for additional research to improve collaboration with tribes, tribal organizations and communities based on contemporary tribal values and priorities for fuels and fire management. Close

• 330. [Article] Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans based on diatom transfer functions

  Modern upwelling conditions and corresponding oceanographic properties are investigated and reconstructed for the Late Quaternary. The oceanographic conditions considered influence diatom ecology and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans based on diatom transfer functions Author: Lopes, Cristina Isabel Coelho Dias Modern upwelling conditions and corresponding oceanographic properties are investigated and reconstructed for the Late Quaternary. The oceanographic conditions considered influence diatom ecology and the record of fossil diatom frustules in the sediments. Diatoms from modern sediments are evaluated as paleoceanographic proxies and transfer functions (TFs) are calibrated using the Imbrie and Kipp (I&K) method and Weighted Averaging (WA) from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). CCA is used to define the most appropriate environmental variables to model. TFs for productivity, sea-surface temperature, salinity and PO4 are developed from both methods (I&K and WA) for the northeast Pacific. WA is more efficient and robust than I&K, specially regarding extrapolations and weak no-analogs. Downcore studies for the northeast Pacific revealed the presence of no-analogs related to late Pleistocene mega-floods that emanated from the Columbia River and reduced regional sea-surface salinities by as much as 10 PSU. Two methods were applied to address the no-analog problem: method 1 reflects the combination of all samples (downcore and modern) and method 2 reflects the removal of the species/groups that comprises the no-analogs. Some of the TFs had to be re-calibrated in order to apply them to the particular cores selected for the past reconstructions. For the northeast Pacific, the reconstructions go back 60,000 years (B.P.) and method 2 resulted in significant reconstructions for productivity and sea-surface temperature. For the northeast Atlantic upwelling area, the TFs development is limited by the quality of the datasets (floral and environmental). The modern sample dataset characteristics precluded the use of the environmental datasets analogous to those from the northeast Pacific. Nevertheless, both I&K and WA resulted in significant TFs for the modern calibration, regarding “in situ” data for sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll. The downcore reconstructions have low resolution and only a realistic evaluation can be done between modern conditions and Oxygen Isotope Stage 2. This dissertation reflects the necessary studies to develop paleoceanographic proxies and transfer functions for past oceanic reconstructions that can be linked to climate changes. Although this study contemplates only two geographic upwelling areas, the tools used here can be applied to other upwelling regions. Title: Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans based on diatom transfer functions Author: Lopes, Cristina Isabel Coelho Dias Modern upwelling conditions and corresponding oceanographic properties are investigated and reconstructed for the Late Quaternary. The oceanographic conditions considered influence diatom ecology and the record of fossil diatom frustules in the sediments. Diatoms from modern sediments are evaluated as paleoceanographic proxies and transfer functions (TFs) are calibrated using the Imbrie and Kipp (I&K) method and Weighted Averaging (WA) from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). CCA is used to define the most appropriate environmental variables to model. TFs for productivity, sea-surface temperature, salinity and PO4 are developed from both methods (I&K and WA) for the northeast Pacific. WA is more efficient and robust than I&K, specially regarding extrapolations and weak no-analogs. Downcore studies for the northeast Pacific revealed the presence of no-analogs related to late Pleistocene mega-floods that emanated from the Columbia River and reduced regional sea-surface salinities by as much as 10 PSU. Two methods were applied to address the no-analog problem: method 1 reflects the combination of all samples (downcore and modern) and method 2 reflects the removal of the species/groups that comprises the no-analogs. Some of the TFs had to be re-calibrated in order to apply them to the particular cores selected for the past reconstructions. For the northeast Pacific, the reconstructions go back 60,000 years (B.P.) and method 2 resulted in significant reconstructions for productivity and sea-surface temperature. For the northeast Atlantic upwelling area, the TFs development is limited by the quality of the datasets (floral and environmental). The modern sample dataset characteristics precluded the use of the environmental datasets analogous to those from the northeast Pacific. Nevertheless, both I&K and WA resulted in significant TFs for the modern calibration, regarding “in situ” data for sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll. The downcore reconstructions have low resolution and only a realistic evaluation can be done between modern conditions and Oxygen Isotope Stage 2. This dissertation reflects the necessary studies to develop paleoceanographic proxies and transfer functions for past oceanic reconstructions that can be linked to climate changes. Although this study contemplates only two geographic upwelling areas, the tools used here can be applied to other upwelling regions. Close