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• 311. [Article] Material possessions and selected activity patterns of women living in retirement housing

  The study was undertaken to determine 1) The types, numbers and status (previously owned or newly purchased) of the household furnishings 2) The types and amounts of selected personal belongings 3) Adequacy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Material possessions and selected activity patterns of women living in retirement housing Author: Kitchens, Helen Martin The study was undertaken to determine 1) The types, numbers and status (previously owned or newly purchased) of the household furnishings 2) The types and amounts of selected personal belongings 3) Adequacy of storage space provided 4) Selected activity patterns of a specific group of retired women living in one retirement home. The retirement home selected for the study was Terwilliger Plaza, a 342-unit complex located in Portland, Oregon. The aforementioned information was obtained through personal interviews with a random sample of 45 residents of the retirement home--25 living in studio apartments and 20 living in one-bedroom apartments. Comparisons were made between residents of the two types of apartments in each of the areas studied. The interviews revealed that there was no significant difference between residents of the two types of apartments studied relative to length of time at Terwilliger Plaza, previous residence, age and annual income. Approximately three-fourths of the total group had lived in the home the entire four years it had been in operation. The largest group lived in apartments or their own home for an average of ten years before entering the retirement home. The mean age of the occupants was 72.4. Most of the women had an annual income of less than $5,000. When household furnishings were considered, it was concluded that favored items included in the living-dining area by both groups of women studied were easy chairs, small tables, dining tables and chairs, television sets and table and/or floor lamps. The one-bedroom apartment occupants favored a sofa in this area. In the sleeping area, studio apartment occupants were about equally divided in their choice of single bed or convertible sofa-bed. The business centers of studio apartments often featured a secretary. Some of the one-bedroom apartments also had a secretary but more of this group had desks and chairs. Relative to status of furnishings, it can be concluded that the majority of the residents in this retirement home found it most satisfactory to include furnishings from their previous home along with a lesser number of newly purchased items. If they did buy new items, the items purchased most often were television sets, easy chairs, sofas, sofa-beds and bedroom sets. Personal belongings inventoried included outer garments, bedding, household linens, dinnerware, silverware, small electrical appliances and cooking utensils. In every category, with the exception of frequently used cooking utensils, the one-bedroom apartment occupants owned and kept in their apartments a slightly greater number of items than did the studio apartment occupants. The differences were not great enough to be significant. The occupants in both types of apartments tended to keep hobby and business supplies, coats and other clothes, chests, extra food, extra bedding, dishes, cooking utensils: and ironing boards in the storage closet in their apartments. They stored luggage, Christmas deccorations, extra boxes, out-of-season clothes, chests, photographs, personal and family papers, extra bedding, canned foods and cooking utensils in the storage space provided outside their apartments. Nearly all those interviewed were satisfied with the storage space provided. Selected activities participated in by retirement home occupants were meal preparation, meals for guests, light housekeeping chores, entertaining, hobbies, and volunteer work for the retirement home and other organizations. The findings of the study can be useful to 1) Educators concerned with the aging 2) Prospective "retirees" 3) The building trades constructing retirement housing 4) Interior decorators working with the aged 5) Furniture manufacturers and retailers who design, produce and sell furniture for the aged. Title: Material possessions and selected activity patterns of women living in retirement housing Author: Kitchens, Helen Martin The study was undertaken to determine 1) The types, numbers and status (previously owned or newly purchased) of the household furnishings 2) The types and amounts of selected personal belongings 3) Adequacy of storage space provided 4) Selected activity patterns of a specific group of retired women living in one retirement home. The retirement home selected for the study was Terwilliger Plaza, a 342-unit complex located in Portland, Oregon. The aforementioned information was obtained through personal interviews with a random sample of 45 residents of the retirement home--25 living in studio apartments and 20 living in one-bedroom apartments. Comparisons were made between residents of the two types of apartments in each of the areas studied. The interviews revealed that there was no significant difference between residents of the two types of apartments studied relative to length of time at Terwilliger Plaza, previous residence, age and annual income. Approximately three-fourths of the total group had lived in the home the entire four years it had been in operation. The largest group lived in apartments or their own home for an average of ten years before entering the retirement home. The mean age of the occupants was 72.4. Most of the women had an annual income of less than $5,000. When household furnishings were considered, it was concluded that favored items included in the living-dining area by both groups of women studied were easy chairs, small tables, dining tables and chairs, television sets and table and/or floor lamps. The one-bedroom apartment occupants favored a sofa in this area. In the sleeping area, studio apartment occupants were about equally divided in their choice of single bed or convertible sofa-bed. The business centers of studio apartments often featured a secretary. Some of the one-bedroom apartments also had a secretary but more of this group had desks and chairs. Relative to status of furnishings, it can be concluded that the majority of the residents in this retirement home found it most satisfactory to include furnishings from their previous home along with a lesser number of newly purchased items. If they did buy new items, the items purchased most often were television sets, easy chairs, sofas, sofa-beds and bedroom sets. Personal belongings inventoried included outer garments, bedding, household linens, dinnerware, silverware, small electrical appliances and cooking utensils. In every category, with the exception of frequently used cooking utensils, the one-bedroom apartment occupants owned and kept in their apartments a slightly greater number of items than did the studio apartment occupants. The differences were not great enough to be significant. The occupants in both types of apartments tended to keep hobby and business supplies, coats and other clothes, chests, extra food, extra bedding, dishes, cooking utensils: and ironing boards in the storage closet in their apartments. They stored luggage, Christmas deccorations, extra boxes, out-of-season clothes, chests, photographs, personal and family papers, extra bedding, canned foods and cooking utensils in the storage space provided outside their apartments. Nearly all those interviewed were satisfied with the storage space provided. Selected activities participated in by retirement home occupants were meal preparation, meals for guests, light housekeeping chores, entertaining, hobbies, and volunteer work for the retirement home and other organizations. The findings of the study can be useful to 1) Educators concerned with the aging 2) Prospective "retirees" 3) The building trades constructing retirement housing 4) Interior decorators working with the aged 5) Furniture manufacturers and retailers who design, produce and sell furniture for the aged. Close

• 312. [Article] The influence of information given homemakers on Old Age, Survivor and Disability Insurance in motivating families toward financial security planning

  The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of information on Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance in motivating homemakers to do further family financial security planning. Planning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of information given homemakers on Old Age, Survivor and Disability Insurance in motivating families toward financial security planning Author: Brown, Dorothy F. (Dorothy Furtick) The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of information on Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance in motivating homemakers to do further family financial security planning. Planning was measured in terms of estimating OASDI benefits and total income available for retirement and for survivors. The subjects used for securing the data were members of Benton County, Oregon, extension units, which are homemakers' clubs sponsored by the Cooperative Extension Service. One hundred forty-three questionnaire respondents had received information on OASDI from the county extension agent, while 76 respondents had not received this information. An additional 43 unit members who had not completed the questionnaire were interviewed by telephone. There was a significant positive relationship between homemakers having received the OASDI information at the extension meetings and having estimated OASDI benefits. There was also a significant positive relationship between estimating OASDI benefits and figuring on total income for survivors and for retirement. There was no significant relationship between attendance at OASDI meetings and figuring on total income for retirement and survivors by those who had estimated their OASDI benefits. There was no relationship between attendance at the OASDI meetings and interest in further family finance information concerning life insurance, financial involvements when death comes, and family money management. When the data were arranged according to age groups, it was found that as the women became older, a greater proportion estimated their OASDI benefits. There was no significant difference in the proportion of each age group who figured on their total retirement income. However, the youngest age group did significantly more figuring on total survivor income than did the next older group. There was no significant difference between age groups in total activity following the OASDI meeting. Of the 143 respondents who had attended the OASDI meeting, 71 had estimated their OASDI benefits. Fifty of these (70%) said they learned how to do the estimating at the extension meeting. Thirty-two of the 71 (45%) said they knew how to estimate benefits before their husbands did. Other activities resulted from attendance at the OASDI meetings: 35% mailed the request card for a check on their OASDI accounts, 11% talked to the social security representative for the area, 43% checked on the whereabouts of their vital papers, and 81% discussed OASDI with someone else. From the telephone interviews with homemakers who had attended the OASDI meetings but had not filled out questionnaires, information was secured as to why 19 of the 43 had not estimated their benefits: social security was not important to them, they did not understand how to estimate their benefits, their husbands took care of everything, they just put off doing anything, they could not get husband interested, children were nearly 18 so could not get immediate benefits, income fluctuated too much to estimate benefits. From those who had estimated their benefits, very little information was secured as to the specifics of planning and action taken to improve the financial security situation. From this study the conclusion might be drawn that information about OASDI, including how to estimate benefits, will result in more people doing family financial security planning. It seems to be worthwhile to give this information to homemakers, since they share this information with others, particularly their husbands. Each age group was motivated to use this information. Title: The influence of information given homemakers on Old Age, Survivor and Disability Insurance in motivating families toward financial security planning Author: Brown, Dorothy F. (Dorothy Furtick) The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of information on Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance in motivating homemakers to do further family financial security planning. Planning was measured in terms of estimating OASDI benefits and total income available for retirement and for survivors. The subjects used for securing the data were members of Benton County, Oregon, extension units, which are homemakers' clubs sponsored by the Cooperative Extension Service. One hundred forty-three questionnaire respondents had received information on OASDI from the county extension agent, while 76 respondents had not received this information. An additional 43 unit members who had not completed the questionnaire were interviewed by telephone. There was a significant positive relationship between homemakers having received the OASDI information at the extension meetings and having estimated OASDI benefits. There was also a significant positive relationship between estimating OASDI benefits and figuring on total income for survivors and for retirement. There was no significant relationship between attendance at OASDI meetings and figuring on total income for retirement and survivors by those who had estimated their OASDI benefits. There was no relationship between attendance at the OASDI meetings and interest in further family finance information concerning life insurance, financial involvements when death comes, and family money management. When the data were arranged according to age groups, it was found that as the women became older, a greater proportion estimated their OASDI benefits. There was no significant difference in the proportion of each age group who figured on their total retirement income. However, the youngest age group did significantly more figuring on total survivor income than did the next older group. There was no significant difference between age groups in total activity following the OASDI meeting. Of the 143 respondents who had attended the OASDI meeting, 71 had estimated their OASDI benefits. Fifty of these (70%) said they learned how to do the estimating at the extension meeting. Thirty-two of the 71 (45%) said they knew how to estimate benefits before their husbands did. Other activities resulted from attendance at the OASDI meetings: 35% mailed the request card for a check on their OASDI accounts, 11% talked to the social security representative for the area, 43% checked on the whereabouts of their vital papers, and 81% discussed OASDI with someone else. From the telephone interviews with homemakers who had attended the OASDI meetings but had not filled out questionnaires, information was secured as to why 19 of the 43 had not estimated their benefits: social security was not important to them, they did not understand how to estimate their benefits, their husbands took care of everything, they just put off doing anything, they could not get husband interested, children were nearly 18 so could not get immediate benefits, income fluctuated too much to estimate benefits. From those who had estimated their benefits, very little information was secured as to the specifics of planning and action taken to improve the financial security situation. From this study the conclusion might be drawn that information about OASDI, including how to estimate benefits, will result in more people doing family financial security planning. It seems to be worthwhile to give this information to homemakers, since they share this information with others, particularly their husbands. Each age group was motivated to use this information. Close

• 313. [Article] The vegetation dynamics of Pinus contorta forest, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  This study describes the soils, vegetation and age structure of the Pinus contorta forests of Crater Lake National Park. Growth rates of P. contorta, and levels of infection and impact of dwarf mistletoe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The vegetation dynamics of Pinus contorta forest, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Zeigler, Robert S. This study describes the soils, vegetation and age structure of the Pinus contorta forests of Crater Lake National Park. Growth rates of P. contorta, and levels of infection and impact of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanu1r) on growth of P. contorta individuals are compared among communities. Vegetation description is based on 81 circular 500 m² sample plots in forest with at least 50% P. contorta. Communities were defined using association tables and a computerized similarity ordination. Tree ages were determined at 30 cm, and age classes were defined. Severity of dwarf mistletoe infection was estimated using a seven class rating system. Eleven communities are defined, of which three are climax, or at least persistent P. contorta, and eight are seral. All but one are found on Steiger soil, or this soil mixed with non-pumiceous rock. An important factor controlling P. contorta climax community distribution may be soil temperature, as determined by length of the snow-free period and topography. Presence and distribution of seral communities may reflect climate and result from higher soil nutrient levels, as determined by the distance to non-pumiceous material. There is considerable variability in size of P. contorta at a given age. Both diameter and height seem to reflect site quality and the two are highly correlated; maximum tree sizes differ among some communities. Growth is greatly reduced after 100 years. Age analyses and historical records suggest that, though fires occurred in Crater Lake National Park before the arrival of white man, they were unusually frequent from 1850 to 1900 because of his activities. Most fires in P. contorta probably were intense enough to destroy, or nearly destroy, a stand, and could occur at intervals less than ten years. A minimum estimate of mean fire frequency is between 25 and 50 years. The area of P. contorta forest probably increased when white-man caused fires burned Abies-Tsuga forests. Invasion patterns of shade tolerant species suggest that repeated low intensity fires were common in two communities. In one, fire-scarred trees support this hypothesis. Widespread fires were probably rate in the P. contorta/Carex-Stipa community. I suggest that true climax forest of Abies and Tsuga does not exist here on pumice soils. A model is presented in which P. contorta develops to Abies-Tsuga forest, which eventually degenerates, burns, and recycles to P. contorta. Dwarf mistletoe infection slightly reduces height and diameter growth in heavily infected trees. Sapwood thickness is reduced only slightly, if at all. Phloem thickness may be reduced in the P. contorta/Carex-Lupinus community by heavy mistletoe infection; trees large enough to be susceptible to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) attack have slightly greater dwarf mistletoe infection than smaller trees in this and the Abies lasiocarpa/ Haplopappus/Aster-Elymus communities. Stand age accounts for almost 30% of the variability in mean stand infection level which is highest in old stands and lowest in isolated or repeatedly burned areas. Evidence of bark beetle activity is found in all communities. There probably have been no irreversible changes in vegetation because of fire suppression over the past 75 years. Permitting lightning fires to burn and suppressing man-caused fires should reestablish a more varied age structure and permit some P. contorta to develop to Abies-Tsuga, while some Abies-Tsuga will probably burn and recycle to P. contorta. Meadow area should increase as will the cover of some shrubs, such as Ribes cereum. Title: The vegetation dynamics of Pinus contorta forest, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Zeigler, Robert S. This study describes the soils, vegetation and age structure of the Pinus contorta forests of Crater Lake National Park. Growth rates of P. contorta, and levels of infection and impact of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanu1r) on growth of P. contorta individuals are compared among communities. Vegetation description is based on 81 circular 500 m² sample plots in forest with at least 50% P. contorta. Communities were defined using association tables and a computerized similarity ordination. Tree ages were determined at 30 cm, and age classes were defined. Severity of dwarf mistletoe infection was estimated using a seven class rating system. Eleven communities are defined, of which three are climax, or at least persistent P. contorta, and eight are seral. All but one are found on Steiger soil, or this soil mixed with non-pumiceous rock. An important factor controlling P. contorta climax community distribution may be soil temperature, as determined by length of the snow-free period and topography. Presence and distribution of seral communities may reflect climate and result from higher soil nutrient levels, as determined by the distance to non-pumiceous material. There is considerable variability in size of P. contorta at a given age. Both diameter and height seem to reflect site quality and the two are highly correlated; maximum tree sizes differ among some communities. Growth is greatly reduced after 100 years. Age analyses and historical records suggest that, though fires occurred in Crater Lake National Park before the arrival of white man, they were unusually frequent from 1850 to 1900 because of his activities. Most fires in P. contorta probably were intense enough to destroy, or nearly destroy, a stand, and could occur at intervals less than ten years. A minimum estimate of mean fire frequency is between 25 and 50 years. The area of P. contorta forest probably increased when white-man caused fires burned Abies-Tsuga forests. Invasion patterns of shade tolerant species suggest that repeated low intensity fires were common in two communities. In one, fire-scarred trees support this hypothesis. Widespread fires were probably rate in the P. contorta/Carex-Stipa community. I suggest that true climax forest of Abies and Tsuga does not exist here on pumice soils. A model is presented in which P. contorta develops to Abies-Tsuga forest, which eventually degenerates, burns, and recycles to P. contorta. Dwarf mistletoe infection slightly reduces height and diameter growth in heavily infected trees. Sapwood thickness is reduced only slightly, if at all. Phloem thickness may be reduced in the P. contorta/Carex-Lupinus community by heavy mistletoe infection; trees large enough to be susceptible to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) attack have slightly greater dwarf mistletoe infection than smaller trees in this and the Abies lasiocarpa/ Haplopappus/Aster-Elymus communities. Stand age accounts for almost 30% of the variability in mean stand infection level which is highest in old stands and lowest in isolated or repeatedly burned areas. Evidence of bark beetle activity is found in all communities. There probably have been no irreversible changes in vegetation because of fire suppression over the past 75 years. Permitting lightning fires to burn and suppressing man-caused fires should reestablish a more varied age structure and permit some P. contorta to develop to Abies-Tsuga, while some Abies-Tsuga will probably burn and recycle to P. contorta. Meadow area should increase as will the cover of some shrubs, such as Ribes cereum. Close

• 314. [Article] The Influence of Cow Age on Botanical Composition of Diets in Mixed Conifer Mountain Riparian Areas and Adjacent Uplands

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow age on botanical composition of diets in mountain riparian areas. Treatments consisted of 30 first calf heifers, and 30 mature cows randomly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Cow Age on Botanical Composition of Diets in Mixed Conifer Mountain Riparian Areas and Adjacent Uplands Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Morrison, Julie, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow age on botanical composition of diets in mountain riparian areas. Treatments consisted of 30 first calf heifers, and 30 mature cows randomly assigned to four pastures (2 pastures/treatment, average 21.5 ha) in a two-year study with a cross over design. Botanical composition of diets was determined in fecal samples obtained from 10 animals in each treatment from d 36 to 39 of a 42-day grazing period using microhistological techniques. The crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined, and correction factors were calculated for 22 major plant species. There was no between age class differences in the total number of plant species in the diet (P >0.10) than for heifers. Heifers consumed more (P < 0.10) grasses and fewer (P < 0.10) shrubs and trees than mature cows. In digested samples, grasses were overestimated, whereas, all forbs but northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), were underestimated, and all shrub species were overestimated except common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus). Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) were the only species to comprise more than 5% of the diet consistently across the years. There were strong interactions between diet species composition, animal age class, and year (P < 0.01). In Year 1, heifers consumed more western wheatgrass, tufted hairgrass, pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), and blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) (P < 0.10), but less Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) (P < 0.10), than mature cows, but in Year 2 no between age class differences were found (P > 0.10) except for western needlegrass (Stipa occidentalis) (P < 0.10). The diet proportion of ponderosa pine needles (Pinus ponderosa) was significantly different between age classes across the study years with consistently being found more in the diet of mature cows (P < 0.10). In summary, mature cows appeared to have selected a diet that contained less grass species and more shrubs and trees compared to younger cows. Title: The Influence of Cow Age on Botanical Composition of Diets in Mixed Conifer Mountain Riparian Areas and Adjacent Uplands Author: Ackerman, Callan, Damiran, Daalkhaijav, Morrison, Julie, Darambazar, Enkhjargal, DelCurto, Timothy The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow age on botanical composition of diets in mountain riparian areas. Treatments consisted of 30 first calf heifers, and 30 mature cows randomly assigned to four pastures (2 pastures/treatment, average 21.5 ha) in a two-year study with a cross over design. Botanical composition of diets was determined in fecal samples obtained from 10 animals in each treatment from d 36 to 39 of a 42-day grazing period using microhistological techniques. The crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined, and correction factors were calculated for 22 major plant species. There was no between age class differences in the total number of plant species in the diet (P >0.10) than for heifers. Heifers consumed more (P < 0.10) grasses and fewer (P < 0.10) shrubs and trees than mature cows. In digested samples, grasses were overestimated, whereas, all forbs but northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), were underestimated, and all shrub species were overestimated except common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus). Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) were the only species to comprise more than 5% of the diet consistently across the years. There were strong interactions between diet species composition, animal age class, and year (P < 0.01). In Year 1, heifers consumed more western wheatgrass, tufted hairgrass, pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), and blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) (P < 0.10), but less Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) (P < 0.10), than mature cows, but in Year 2 no between age class differences were found (P > 0.10) except for western needlegrass (Stipa occidentalis) (P < 0.10). The diet proportion of ponderosa pine needles (Pinus ponderosa) was significantly different between age classes across the study years with consistently being found more in the diet of mature cows (P < 0.10). In summary, mature cows appeared to have selected a diet that contained less grass species and more shrubs and trees compared to younger cows. Close

• 315. [Article] Structure and stratigraphy of the Argenta area, Beaverhead County, Montana

  The thesis area comprises 53 square miles located in Beaverhead County, Montana, and includes the Argenta mining district. Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the area range in age from Precambrian to Recent. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure and stratigraphy of the Argenta area, Beaverhead County, Montana Author: Hobbs, Billy Bob The thesis area comprises 53 square miles located in Beaverhead County, Montana, and includes the Argenta mining district. Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the area range in age from Precambrian to Recent. The aggregate thickness of the sedimentary rocks is approximately 13,500 feet. The only systems not represented are Ordovician and Silurian. The oldest sedimentary rocks consist of Late Precambrian shallow marine and nonmarine subarkose, argillite, and ortho-quartzite of the Belt Supergroup. These strata are divided into three informal map units. The Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Belt strata were deposited in a marine and in part nonmarine environment. The Cambrian system is represented by the Late Cambrian Hasmark Formation, succeeded disconformably by the Late Devonian Jefferson Dolomite and Three Forks Formation. Overlying the Three Forks is a thick sequence of Early to Late Mississippian limestones which were separated into the Lodgepole Formation and Mission Canyon Limestone. The Amsden Formation of Late Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian age overlies the Mission Canyon with probable disconformity. The Pennsylvanian Quadrant Formation conformably succeeds the Amsden. The Permian Phosphoria Formation is considered to disconformably(?) overlie the Quadrant Formation. Mesozoic strata were deposited in continental and marine environments. The marine Dinwoody Formation of Early Triassic age is disconformably succeeded by the Late Jurassic continental Morrison Formation. The dominantly continental Early Cretaceous Kootenai Formation overlies the Morrison Formation with a gradational and arbitrarily located boundary. Marine strata of the Colorado Group (?) of Early and Late Cretaceous age overlie the Kootenai Formation with probable disconformity. Rocks representing the Tertiary System are dominantly igneous. The Argenta Stock and related plutons consist of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and latite porphyry of probable Middle or Late Eocene age. The Argenta Stock is a composite pluton comprising quartz monzonite and quartz monzonite porphyry. Lithic welded tuff and an olivine basalt flow of possible Eocene-Oligocene age are found only in the northwest part of the area. Rhyolitic vitric tuff discomformably overlain by a limestone-pebble conglomerate, both of probable Miocene age, are present only in the eastern part of the area. Quaternary strata in the area include both glacial and fluvial deposits. Pleistocene glaciers, representing at least three glacial stades, produced a glacial trough with valley-in-valley profile, and left moraines in the northwest part of the area. Resulting outwash deposits are found in terraces above the present Rattlesnake Creek drainage. Quaternary landslide and alluvial deposits are locally present. The Laramide Orogeny has produced a complex series of folds and faults which locally trend anomalously northeast-southwest. The main structural features are the Kelly Thrust and the Argenta Anticline. Horizontal compression from the west and northwest produced a series of dominantly northeast-plunging anticlines and synclines broken by steep faults in addition to the major structures. Title: Structure and stratigraphy of the Argenta area, Beaverhead County, Montana Author: Hobbs, Billy Bob The thesis area comprises 53 square miles located in Beaverhead County, Montana, and includes the Argenta mining district. Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the area range in age from Precambrian to Recent. The aggregate thickness of the sedimentary rocks is approximately 13,500 feet. The only systems not represented are Ordovician and Silurian. The oldest sedimentary rocks consist of Late Precambrian shallow marine and nonmarine subarkose, argillite, and ortho-quartzite of the Belt Supergroup. These strata are divided into three informal map units. The Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Belt strata were deposited in a marine and in part nonmarine environment. The Cambrian system is represented by the Late Cambrian Hasmark Formation, succeeded disconformably by the Late Devonian Jefferson Dolomite and Three Forks Formation. Overlying the Three Forks is a thick sequence of Early to Late Mississippian limestones which were separated into the Lodgepole Formation and Mission Canyon Limestone. The Amsden Formation of Late Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian age overlies the Mission Canyon with probable disconformity. The Pennsylvanian Quadrant Formation conformably succeeds the Amsden. The Permian Phosphoria Formation is considered to disconformably(?) overlie the Quadrant Formation. Mesozoic strata were deposited in continental and marine environments. The marine Dinwoody Formation of Early Triassic age is disconformably succeeded by the Late Jurassic continental Morrison Formation. The dominantly continental Early Cretaceous Kootenai Formation overlies the Morrison Formation with a gradational and arbitrarily located boundary. Marine strata of the Colorado Group (?) of Early and Late Cretaceous age overlie the Kootenai Formation with probable disconformity. Rocks representing the Tertiary System are dominantly igneous. The Argenta Stock and related plutons consist of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and latite porphyry of probable Middle or Late Eocene age. The Argenta Stock is a composite pluton comprising quartz monzonite and quartz monzonite porphyry. Lithic welded tuff and an olivine basalt flow of possible Eocene-Oligocene age are found only in the northwest part of the area. Rhyolitic vitric tuff discomformably overlain by a limestone-pebble conglomerate, both of probable Miocene age, are present only in the eastern part of the area. Quaternary strata in the area include both glacial and fluvial deposits. Pleistocene glaciers, representing at least three glacial stades, produced a glacial trough with valley-in-valley profile, and left moraines in the northwest part of the area. Resulting outwash deposits are found in terraces above the present Rattlesnake Creek drainage. Quaternary landslide and alluvial deposits are locally present. The Laramide Orogeny has produced a complex series of folds and faults which locally trend anomalously northeast-southwest. The main structural features are the Kelly Thrust and the Argenta Anticline. Horizontal compression from the west and northwest produced a series of dominantly northeast-plunging anticlines and synclines broken by steep faults in addition to the major structures. Close

• 316. [Article] Chaparral history, dynamics, and response to disturbance in southwest Oregon : insights from age structure

  Fuels management on Bureau of Land Management lands in SW Oregon, USA, is motivated by the needs to reduce fire hazard and restore ecosystems thought to be impacted by fire suppression. Chaparral is one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chaparral history, dynamics, and response to disturbance in southwest Oregon : insights from age structure Author: Duren, Olivia Fuels management on Bureau of Land Management lands in SW Oregon, USA, is motivated by the needs to reduce fire hazard and restore ecosystems thought to be impacted by fire suppression. Chaparral is one of the most characteristic vegetation communities of SW Oregon's interior valleys, and extensive acreages within this system are targeted annually for fuels treatment. However, this community is also poorly understood. Little is known about its response to fire suppression, and the assumptions justifying the need for fuels reduction and on which treatment prescriptions are based are extrapolations from other ecosystems. I studied patterns in chaparral age structure of two obligate-seeding shrubs, Arctostaphylos viscida C. Parry and Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt., for insights into the influences of environment and the two dominant disturbances in SW Oregon, fire and grazing, on population structure and dynamics. My 31 low to mid-elevation study sites represent four chaparral 'types' and a range in times since fire (22 yr to > 114 yr). My study area is near the northernmost extension of the California chaparral vegetation type, and results indicate that SW Oregon chaparral populations diverge from studied California chaparral populations in several fundamental ways. All stands unburned for > 30 yr were uneven-aged due to prolific recruitment in the absence of fire and appreciable fire survivorship. Relatively high shrub densities were associated with even-aged sites, but these sites were all young (< 30 yr) and density declined the longer stands were unburned. No relationships were detected between site environment or disturbance history and age structure in general, or the relative amount of fire-free recruitment or fire survivorship in particular. Results suggest that most, if not all, chaparral stands would over time develop uneven-aged structure across the range of environments represented in the study area. Current fuels treatment prescriptions in SW Oregon chaparral are predicated on the assumption that fire suppression has replaced naturally high-frequency, low-severity fires with less frequent and higher-severity fires due to an unnatural accumulation of fuels. However, it appears that this model is not appropriate for chaparral vegetation. Chaparral has apparently experienced a fire regime that is distinct from that of adjacent vegetation communities, and fire suppression does not appear to have altered overall chaparral structure or fire severity. Current fuels treatments are unlikely to reproduce stand structures observed in mature chaparral or in post-wildfire stands. Rather, fuels treatments are likely to alter the trajectory of chaparral development that appears to have been in place for the last century. Results clearly illuminate that chaparral encompasses a wide range of structures and responses to environment and disturbance, and imply that precepts of chaparral ecology and management should be tailored on a geographic basis. Results also underscore the need for management objectives to recognize differences among vegetation communities in complex environments. Title: Chaparral history, dynamics, and response to disturbance in southwest Oregon : insights from age structure Author: Duren, Olivia Fuels management on Bureau of Land Management lands in SW Oregon, USA, is motivated by the needs to reduce fire hazard and restore ecosystems thought to be impacted by fire suppression. Chaparral is one of the most characteristic vegetation communities of SW Oregon's interior valleys, and extensive acreages within this system are targeted annually for fuels treatment. However, this community is also poorly understood. Little is known about its response to fire suppression, and the assumptions justifying the need for fuels reduction and on which treatment prescriptions are based are extrapolations from other ecosystems. I studied patterns in chaparral age structure of two obligate-seeding shrubs, Arctostaphylos viscida C. Parry and Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt., for insights into the influences of environment and the two dominant disturbances in SW Oregon, fire and grazing, on population structure and dynamics. My 31 low to mid-elevation study sites represent four chaparral 'types' and a range in times since fire (22 yr to > 114 yr). My study area is near the northernmost extension of the California chaparral vegetation type, and results indicate that SW Oregon chaparral populations diverge from studied California chaparral populations in several fundamental ways. All stands unburned for > 30 yr were uneven-aged due to prolific recruitment in the absence of fire and appreciable fire survivorship. Relatively high shrub densities were associated with even-aged sites, but these sites were all young (< 30 yr) and density declined the longer stands were unburned. No relationships were detected between site environment or disturbance history and age structure in general, or the relative amount of fire-free recruitment or fire survivorship in particular. Results suggest that most, if not all, chaparral stands would over time develop uneven-aged structure across the range of environments represented in the study area. Current fuels treatment prescriptions in SW Oregon chaparral are predicated on the assumption that fire suppression has replaced naturally high-frequency, low-severity fires with less frequent and higher-severity fires due to an unnatural accumulation of fuels. However, it appears that this model is not appropriate for chaparral vegetation. Chaparral has apparently experienced a fire regime that is distinct from that of adjacent vegetation communities, and fire suppression does not appear to have altered overall chaparral structure or fire severity. Current fuels treatments are unlikely to reproduce stand structures observed in mature chaparral or in post-wildfire stands. Rather, fuels treatments are likely to alter the trajectory of chaparral development that appears to have been in place for the last century. Results clearly illuminate that chaparral encompasses a wide range of structures and responses to environment and disturbance, and imply that precepts of chaparral ecology and management should be tailored on a geographic basis. Results also underscore the need for management objectives to recognize differences among vegetation communities in complex environments. Close

• 317. [Article] Volcanism and faulting along the northern margin of Oregon’s High Lava Plains : Hampton Butte to Dry Mountain

  Oregon’s High Lava Plains Province (HLP) has strongly bimodal basalt and rhyolitic volcanism. The Province caps the northern margin of the Basin and Range Province and serves as a transitional region ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Volcanism and faulting along the northern margin of Oregon’s High Lava Plains : Hampton Butte to Dry Mountain Author: Iademarco, Michael J. Oregon’s High Lava Plains Province (HLP) has strongly bimodal basalt and rhyolitic volcanism. The Province caps the northern margin of the Basin and Range Province and serves as a transitional region between westward extension of the Basin and Range Province and unextended crust to the north . The High Lava Plains overlap an area dominated by abundant minor northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone. About 10 million years ago, silicic volcanism began at the eastern end of the HLP and spread west, younging towards the Cascade arc. Basalts erupted along the HLP are not age progressive. Most work in the High Lava Plains and Blue Mountains has left the interface between the two provinces as a nondescript region with few data capable to provide insight into processes active within this transitional region. This thesis focuses on the transition near Hampton Butte. New 40Ar-30Ar ages for Hampton Butte and adjacent Cougar Butte definitively assign both to volcanism during the emplacement of the John Day Formation and indicates a common origin. These units underlie basalts and an andesite that have ages consistent with a pulse of basaltic volcanism along the High Lava Plains around 8 Ma. An ignimbrite with composition and age (3.8 ± 0.6 Ma) consistent with outcrops at Espeland Draw, near the town of Hampton, has a probable origin at Frederick Butte and is grouped here as the Hampton Tuff. Further east, along the northern margin of the HLP, an age of 4.18 (± 0.14 Ma) was obtained for the basaltic andesite scoria cone of Grassy Butte. At Dry Mountain a summit sample produced an age of 7.91 ± 0.12 Ma and is basaltic, a contradiction with previous reports. A sample of rhyolite from Potato Hills, adjacent to Hat Butte, yielded an age of 6.52 ±.07 Ma. Basaltic melts of this study appear to be near direct partial melts of the mantle and are part of the volcanism of the High Lava Plains related to fault propagation and extension. More evolved magmas of the High Lava Plains originate from isobaric fractionation in isolated small magma chambers with little if any assimilation. The eruption of these lavas may be a result of the timing between northeast to southwest extension and Basin and Range east to west extension. The older (> 20 Ma) high silica rocks of Hampton Buttes are the result of diverse fractional crystallization paths from a common basaltic source with little or no assimilation. Title: Volcanism and faulting along the northern margin of Oregon’s High Lava Plains : Hampton Butte to Dry Mountain Author: Iademarco, Michael J. Oregon’s High Lava Plains Province (HLP) has strongly bimodal basalt and rhyolitic volcanism. The Province caps the northern margin of the Basin and Range Province and serves as a transitional region between westward extension of the Basin and Range Province and unextended crust to the north . The High Lava Plains overlap an area dominated by abundant minor northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone. About 10 million years ago, silicic volcanism began at the eastern end of the HLP and spread west, younging towards the Cascade arc. Basalts erupted along the HLP are not age progressive. Most work in the High Lava Plains and Blue Mountains has left the interface between the two provinces as a nondescript region with few data capable to provide insight into processes active within this transitional region. This thesis focuses on the transition near Hampton Butte. New 40Ar-30Ar ages for Hampton Butte and adjacent Cougar Butte definitively assign both to volcanism during the emplacement of the John Day Formation and indicates a common origin. These units underlie basalts and an andesite that have ages consistent with a pulse of basaltic volcanism along the High Lava Plains around 8 Ma. An ignimbrite with composition and age (3.8 ± 0.6 Ma) consistent with outcrops at Espeland Draw, near the town of Hampton, has a probable origin at Frederick Butte and is grouped here as the Hampton Tuff. Further east, along the northern margin of the HLP, an age of 4.18 (± 0.14 Ma) was obtained for the basaltic andesite scoria cone of Grassy Butte. At Dry Mountain a summit sample produced an age of 7.91 ± 0.12 Ma and is basaltic, a contradiction with previous reports. A sample of rhyolite from Potato Hills, adjacent to Hat Butte, yielded an age of 6.52 ±.07 Ma. Basaltic melts of this study appear to be near direct partial melts of the mantle and are part of the volcanism of the High Lava Plains related to fault propagation and extension. More evolved magmas of the High Lava Plains originate from isobaric fractionation in isolated small magma chambers with little if any assimilation. The eruption of these lavas may be a result of the timing between northeast to southwest extension and Basin and Range east to west extension. The older (> 20 Ma) high silica rocks of Hampton Buttes are the result of diverse fractional crystallization paths from a common basaltic source with little or no assimilation. Close

• 318. [Article] Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon

  Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon Author: Campbell, John Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results indicate significant forest type, age, and forest type x age interaction effects on annual soil respiration. A regional age class distribution skewed away from the youngest and oldest forests moderate regional variation in soil respiration. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the regional variation in annual soil respiration is most dependent on summer base rates (i.e. soil respiration normalized to a common temperature) and much less dependent on site-specific temperature response curve (to which annual rates are relatively insensitive) and soil degree-days (which vary only 10% among sites). Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (ANPP, R²=O.06, p>0.1) but it was correlated with belowground net primary production (R²=0.43, p<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit fine root biomass, (R²=0.45, p<0.00l). Forest floor mass and mineral soil carbon were only weakly coupled to soil respiration (R²=0.14, and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within cover type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross-site trends. NEP was highly negative immediately following stand replacing disturbance in all forests and recovered to positive values by 10, 20, and 30 years of age for the mild and mesic Coast Range, West Cascades and East Cascades, respectively. The response of stand-level NEP to individual disturbance events is greater than that attributable to edaphoclimatic differences between forest type. However, when successional trends in NEP are weighted by current age class distributions, the variability in landscape-level NEP attributable to whole disturbance regimes is equivalent to that attributable regional edaphoclimatic differences between forest types. Simulations of age class distribution under varying disturbance frequencies suggest that the sensitivity of landscape-level NEP to changes in disturbance regime varies among forest types and is linked to both remnant detritus and photosynthetic recovery rate that are partly a function of long-term edaphoclimatic differences. Title: Carbon fluxes across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon Author: Campbell, John Biometric and gas exchange techniques were used to measure soil respiration (soil surface CO₂ efflux) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) across three climatically-distinct forest chronosequences in Oregon. Results indicate significant forest type, age, and forest type x age interaction effects on annual soil respiration. A regional age class distribution skewed away from the youngest and oldest forests moderate regional variation in soil respiration. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the regional variation in annual soil respiration is most dependent on summer base rates (i.e. soil respiration normalized to a common temperature) and much less dependent on site-specific temperature response curve (to which annual rates are relatively insensitive) and soil degree-days (which vary only 10% among sites). Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (ANPP, R²=O.06, p>0.1) but it was correlated with belowground net primary production (R²=0.43, p<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit fine root biomass, (R²=0.45, p<0.00l). Forest floor mass and mineral soil carbon were only weakly coupled to soil respiration (R²=0.14, and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within cover type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross-site trends. NEP was highly negative immediately following stand replacing disturbance in all forests and recovered to positive values by 10, 20, and 30 years of age for the mild and mesic Coast Range, West Cascades and East Cascades, respectively. The response of stand-level NEP to individual disturbance events is greater than that attributable to edaphoclimatic differences between forest type. However, when successional trends in NEP are weighted by current age class distributions, the variability in landscape-level NEP attributable to whole disturbance regimes is equivalent to that attributable regional edaphoclimatic differences between forest types. Simulations of age class distribution under varying disturbance frequencies suggest that the sensitivity of landscape-level NEP to changes in disturbance regime varies among forest types and is linked to both remnant detritus and photosynthetic recovery rate that are partly a function of long-term edaphoclimatic differences. Close

• 319. [Article] Spirituality and aging among women

  The term, spirituality, as used in this study, refers to that part of our lives that has the deepest meaning, that which nurtures each of us and moves us toward wholeness. It is the basis for which we ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spirituality and aging among women Author: Orcutt, Nancy Wilson The term, spirituality, as used in this study, refers to that part of our lives that has the deepest meaning, that which nurtures each of us and moves us toward wholeness. It is the basis for which we live out our lives, following our own truths with honesty and commitment. Hopefully, in the process of aging we mature spiritually, using experiences collected and processed over a lifetime and learning from them what is most important in leading a fulfilling life. For this study, a group of 10 women aged 60-87 years was examined, using in-depth interviews to determine those aspects of their lives that contributed to their spiritual growth and to see how they found meaning as they matured over their lifetimes. Furthermore, each woman was asked to discuss what gives her life the most meaning and purpose today. The women were selected for their apparent spiritual maturity, as observed by those who know them. The results of the study are organized around themes as they relate to different periods of the life span, starting with childhood and ending in elderhood. Early memories of the women were centered around family and friends, then expanded to include school, career, and in most cases marriage and children. Some have grandchildren. The family of origin was a critical beginning for each woman. Most recalled a happy and loving childhood, and those that did not, seem to have worked through those parts of their childhood relationships and experiences that have troubled them. Over their life spans, the women faced turning points or crises that caused them to grow in new ways, not only to survive, but to find new strength, courage, and meaning. As the women became older adults, their losses became more numerous. They have developed ways to grow spiritually despite these multiple losses and diminishments that continue into the present. Role models have played a meaningful part in each woman's life. Throughout childhood, adulthood, and old age, the women have looked to others who taught them various social and coping skills which contributed to the fullness in their lives. They developed such traits as loving others, caring for those in need, and helping friends and family. The role models fostered independence and development of strengths and guided the women to become who they are today. These women in turn serve as role models for others. The acceptance of death as a part of life lends a peacefulness in old age for the women. Their families and friends continue to play a key role in their everyday lives, along with faith and religious practices, God or a Supreme Being, prayer, meditation, reading, writing, learning new things, helping and listening to others, and service to community. Giving and receiving love is basic in their lives. The women also feel that love and helping others are essential components for a healthy humanity. The women are grateful for life's many gifts. Although old age brings hardships, losses, and diminishments, they find that life has been generous to them, and they continue to have hope for the future. Their spiritual strength continues to grow and expand, accompanied by a new sense of freedom that was not present in their younger years. Contrary to messages received from society, these women have found that there are benefits in growing old. Title: Spirituality and aging among women Author: Orcutt, Nancy Wilson The term, spirituality, as used in this study, refers to that part of our lives that has the deepest meaning, that which nurtures each of us and moves us toward wholeness. It is the basis for which we live out our lives, following our own truths with honesty and commitment. Hopefully, in the process of aging we mature spiritually, using experiences collected and processed over a lifetime and learning from them what is most important in leading a fulfilling life. For this study, a group of 10 women aged 60-87 years was examined, using in-depth interviews to determine those aspects of their lives that contributed to their spiritual growth and to see how they found meaning as they matured over their lifetimes. Furthermore, each woman was asked to discuss what gives her life the most meaning and purpose today. The women were selected for their apparent spiritual maturity, as observed by those who know them. The results of the study are organized around themes as they relate to different periods of the life span, starting with childhood and ending in elderhood. Early memories of the women were centered around family and friends, then expanded to include school, career, and in most cases marriage and children. Some have grandchildren. The family of origin was a critical beginning for each woman. Most recalled a happy and loving childhood, and those that did not, seem to have worked through those parts of their childhood relationships and experiences that have troubled them. Over their life spans, the women faced turning points or crises that caused them to grow in new ways, not only to survive, but to find new strength, courage, and meaning. As the women became older adults, their losses became more numerous. They have developed ways to grow spiritually despite these multiple losses and diminishments that continue into the present. Role models have played a meaningful part in each woman's life. Throughout childhood, adulthood, and old age, the women have looked to others who taught them various social and coping skills which contributed to the fullness in their lives. They developed such traits as loving others, caring for those in need, and helping friends and family. The role models fostered independence and development of strengths and guided the women to become who they are today. These women in turn serve as role models for others. The acceptance of death as a part of life lends a peacefulness in old age for the women. Their families and friends continue to play a key role in their everyday lives, along with faith and religious practices, God or a Supreme Being, prayer, meditation, reading, writing, learning new things, helping and listening to others, and service to community. Giving and receiving love is basic in their lives. The women also feel that love and helping others are essential components for a healthy humanity. The women are grateful for life's many gifts. Although old age brings hardships, losses, and diminishments, they find that life has been generous to them, and they continue to have hope for the future. Their spiritual strength continues to grow and expand, accompanied by a new sense of freedom that was not present in their younger years. Contrary to messages received from society, these women have found that there are benefits in growing old. Close

• 320. [Article] Sex role and self-concept in young children

  In the past, a major emphasis of child development research and theory building has been the study of acquisition of sex role learning. Today, an additional dimension is seen in the study of the effect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sex role and self-concept in young children Author: Briscoe-Kleven, Judith In the past, a major emphasis of child development research and theory building has been the study of acquisition of sex role learning. Today, an additional dimension is seen in the study of the effect of sex role stereotypy on self-concept. As a result of the research in this area, the thesis was developed that adherence to one's selection of sex roles--whether correct by society's standards or not--produces self-consistency, which in turn produces a higher self-concept. The purpose of this research was to ascertain whether there is a difference in sex role preference (i.e. adherence to sex role stereotypy) of children at selected ages, between sexes, and among socioeconomic strata. Another purpose is to examine the influence of self-consistency (i.e. sex role confirmation defined as adherence to self-identified sex roles) in determining the effect of sex role stereotypy on self-concept as a learner. Individual examinations using The Sex Role Learning Index to estimate sex role preference and sex role confirmation, and using The Self-Concept and Motivation Inventory to estimate self-concept were given to a sample of 36, four and five year old children. This sample of 36 children were selected at random from a stratified and classified population of seven group care facilities. To be included in the sample, the children fell into the average or bright range of intelligence as identified by The Slosson Intelligence Test. After administering both inventories in carefully controlled settings, the scores were subjected to two, three-way analyses of variance, two one-way analyses of variance, and two Pearson Product Moment Correlations with significance being set at the .05 level. Hypotheses. Ten null hypotheses were tested in the study: (1) there is no significant age effect; (2) there is no significant sex effect; (3) there is no significant socioeconomic effect; (4) there is no significant interaction between age and sex; (5) there is no significant interaction between age and socioeconomic status; (6) there is no significant interaction between sex and socioeconomic status; (7) there is no significant interaction between age, sex, and socioeconomic status; (8) there is no significant self-concept effect; (9) there is no significant relationship between self-concept and sex role preference; and (10) there is no significant relationship between self-concept and sex role confirmation. Results and Conclusions. All hypotheses were retained except Hypothesis Two, in which a significant difference did occur between male and female children, with the males adhering more to sex role stereotypy than the girls. In addition, further exploration, based on multiple linear regression analysis, produced a pattern which showed children that scored higher on sex role preference than sex role confirmation also scored higher in self-concept. One conclusion of the study was similar to those in the review of literature (i.e. boys adhere more to sex role stereotypy in everyday activities than girls). An additional conclusion was that self-consistency did not play a part in determining sex role learning's effect on self-concept at four and five years of age. Although the hypothesis regarding socioeconomic status was retained, the children in the study from the middle socioeconomic class tended to have more stereotypic responses than the low socioeconomic status children. Age and sex also tended to have a combined effect on sex role preference. The classic developmental stages of Erickson, Piaget, and Kohlberg appeared to provide a rational framework for understanding the effect of sex role learning on selfconcept in four and five year old children. Title: Sex role and self-concept in young children Author: Briscoe-Kleven, Judith In the past, a major emphasis of child development research and theory building has been the study of acquisition of sex role learning. Today, an additional dimension is seen in the study of the effect of sex role stereotypy on self-concept. As a result of the research in this area, the thesis was developed that adherence to one's selection of sex roles--whether correct by society's standards or not--produces self-consistency, which in turn produces a higher self-concept. The purpose of this research was to ascertain whether there is a difference in sex role preference (i.e. adherence to sex role stereotypy) of children at selected ages, between sexes, and among socioeconomic strata. Another purpose is to examine the influence of self-consistency (i.e. sex role confirmation defined as adherence to self-identified sex roles) in determining the effect of sex role stereotypy on self-concept as a learner. Individual examinations using The Sex Role Learning Index to estimate sex role preference and sex role confirmation, and using The Self-Concept and Motivation Inventory to estimate self-concept were given to a sample of 36, four and five year old children. This sample of 36 children were selected at random from a stratified and classified population of seven group care facilities. To be included in the sample, the children fell into the average or bright range of intelligence as identified by The Slosson Intelligence Test. After administering both inventories in carefully controlled settings, the scores were subjected to two, three-way analyses of variance, two one-way analyses of variance, and two Pearson Product Moment Correlations with significance being set at the .05 level. Hypotheses. Ten null hypotheses were tested in the study: (1) there is no significant age effect; (2) there is no significant sex effect; (3) there is no significant socioeconomic effect; (4) there is no significant interaction between age and sex; (5) there is no significant interaction between age and socioeconomic status; (6) there is no significant interaction between sex and socioeconomic status; (7) there is no significant interaction between age, sex, and socioeconomic status; (8) there is no significant self-concept effect; (9) there is no significant relationship between self-concept and sex role preference; and (10) there is no significant relationship between self-concept and sex role confirmation. Results and Conclusions. All hypotheses were retained except Hypothesis Two, in which a significant difference did occur between male and female children, with the males adhering more to sex role stereotypy than the girls. In addition, further exploration, based on multiple linear regression analysis, produced a pattern which showed children that scored higher on sex role preference than sex role confirmation also scored higher in self-concept. One conclusion of the study was similar to those in the review of literature (i.e. boys adhere more to sex role stereotypy in everyday activities than girls). An additional conclusion was that self-consistency did not play a part in determining sex role learning's effect on self-concept at four and five years of age. Although the hypothesis regarding socioeconomic status was retained, the children in the study from the middle socioeconomic class tended to have more stereotypic responses than the low socioeconomic status children. Age and sex also tended to have a combined effect on sex role preference. The classic developmental stages of Erickson, Piaget, and Kohlberg appeared to provide a rational framework for understanding the effect of sex role learning on selfconcept in four and five year old children. Close