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• 3091. [Article] Fire history of the ponderosa pine forests of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon

  Fire has played a prominent role in the development and character of the ponderosa pine forests in western North American. Its records are written in the scars of trees that have survived the fire. Careful ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire history of the ponderosa pine forests of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Soeriaatmadja, Roehajat Emon, 1936- Fire has played a prominent role in the development and character of the ponderosa pine forests in western North American. Its records are written in the scars of trees that have survived the fire. Careful studies of these fire-scars may be used as a means of reconstructing the fire history of the forest. This study was conducted in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation of the east side of the Cascades in Oregon, and was aimed at describing the fire history of the area in terms of frequency of occurrence, extent, and chronology, as these relate to somewhat different climate, topography, and vegetation structure found within the ponderosa pine zone in this area. Since accurate interpretation of the fire history generally required the exposure of the fire-scarred stumps through felling, the study areas were selected where tree felling was recent or in progress. Four study areas were selected within the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. These areas were located within the cutting boundaries of the Tenino Bench, Seekseequa, Boulder Creek and Lionshead logging units. A total of 305 fire-scarred stumps were sampled during the course of the study. Information concerning the character of the stand in the vicinity of the fire-scarred stumps was obtained from 100 x 100 foot plots. The fire-scarred stumps provided data pertinent to the frequency of fires during the past as indicated by the presence of successive ring scars. The date of a given fire was determined by counting the number of annual growth rings formed since the occurrence of the ring scar. For the Tenino Bench area, numbers of successive ring scars observed on the stumps ranged from 5 to 23 with an average 9.4 per stump. Forty-seven percent of the total number of fire-scarred stumps sampled showed seven, eight, nine and ten successive ring scars with an average time interval of 16.5 years between the ring scars. Average minimum and maximum time intervals between the ring scars on the fire-scarred stumps observed on the Tenino Bench study area were 6.5 and 36.3 years respectively. The number of successive ring scars on individual fire-scarred stumps averaged 10.8 in the Seekseequa area. Seventy-eight percent of the trees observed here showed 7 to 12 successive ring scars. The least number of ring scars occurring on any given stump was six. The greatest number was 25. The average time interval between ring scars was 14.2 years with an average minimum interval of 6.2 years and the average maximum interval of 28.8 years. A sharp reduction in the number of successive ring scars per individual tree is noted in the Boulder Creek and Lionshead study areas located at higher elevations. Thirty-two percent of the total number of stumps examined in the Boulder Creek area showed two, three and four successive ring scars with an average of 7.2 per stump. The bulk of the trees sampled showed numbers of ring scars ranging from two to ten. On the Lionshead area 63 percent of the trees showed less than seven successive ring scars. The average number of successive ring scars per stump was 6.3. The maximum number of successive ring scars observed in this area was 14. Although the frequency of fires was higher in the two most xeric areas (Tenino Bench and Seekseequa) these fires did not appear to be as severe (as evidenced by the size of the fire-scars) as the two more mesic areas (Boulder Creek and Lionshead). The difference in frequency and severity of fires within the ponderosa pine zone appears in part related to the susceptability of the area to fire and the accumulation of the fuel materials. The greater frequency of less severe fire in the lower part of the pine zone may be due to the more open nature of the stand and the slower accumulation of fuel materials. The more moist conditions of the forest at higher elevation may explain the less frequent occurrence of fire. However, because of the more dense nature of the forest and especially the presence of young age classes of more shade tolerant tree species, once fires do become started the possibility of the fire escalating to the crown type fire is greater. Ring scar evidence during the past 400 years indicates a sharp reduction in the frequency of fire since 1900. This marked decline in the occurrence of fire reflects the effectiveness of fire control efforts instigated by Federal Agencies in recent years. Changes in the composition and structure of this forest as a result of fire exclusion are noted. Title: Fire history of the ponderosa pine forests of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Author: Soeriaatmadja, Roehajat Emon, 1936- Fire has played a prominent role in the development and character of the ponderosa pine forests in western North American. Its records are written in the scars of trees that have survived the fire. Careful studies of these fire-scars may be used as a means of reconstructing the fire history of the forest. This study was conducted in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation of the east side of the Cascades in Oregon, and was aimed at describing the fire history of the area in terms of frequency of occurrence, extent, and chronology, as these relate to somewhat different climate, topography, and vegetation structure found within the ponderosa pine zone in this area. Since accurate interpretation of the fire history generally required the exposure of the fire-scarred stumps through felling, the study areas were selected where tree felling was recent or in progress. Four study areas were selected within the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. These areas were located within the cutting boundaries of the Tenino Bench, Seekseequa, Boulder Creek and Lionshead logging units. A total of 305 fire-scarred stumps were sampled during the course of the study. Information concerning the character of the stand in the vicinity of the fire-scarred stumps was obtained from 100 x 100 foot plots. The fire-scarred stumps provided data pertinent to the frequency of fires during the past as indicated by the presence of successive ring scars. The date of a given fire was determined by counting the number of annual growth rings formed since the occurrence of the ring scar. For the Tenino Bench area, numbers of successive ring scars observed on the stumps ranged from 5 to 23 with an average 9.4 per stump. Forty-seven percent of the total number of fire-scarred stumps sampled showed seven, eight, nine and ten successive ring scars with an average time interval of 16.5 years between the ring scars. Average minimum and maximum time intervals between the ring scars on the fire-scarred stumps observed on the Tenino Bench study area were 6.5 and 36.3 years respectively. The number of successive ring scars on individual fire-scarred stumps averaged 10.8 in the Seekseequa area. Seventy-eight percent of the trees observed here showed 7 to 12 successive ring scars. The least number of ring scars occurring on any given stump was six. The greatest number was 25. The average time interval between ring scars was 14.2 years with an average minimum interval of 6.2 years and the average maximum interval of 28.8 years. A sharp reduction in the number of successive ring scars per individual tree is noted in the Boulder Creek and Lionshead study areas located at higher elevations. Thirty-two percent of the total number of stumps examined in the Boulder Creek area showed two, three and four successive ring scars with an average of 7.2 per stump. The bulk of the trees sampled showed numbers of ring scars ranging from two to ten. On the Lionshead area 63 percent of the trees showed less than seven successive ring scars. The average number of successive ring scars per stump was 6.3. The maximum number of successive ring scars observed in this area was 14. Although the frequency of fires was higher in the two most xeric areas (Tenino Bench and Seekseequa) these fires did not appear to be as severe (as evidenced by the size of the fire-scars) as the two more mesic areas (Boulder Creek and Lionshead). The difference in frequency and severity of fires within the ponderosa pine zone appears in part related to the susceptability of the area to fire and the accumulation of the fuel materials. The greater frequency of less severe fire in the lower part of the pine zone may be due to the more open nature of the stand and the slower accumulation of fuel materials. The more moist conditions of the forest at higher elevation may explain the less frequent occurrence of fire. However, because of the more dense nature of the forest and especially the presence of young age classes of more shade tolerant tree species, once fires do become started the possibility of the fire escalating to the crown type fire is greater. Ring scar evidence during the past 400 years indicates a sharp reduction in the frequency of fire since 1900. This marked decline in the occurrence of fire reflects the effectiveness of fire control efforts instigated by Federal Agencies in recent years. Changes in the composition and structure of this forest as a result of fire exclusion are noted. Close

• 3092. [Article] Influence of ankle orthoses on ankle joint motion and postural stability before and after exercise

  Ankle injuries comprise more than 15% of all sports injuries worldwide. The efficacy of the ankle taping for injury prevention has long been under scrutiny as numerous studies have shown that tape rapidly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of ankle orthoses on ankle joint motion and postural stability before and after exercise Author: Jorden, Ryan A. Ankle injuries comprise more than 15% of all sports injuries worldwide. The efficacy of the ankle taping for injury prevention has long been under scrutiny as numerous studies have shown that tape rapidly loses its ability to constrain ankle motion with exercise. Consequently, ankle braces (orthoses) are being used with increasing frequency for the prevention and functional management of ankle injuries. However, the motion restraining qualities of ankle orthoses have not been widely evaluated in closed kinetic chain environments under physiologic loads. The primary purpose of this study was to compare the abilities of four ankle orthoses (ankle taping, lace-up brace, semirigid orthosis and hybrid brace) against a control condition (no brace or tape) to control subtalar and talocrural motion during running on a laterally-tilted treadmill at 16.2 km/h before and after exercise. It has been hypothesized that ankle orthoses make a secondary contribution to injury prevention through enhanced proprioception. The secondary purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of the aforementioned ankle orthoses on postural stability during single-limb stance following a bout of exercise. Fifteen healthy university students (8 men and 7 women) with no history of significant ankle injuries (age, mean ± SD: 22.9 ± 3.9 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Three-dimensional kinematic data were captured with an active infrared digital camera system sampling at 120 Hz. To address the first question, data analyses were performed using 2way univariate (Ankle Orthoses x Pre/Post-Exercise x Subjects) (5 x 2 x 15) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the existence of differences among three closed and four open kinematic chain dependent measures before and after exercise. Maximum inversion angles (MAXINV) were similar for all ankle orthoses, with no orthosis limiting inversion during tilted treadmill running significantly more than another, or compared to the control condition, either before or after exercise (p>.05). Pre-exercise MAXINV group means and standard deviations during treadmill running ranged from 6.8 ± 3.4 deg with the Royce Medical Speed Brace to 9.5 ± 4.1 deg in the tape condition; post-exercise MAXINV mean values ranged from 7.6 ± 3.2 deg for the Aircast Sport Stirrup to 9.1 ± 4.6 deg with closed basketweave tape. While not statistically significant (p=0.10), ankle taping provided the least amount of inversion restraint, both before and after the exercise bout. The MAXINV angles measured during treadmill running (8.2 ± 4.0 deg) and open chain inversion AROM measured with a goniometer (34.5 ± 6.2 deg) were not related (r=-0.0003). The compressive forces present during closed kinetic chain activity are known to increase joint stability and thus may explain why MAXINV under dynamic varus loads was so much less in magnitude than inversion AROM measured under open kinetic chain conditions. The nonlinear relationship of these two variables supports our contention that reports of the motion controlling properties of ankle orthoses measured in open kinetic chain environments should not be used to infer the response characteristics of these same orthoses under dynamic, physiologic loads. To address the second question, data were analyzed using 3-way univariate (Ankle Orthoses x Pre/Post-Exercise x Eyes Open/Closed x Subjects) (5 x 2 x 2 x 15) repeated measures ANOVAs. Subjects' postural stability was assessed using a Biodex Balance System with eyes open and eyes closed conditions, before and after an exercise bout. The ankle orthoses evaluated did not influence postural stability as measured by mediolateral sway index, anteroposterior sway index, and overall sway index. Removal of visual perception via blindfolding resulted in significant decreases in all three measures of postural stability (p=.001). There was poor association among the closed chain postural stability parameters and the open chain AROM measures. These correlations ranged from r=.04 to .17, indicating minimal relationship between the amount of AROM permitted by the orthoses and postural stability as quantified by this method. Title: Influence of ankle orthoses on ankle joint motion and postural stability before and after exercise Author: Jorden, Ryan A. Ankle injuries comprise more than 15% of all sports injuries worldwide. The efficacy of the ankle taping for injury prevention has long been under scrutiny as numerous studies have shown that tape rapidly loses its ability to constrain ankle motion with exercise. Consequently, ankle braces (orthoses) are being used with increasing frequency for the prevention and functional management of ankle injuries. However, the motion restraining qualities of ankle orthoses have not been widely evaluated in closed kinetic chain environments under physiologic loads. The primary purpose of this study was to compare the abilities of four ankle orthoses (ankle taping, lace-up brace, semirigid orthosis and hybrid brace) against a control condition (no brace or tape) to control subtalar and talocrural motion during running on a laterally-tilted treadmill at 16.2 km/h before and after exercise. It has been hypothesized that ankle orthoses make a secondary contribution to injury prevention through enhanced proprioception. The secondary purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of the aforementioned ankle orthoses on postural stability during single-limb stance following a bout of exercise. Fifteen healthy university students (8 men and 7 women) with no history of significant ankle injuries (age, mean ± SD: 22.9 ± 3.9 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Three-dimensional kinematic data were captured with an active infrared digital camera system sampling at 120 Hz. To address the first question, data analyses were performed using 2way univariate (Ankle Orthoses x Pre/Post-Exercise x Subjects) (5 x 2 x 15) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the existence of differences among three closed and four open kinematic chain dependent measures before and after exercise. Maximum inversion angles (MAXINV) were similar for all ankle orthoses, with no orthosis limiting inversion during tilted treadmill running significantly more than another, or compared to the control condition, either before or after exercise (p>.05). Pre-exercise MAXINV group means and standard deviations during treadmill running ranged from 6.8 ± 3.4 deg with the Royce Medical Speed Brace to 9.5 ± 4.1 deg in the tape condition; post-exercise MAXINV mean values ranged from 7.6 ± 3.2 deg for the Aircast Sport Stirrup to 9.1 ± 4.6 deg with closed basketweave tape. While not statistically significant (p=0.10), ankle taping provided the least amount of inversion restraint, both before and after the exercise bout. The MAXINV angles measured during treadmill running (8.2 ± 4.0 deg) and open chain inversion AROM measured with a goniometer (34.5 ± 6.2 deg) were not related (r=-0.0003). The compressive forces present during closed kinetic chain activity are known to increase joint stability and thus may explain why MAXINV under dynamic varus loads was so much less in magnitude than inversion AROM measured under open kinetic chain conditions. The nonlinear relationship of these two variables supports our contention that reports of the motion controlling properties of ankle orthoses measured in open kinetic chain environments should not be used to infer the response characteristics of these same orthoses under dynamic, physiologic loads. To address the second question, data were analyzed using 3-way univariate (Ankle Orthoses x Pre/Post-Exercise x Eyes Open/Closed x Subjects) (5 x 2 x 2 x 15) repeated measures ANOVAs. Subjects' postural stability was assessed using a Biodex Balance System with eyes open and eyes closed conditions, before and after an exercise bout. The ankle orthoses evaluated did not influence postural stability as measured by mediolateral sway index, anteroposterior sway index, and overall sway index. Removal of visual perception via blindfolding resulted in significant decreases in all three measures of postural stability (p=.001). There was poor association among the closed chain postural stability parameters and the open chain AROM measures. These correlations ranged from r=.04 to .17, indicating minimal relationship between the amount of AROM permitted by the orthoses and postural stability as quantified by this method. Close

• 3093. [Article] Comparative electrophoretic analysis of plasma protein fractions from deep pectoral myopathic, hereditary muscular dystrophic, and a normal line of turkeys

  Two experiments were conducted to try and differentiate variations in the levels of total plasma protein and plasma protein fractions from three lines of turkeys, each with distinct muscle morphological characteristics--Deep ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative electrophoretic analysis of plasma protein fractions from deep pectoral myopathic, hereditary muscular dystrophic, and a normal line of turkeys Author: Buchholz, Phyllis S. Two experiments were conducted to try and differentiate variations in the levels of total plasma protein and plasma protein fractions from three lines of turkeys, each with distinct muscle morphological characteristics--Deep Pectoral Myopathy (DPM), Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy (MDY), and a Broad Breasted Bronze control (J). Ten day old poults from each of the three lines were grown in similar environments. Individual blood plasma samples were collected, body weights and breast width measurements determined at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age (WOA) (Experiment 1), and at 20, 30, 40 and 50 WOA (Experiment 2). Total plasma protein concentrations of both myopathic lines (combined sexes) were greater (P<0.05) than that of the control line at 12 WOA. DPM birds continued to exhibit higher (P<0.05) total protein levels than the control line through 16 WOA. At 20 and 40 WOA, DPM females had higher (P<0.05) total protein levels than the control females. A total of 6 plasma protein fractions were commonly observed in the electrophoretograms of the three lines of turkeys. The highest levels of pre-albumin and albumin were encountered in both the DPM and MDY lines at 12 WOA, with DPM birds maintaining higher levels (P<0.05) of albumin also at 16 WOA. No consistent trends were observed in pre-albumin and albumin levels of males and females from the three lines from 20 to 50 WOA; however, significant differences (P<0.05) between sexes were observed in the two fractions when compared within each line. DPM and MDY groups exhibited higher levels (P<0.05) of alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins than the control values at 12 WOA, with MDY birds having greater levels (P<0.05) of beta and gamma globulins at 16 WOA. When compared to females from the control group (J), DPM females had significantly greater levels of alpha-2 and gamma globulins at 20 WOA, and higher levels (P<0.05) of alpha-2 and beta globulins at 40 WOA. At 40 and 50 WOA, DPM males exhibited greater levels (P<0.05) of alpha-2 globulin when compared to that of the control males. Comparisons between sexes within each of the three lines showed DPM and MDY females to have significantly greater levels of alpha-1 globulin than that of the respective males at 20 and 40 WOA. At 50 WOA, DPM females exhibited lower levels of (P<0.05) alpha-2 globulin compared to DPM males, with both J and DPM females exhibiting significantly higher levels of beta globulin than those of males from the respective lines. Body weight and breast width values of both myopathic lines were lower (P<0.05) than those of the control (J) line at 8, 12 and 16 WOA (Experiment 1). Both females and males from the myopathic lines exhibited significantly lower body weights and breast widths when compared to J females and males, respectively. Significant differences were observed consistently when sexes were compared within each of the lines, with males having greater breast widths and body weights at 20, 30, 40 and 50 WOA (Experiment 2). Although variations were observed in both levels of total plasma protein and its fractions, no consistent differences were associated with either myopathic disorder. The results from this study indicate that plasma protein electrophoresis was not a suitable diagnostic technique for the two myopathic conditions. Title: Comparative electrophoretic analysis of plasma protein fractions from deep pectoral myopathic, hereditary muscular dystrophic, and a normal line of turkeys Author: Buchholz, Phyllis S. Two experiments were conducted to try and differentiate variations in the levels of total plasma protein and plasma protein fractions from three lines of turkeys, each with distinct muscle morphological characteristics--Deep Pectoral Myopathy (DPM), Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy (MDY), and a Broad Breasted Bronze control (J). Ten day old poults from each of the three lines were grown in similar environments. Individual blood plasma samples were collected, body weights and breast width measurements determined at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age (WOA) (Experiment 1), and at 20, 30, 40 and 50 WOA (Experiment 2). Total plasma protein concentrations of both myopathic lines (combined sexes) were greater (P<0.05) than that of the control line at 12 WOA. DPM birds continued to exhibit higher (P<0.05) total protein levels than the control line through 16 WOA. At 20 and 40 WOA, DPM females had higher (P<0.05) total protein levels than the control females. A total of 6 plasma protein fractions were commonly observed in the electrophoretograms of the three lines of turkeys. The highest levels of pre-albumin and albumin were encountered in both the DPM and MDY lines at 12 WOA, with DPM birds maintaining higher levels (P<0.05) of albumin also at 16 WOA. No consistent trends were observed in pre-albumin and albumin levels of males and females from the three lines from 20 to 50 WOA; however, significant differences (P<0.05) between sexes were observed in the two fractions when compared within each line. DPM and MDY groups exhibited higher levels (P<0.05) of alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins than the control values at 12 WOA, with MDY birds having greater levels (P<0.05) of beta and gamma globulins at 16 WOA. When compared to females from the control group (J), DPM females had significantly greater levels of alpha-2 and gamma globulins at 20 WOA, and higher levels (P<0.05) of alpha-2 and beta globulins at 40 WOA. At 40 and 50 WOA, DPM males exhibited greater levels (P<0.05) of alpha-2 globulin when compared to that of the control males. Comparisons between sexes within each of the three lines showed DPM and MDY females to have significantly greater levels of alpha-1 globulin than that of the respective males at 20 and 40 WOA. At 50 WOA, DPM females exhibited lower levels of (P<0.05) alpha-2 globulin compared to DPM males, with both J and DPM females exhibiting significantly higher levels of beta globulin than those of males from the respective lines. Body weight and breast width values of both myopathic lines were lower (P<0.05) than those of the control (J) line at 8, 12 and 16 WOA (Experiment 1). Both females and males from the myopathic lines exhibited significantly lower body weights and breast widths when compared to J females and males, respectively. Significant differences were observed consistently when sexes were compared within each of the lines, with males having greater breast widths and body weights at 20, 30, 40 and 50 WOA (Experiment 2). Although variations were observed in both levels of total plasma protein and its fractions, no consistent differences were associated with either myopathic disorder. The results from this study indicate that plasma protein electrophoresis was not a suitable diagnostic technique for the two myopathic conditions. Close

• 3094. [Article] Status, distribution and seasonal variation of filbert aphid resistance to selected insecticides in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Levels of resistance to six selected insecticides of eleven field populations of the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) were determined by using the leaf-dip residue technique. Test insecticides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status, distribution and seasonal variation of filbert aphid resistance to selected insecticides in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Katundu, Juma Levels of resistance to six selected insecticides of eleven field populations of the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) were determined by using the leaf-dip residue technique. Test insecticides included compounds widely used in commercial filbert orchards, namely, carbaryl, diazinon, endosulfan, phosalone, fenvalerate and oxydemetonmethyl. Aphid samples were collected within a 100-mile range from Eugene in the south to Wilsonville in the north of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The filbert orchards were characterized by different levels of insecticide exposure, age and management conditions. The tests were conducted to detect seasonality of resistance during the different phases of the population in the summer, fall and early spring months of 1985-1986. Toxicological responses of various filbert aphid populations exhibited significantly different resistance to tested insecticides. All populations exhibited lethal concentration (Lc₅₀) values of 0.0013 g AI/1 to 0.1507 g AI/1 of endosulfan which, when compared to the susceptible OSU population, were categorized as zero to moderate levels of resistance. With the exception of a high Lc₅₀ value of 1.7853 g AI/1 exhibited by the Harnisch population, resistance to diazinon is still at low levels or non existent in most populations of M. coryli in the Willamette Valley. Lc₅₀ values of carbaryl varied from 0.0075 g AI/1 to more than 1.2 g AI/1, indicating significant differences in tolerance among the filbert aphid populations to this insecticide. The majority of the populations were moderately resistant, but extremely high levels (>1000-fold) of resistance were evident in populations collected from two orchards. Lc₅₀ values for these populations were well above the maximum range of recommended field dosages. Highest resistance levels of more than 1000-fold of fenvalerate also were noticed in filbert aphid populations from these orchards; Lc₅₀'s were more than the maximum field rate. Populations of M. coryli from other orchards were non-resistant (Lc₅₀ value of 0.0003 g AI/1) to highly resistant (Lc₅₀ value of 0.0989 g AI/1) to fenvalerate. Selection for high resistance to fenvalerate after just a few seasons of use in commercial orchards was not expected. Although failure of field control of filbert aphids by phosalone has not been reported, several populations have developed high resistance to this insecticide. Filbert aphid populations from three orchards had Lc₅₀'s above the maximum recomended field dosage of 0.563 g AI/1 of phosalone. The maximum Lc₅₀ values for the rest of the populations ranged from 0.0012 g AI/1 to 0.2499 g AI/1 and were categorized respectively, as non-resistant to highly resistant strains. From one series of experiments in early spring of 1986, the majority of filbert aphid populations indicated zero to moderate levels of resistance to oxydemetonmethyl. One population with Lc₅₀ value of 0.2135 g AI/1 showed the highest tolerance to this insecticide. The shallow slopes of the log dosage mortality curves indicated heterogeneity of responses of the various filbert aphid populations to the insecticides. These responses could be explained by the widespread use and rotational spraying patterns of the insecticides in commercial orchards. The distribution of resistance was not a regional phenomenon. It was associated with, 1) the pattern of insecticide usage and 2) the proximity of the source of aphid population to more intensively managed commercial orchards. The tendency for increased resistance to all insecticides in summer and fall populations of M. coryli was evident. However, as an exception, phosalone resistance of Lemert population was also high when treated in early spring. Seasonal variations in susceptibility of less than 10-fold to endosulfan, and 237-fold to diazinon were measured. Extrapolation of Lc₅₀ values beyond the range of tested concentrations resulted in variations in tolerance of more than 1000-fold among some populations treated with carbaryl, phosalone and fenvalerate. Several factors which may influence the widespread expression and the seasonality of insecticide resistance have been discussed without giving a generalized explanation. Rather than considering these results quantitatively, what is vital from the present studies is the information on changes in susceptibility of M. coryli to those insecticides recommended to filbert growers in this area. Resistance monitoring is considered critical to effective insect control programs in commercial filbert orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Title: Status, distribution and seasonal variation of filbert aphid resistance to selected insecticides in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Katundu, Juma Levels of resistance to six selected insecticides of eleven field populations of the filbert aphid Mvzocallis coryli (Goetze) were determined by using the leaf-dip residue technique. Test insecticides included compounds widely used in commercial filbert orchards, namely, carbaryl, diazinon, endosulfan, phosalone, fenvalerate and oxydemetonmethyl. Aphid samples were collected within a 100-mile range from Eugene in the south to Wilsonville in the north of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The filbert orchards were characterized by different levels of insecticide exposure, age and management conditions. The tests were conducted to detect seasonality of resistance during the different phases of the population in the summer, fall and early spring months of 1985-1986. Toxicological responses of various filbert aphid populations exhibited significantly different resistance to tested insecticides. All populations exhibited lethal concentration (Lc₅₀) values of 0.0013 g AI/1 to 0.1507 g AI/1 of endosulfan which, when compared to the susceptible OSU population, were categorized as zero to moderate levels of resistance. With the exception of a high Lc₅₀ value of 1.7853 g AI/1 exhibited by the Harnisch population, resistance to diazinon is still at low levels or non existent in most populations of M. coryli in the Willamette Valley. Lc₅₀ values of carbaryl varied from 0.0075 g AI/1 to more than 1.2 g AI/1, indicating significant differences in tolerance among the filbert aphid populations to this insecticide. The majority of the populations were moderately resistant, but extremely high levels (>1000-fold) of resistance were evident in populations collected from two orchards. Lc₅₀ values for these populations were well above the maximum range of recommended field dosages. Highest resistance levels of more than 1000-fold of fenvalerate also were noticed in filbert aphid populations from these orchards; Lc₅₀'s were more than the maximum field rate. Populations of M. coryli from other orchards were non-resistant (Lc₅₀ value of 0.0003 g AI/1) to highly resistant (Lc₅₀ value of 0.0989 g AI/1) to fenvalerate. Selection for high resistance to fenvalerate after just a few seasons of use in commercial orchards was not expected. Although failure of field control of filbert aphids by phosalone has not been reported, several populations have developed high resistance to this insecticide. Filbert aphid populations from three orchards had Lc₅₀'s above the maximum recomended field dosage of 0.563 g AI/1 of phosalone. The maximum Lc₅₀ values for the rest of the populations ranged from 0.0012 g AI/1 to 0.2499 g AI/1 and were categorized respectively, as non-resistant to highly resistant strains. From one series of experiments in early spring of 1986, the majority of filbert aphid populations indicated zero to moderate levels of resistance to oxydemetonmethyl. One population with Lc₅₀ value of 0.2135 g AI/1 showed the highest tolerance to this insecticide. The shallow slopes of the log dosage mortality curves indicated heterogeneity of responses of the various filbert aphid populations to the insecticides. These responses could be explained by the widespread use and rotational spraying patterns of the insecticides in commercial orchards. The distribution of resistance was not a regional phenomenon. It was associated with, 1) the pattern of insecticide usage and 2) the proximity of the source of aphid population to more intensively managed commercial orchards. The tendency for increased resistance to all insecticides in summer and fall populations of M. coryli was evident. However, as an exception, phosalone resistance of Lemert population was also high when treated in early spring. Seasonal variations in susceptibility of less than 10-fold to endosulfan, and 237-fold to diazinon were measured. Extrapolation of Lc₅₀ values beyond the range of tested concentrations resulted in variations in tolerance of more than 1000-fold among some populations treated with carbaryl, phosalone and fenvalerate. Several factors which may influence the widespread expression and the seasonality of insecticide resistance have been discussed without giving a generalized explanation. Rather than considering these results quantitatively, what is vital from the present studies is the information on changes in susceptibility of M. coryli to those insecticides recommended to filbert growers in this area. Resistance monitoring is considered critical to effective insect control programs in commercial filbert orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Close

• 3095. [Article] Examining the effects of a community-based physical activity program on moderate to vigorous physical activity and skeletal health in growing girls

  Girls on the Run (GOTR) is a community-based running program that encourages social, mental, emotional and physical development in young girls through the process of training for a 5k running event. Previous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining the effects of a community-based physical activity program on moderate to vigorous physical activity and skeletal health in growing girls Author: Kasianchuk, Anastasia M. Girls on the Run (GOTR) is a community-based running program that encourages social, mental, emotional and physical development in young girls through the process of training for a 5k running event. Previous reports have shown that GOTR has positive effects on self-esteem and dietary behaviors; whether GOTR influences levels of physical activity and bone health outcomes is unknown. Purpose: To determine if participation in GOTR is associated with achieving the recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 60 minutes per day for children and positive skeletal development in 8-12 year-old girls. Methods: Girls (n=31; 9.8±1.4 yrs) were recruited from ten different GOTR Willamette Valley sites to form the intervention group. Girls who did not participate in GOTR or other organized physical activity formed the control group (n=9; 9.6±0.73 yrs). All girls completed a standard health history questionnaire at baseline. Weight, height, and time spent in MVPA were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. MVPA was measured by accelerometry over a 7-day period at each time point. Bone mineral content (BMC (g)) and bone structural outcomes; assessed using DXA) and nutrient intakes (assessed using the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire) were evaluated at baseline and 9-months. To evaluate whether GOTR participants were meeting the physical activity minimum recommendations of 60 minutes/day of MVPA, one sample t-tests were applied at each time point evaluating the mean MVPA against a criterion test value of 60 (minutes). To determine whether the mean MVPA varied across time points within the intervention group, and whether there were differences in MVPA between groups across time, we used repeated measures analysis of variance; adjusting for multiple comparisons. To determine baseline differences between groups in BMC and structural outcomes, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used adjusting for age, height, weight, maturation status (years from peak ht. velocity), nutrient intakes and MVPA. The ANCOVA was repeated at 9-months adding initial bone values to determine differences in BMC and structural outcomes between groups at follow-up. Results: At baseline there were no differences in MVPA between groups. However, GOTR participants had higher BMC (g) at the femoral neck (FN) site compared to controls (mean + SE; 2.69 + 0.07 vs. 2.33 + 0.13; p=0.02) and a larger estimated cross sectional area (cm² ) at the narrow neck region of the hip (mean + SE; 2.01 + 0.05 vs. 1.76 + 0.10;p=0.03); there were no baseline differences at any other bone site (p>0.05). At 9-months, GOTR participants had higher FN BMC (p=0.048) and higher trochanteric BMC (p=0.039) compared to controls after adjusting for growth, calcium, vitamin D, activity and initial BMC values. There were no group differences in BMC or structural outcomes at any other bone site (P>0.05). Conclusions: While participating in GOTR, our sample of 8-12 year-old girls had MVPA levels greater than the minimum recommended 60 minutes per day of MVPA, but these levels did not persist after the program ended. After adjusting for growth, maturation, calcium, vitamin D, MVPA, and initial BMC values, we found that GOTR participants exhibited higher FN and trochanteric BMC compared to controls. Thus there appears to be a positive association between participation in GOTR and skeletal development at the hip in growing girls. We expected positive changes in bone would be related to a sustained increase in MVPA. However, this was not the case. Statistical models revealed that MVPA did not explain any of the variability in bone outcomes. It is possible that while the accelerometers captured the general intensity of activities performed, they likely do not sufficiently assess the bone loading nature of activity. In summary, we found that participation in GOTR was associated with higher levels of MVPA and resulted in positive changes in BMC at the hip among young girls participating in the program. Evidence now exists to warrant a broader investigation of this program and its potential to improve health outcomes in young girls. Title: Examining the effects of a community-based physical activity program on moderate to vigorous physical activity and skeletal health in growing girls Author: Kasianchuk, Anastasia M. Girls on the Run (GOTR) is a community-based running program that encourages social, mental, emotional and physical development in young girls through the process of training for a 5k running event. Previous reports have shown that GOTR has positive effects on self-esteem and dietary behaviors; whether GOTR influences levels of physical activity and bone health outcomes is unknown. Purpose: To determine if participation in GOTR is associated with achieving the recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 60 minutes per day for children and positive skeletal development in 8-12 year-old girls. Methods: Girls (n=31; 9.8±1.4 yrs) were recruited from ten different GOTR Willamette Valley sites to form the intervention group. Girls who did not participate in GOTR or other organized physical activity formed the control group (n=9; 9.6±0.73 yrs). All girls completed a standard health history questionnaire at baseline. Weight, height, and time spent in MVPA were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. MVPA was measured by accelerometry over a 7-day period at each time point. Bone mineral content (BMC (g)) and bone structural outcomes; assessed using DXA) and nutrient intakes (assessed using the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire) were evaluated at baseline and 9-months. To evaluate whether GOTR participants were meeting the physical activity minimum recommendations of 60 minutes/day of MVPA, one sample t-tests were applied at each time point evaluating the mean MVPA against a criterion test value of 60 (minutes). To determine whether the mean MVPA varied across time points within the intervention group, and whether there were differences in MVPA between groups across time, we used repeated measures analysis of variance; adjusting for multiple comparisons. To determine baseline differences between groups in BMC and structural outcomes, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used adjusting for age, height, weight, maturation status (years from peak ht. velocity), nutrient intakes and MVPA. The ANCOVA was repeated at 9-months adding initial bone values to determine differences in BMC and structural outcomes between groups at follow-up. Results: At baseline there were no differences in MVPA between groups. However, GOTR participants had higher BMC (g) at the femoral neck (FN) site compared to controls (mean + SE; 2.69 + 0.07 vs. 2.33 + 0.13; p=0.02) and a larger estimated cross sectional area (cm² ) at the narrow neck region of the hip (mean + SE; 2.01 + 0.05 vs. 1.76 + 0.10;p=0.03); there were no baseline differences at any other bone site (p>0.05). At 9-months, GOTR participants had higher FN BMC (p=0.048) and higher trochanteric BMC (p=0.039) compared to controls after adjusting for growth, calcium, vitamin D, activity and initial BMC values. There were no group differences in BMC or structural outcomes at any other bone site (P>0.05). Conclusions: While participating in GOTR, our sample of 8-12 year-old girls had MVPA levels greater than the minimum recommended 60 minutes per day of MVPA, but these levels did not persist after the program ended. After adjusting for growth, maturation, calcium, vitamin D, MVPA, and initial BMC values, we found that GOTR participants exhibited higher FN and trochanteric BMC compared to controls. Thus there appears to be a positive association between participation in GOTR and skeletal development at the hip in growing girls. We expected positive changes in bone would be related to a sustained increase in MVPA. However, this was not the case. Statistical models revealed that MVPA did not explain any of the variability in bone outcomes. It is possible that while the accelerometers captured the general intensity of activities performed, they likely do not sufficiently assess the bone loading nature of activity. In summary, we found that participation in GOTR was associated with higher levels of MVPA and resulted in positive changes in BMC at the hip among young girls participating in the program. Evidence now exists to warrant a broader investigation of this program and its potential to improve health outcomes in young girls. Close

• 3096. [Article] Characteristics of soil organic matter in two forest soils

  Soil organic matter (SOM) is the terrestrial biosphere's largest pool of organic carbon (C) and is an integral part of C cycling globally. Soil organic matter composition typically can be traced directly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of soil organic matter in two forest soils Author: Crow, Susan E. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the terrestrial biosphere's largest pool of organic carbon (C) and is an integral part of C cycling globally. Soil organic matter composition typically can be traced directly back to the type of detrital inputs; however, the stabilization of SOM results as a combination of chemical recalcitrance, protection from microbial decomposition within soil structure, and organo-mineral interactions. A long-term manipulative field experiment, the Detrital Input and Removal Treatment (DIRT) Project, was established to examine effects of altering detrital inputs (above- vs. below-ground source, C and nitrogen (N) quantity, and chemical quality) on the stabilization and retention of SOM. Surface mineral soil was collected from two DIRT sites, Bousson (a deciduous site in western Pennsylvania) and H.J. Andrews (a coniferous site in the Oregon Cascade Mountains), to examine the influence of altering detrital inputs on decomposability and mean residence time of soil organic matter and different organic matter fractions. Soil organic matter was physically separated into light fraction (LF) and heavy fraction (HF) organic matter, by density fractionation in 1.6 g mL⁻¹ sodium polytungstate (SPT). Density fractionation in SPT resulted in the mobilization and loss of ~25% of total soil organic C and N during the physical separation and rinsing of fractions during recovery, which was also the most easily decomposed organic matter present in the bulk soil. At H.J. Andrews, this mobilized organic matter had a short mean residence time (MRT), indicating that it originated from fresh detrital inputs. In contrast, at Bousson, the organic matter mobilized had a long MRT, indicating that it originated from organic matter that had already been stabilized in the soil. Mean residence times of LF from Bousson varied widely, ~3 y from doubled litter and control plots and 78-185 y for litter removal plots, while MRT of HF was ~250 y and has not yet been affected by litter manipulations. Results from long term incubation of LF and HF material supported these estimates; respiration was greatest from LF of doubled litter and control plots and least from HF of litter removal plots. In contrast, MRT estimated for LF and HF organic matter from H.J. Andrews were similar to each other (~100 y) and were not affected by litter manipulation. These estimates were also supported by the incubation results; there was not a difference in cumulative respiration between detrital treatments or density fractions. The results from the coniferous site may be due to a legacy of historically large inputs of coarse woody debris on the LF and it may be decades before the signal of detrital manipulations can be measured. Alternatively, these highly andic soils may be accumulating C rapidly, yielding young HF ages and C that does not differ substantially in lability from coniferous litter-derived LF. The DIRT Project was intended to follow changes in soil organic matter over decades to centuries. As expected, manipulation of detrital inputs has influenced the lability and mean residence time of the light fraction before the heavy fraction organic matter; however, it will be on much more lengthy time scales that clear differences in organic matter stabilization in response to the alteration of detrital inputs will emerge. Soil CO₂ efflux is a compilation of CO₂ from many sources, including root respiration and the decomposition of different organic matter fractions, roots, and exudates. If the sources of CO₂ have different isotopic signatures, the isotope analysis of CO₂ efflux may reveal the dominant sources within the soil profile. In a short incubation experiment of density fractions from both sites, respired CO₂ reflected the isotopic signature of the organic matter fraction after 30 days, but was more enriched in ¹³C. Initially CO₂ was isotopically depleted in ¹³C relative to the organic matter fraction and the period of depletion related to the amount of easily degraded organic matter present at H.J. Andrews only. Title: Characteristics of soil organic matter in two forest soils Author: Crow, Susan E. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the terrestrial biosphere's largest pool of organic carbon (C) and is an integral part of C cycling globally. Soil organic matter composition typically can be traced directly back to the type of detrital inputs; however, the stabilization of SOM results as a combination of chemical recalcitrance, protection from microbial decomposition within soil structure, and organo-mineral interactions. A long-term manipulative field experiment, the Detrital Input and Removal Treatment (DIRT) Project, was established to examine effects of altering detrital inputs (above- vs. below-ground source, C and nitrogen (N) quantity, and chemical quality) on the stabilization and retention of SOM. Surface mineral soil was collected from two DIRT sites, Bousson (a deciduous site in western Pennsylvania) and H.J. Andrews (a coniferous site in the Oregon Cascade Mountains), to examine the influence of altering detrital inputs on decomposability and mean residence time of soil organic matter and different organic matter fractions. Soil organic matter was physically separated into light fraction (LF) and heavy fraction (HF) organic matter, by density fractionation in 1.6 g mL⁻¹ sodium polytungstate (SPT). Density fractionation in SPT resulted in the mobilization and loss of ~25% of total soil organic C and N during the physical separation and rinsing of fractions during recovery, which was also the most easily decomposed organic matter present in the bulk soil. At H.J. Andrews, this mobilized organic matter had a short mean residence time (MRT), indicating that it originated from fresh detrital inputs. In contrast, at Bousson, the organic matter mobilized had a long MRT, indicating that it originated from organic matter that had already been stabilized in the soil. Mean residence times of LF from Bousson varied widely, ~3 y from doubled litter and control plots and 78-185 y for litter removal plots, while MRT of HF was ~250 y and has not yet been affected by litter manipulations. Results from long term incubation of LF and HF material supported these estimates; respiration was greatest from LF of doubled litter and control plots and least from HF of litter removal plots. In contrast, MRT estimated for LF and HF organic matter from H.J. Andrews were similar to each other (~100 y) and were not affected by litter manipulation. These estimates were also supported by the incubation results; there was not a difference in cumulative respiration between detrital treatments or density fractions. The results from the coniferous site may be due to a legacy of historically large inputs of coarse woody debris on the LF and it may be decades before the signal of detrital manipulations can be measured. Alternatively, these highly andic soils may be accumulating C rapidly, yielding young HF ages and C that does not differ substantially in lability from coniferous litter-derived LF. The DIRT Project was intended to follow changes in soil organic matter over decades to centuries. As expected, manipulation of detrital inputs has influenced the lability and mean residence time of the light fraction before the heavy fraction organic matter; however, it will be on much more lengthy time scales that clear differences in organic matter stabilization in response to the alteration of detrital inputs will emerge. Soil CO₂ efflux is a compilation of CO₂ from many sources, including root respiration and the decomposition of different organic matter fractions, roots, and exudates. If the sources of CO₂ have different isotopic signatures, the isotope analysis of CO₂ efflux may reveal the dominant sources within the soil profile. In a short incubation experiment of density fractions from both sites, respired CO₂ reflected the isotopic signature of the organic matter fraction after 30 days, but was more enriched in ¹³C. Initially CO₂ was isotopically depleted in ¹³C relative to the organic matter fraction and the period of depletion related to the amount of easily degraded organic matter present at H.J. Andrews only. Close

• 3097. [Article] Dine right with MENu insight : a nutrition education program for men

  The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program for men on healthy eating when dining out. The Health Belief Model provided the basic framework to identify factors that would ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dine right with MENu insight : a nutrition education program for men Author: Freeh, Colleen B. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program for men on healthy eating when dining out. The Health Belief Model provided the basic framework to identify factors that would potentially motivate men over 40 to change their dietary behavior to reduce heart disease risk. Roundtable discussions were held to identify nutrition needs. A 10 minute "Dine Right with MENu Insight" slide program on low-fat eating away from home was developed. Three educational messages were the key concepts of the program: 1) relationship between diet and health, 2) proportionality, variety and moderation as themes of the Food Guide Pyramid and 3) low-fat food choices at home and away. A four page handout was developed to supplement the slide show presentation. Four programs were presented to a total of 148 people (136 males, 12 females) at Rotary and Kiwanis groups in Corvallis and Albany, Oregon in January and February, 1994. Each program included a pretest, the "Dine Right with MENu Insight" slide presentation and a group discussion. Of the 136 males, forty-eight volunteered (aged 40-60 years) and completed the 10-15 minute follow-up phone post-test 3-4 weeks after attending the program. Pre-test responses showed limited knowledge of the Food Guide Pyramid, with 65% of the men incorrectly selecting the vegetable group as the base of the Pyramid. Knowledge of low-fat menu choices was high with an average score of 4.7+1.1 (out of a possible 5 points) and a range of 0-5 prior to the education program. An attitude score measuring awareness of healthy dietary practices underlying the Pyramid (eg, variety, proportionality and moderation) had a mean of 5.3+1.7 (out of a possible 15) with a range of 3-8. These pre-test data suggested that participants were aware of the relationship between diet and health. In the post-test, 98% of the men correctly selected the bread group as the Food Guide Pyramid food group that should be eaten in the largest amount. This was a significant increase (p<.001) from pre-test scores. Half of the men had heard of the Pyramid prior to the program. A reassessment of healthy dietary practices awareness showed a significant increase in positive attitudes (p [less than or equal to] .001) with a mean of 3.6+.93 (out of a possible 15 points) and a range of 5-7. Seventy-three percent of the men reported that their diet could be "somewhat healthier". In the past year, 69% reported increasing their consumption of foods (eg, vegetables, grains) to reduce heart disease; 79% reported decreased consumption (eg, red meat). Seventy-five percent reported that they "sometimes" try to select lower fat foods when eating out. Personal preference (65%), menu selection (80%) and the restaurant (27%) influenced lower fat food selection decisions. Many participants indicated awareness of the relationship between proper food selection and optimal health before the program. However, awareness did increase as a result of the program. There was a significant positive (p [less than or equal to] .005) change in attitudes toward the importance of watching fat in the diet in order to stay healthy between pre and posttests. In addition, a positive (r=.36, p [less than or equal to] .05) correlation was reported between knowing that the amount of dietary fat affects the chance of heart disease and watching fat in the diet in order to stay healthy. These data suggest that the Dine Right program conveyed a tie between diet and optimum health. Significant changes in participants' knowledge about the Food Guide Pyramid and underlying concepts also suggest that the program had an impact on participants. These data suggest that knowledge of nutritious food choices at home and away from home increased or was reinforced by the program. The majority (79%) of men learned "some new things" from the program. As a result of the program, 65% planned on making changes in their diets when eating out (eg, by increasing grains, fruits, vegetables). Thirty-five percent planned to make changes at home. Eighty-three percent reported showing the Dine Right handout to someone else and 85% talked about the program with their spouse, family member, coworker or friend. The results of this research indicate that men respond to nutrition education programs. Therefore nutrition and health campaigns to reach the American male are merited. Men's health and nutrition programs such as "Dine Right with MENu Insight" could be followed by additional education programs utilizing a theoretical framework. Future research should test each of the components of the Health Belief Model on men's dietary behavior. Also extensions to other samples of men (such as those with lower educational levels) is warranted in order to better understand how to target nutrition education programs to this important audience. Title: Dine right with MENu insight : a nutrition education program for men Author: Freeh, Colleen B. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program for men on healthy eating when dining out. The Health Belief Model provided the basic framework to identify factors that would potentially motivate men over 40 to change their dietary behavior to reduce heart disease risk. Roundtable discussions were held to identify nutrition needs. A 10 minute "Dine Right with MENu Insight" slide program on low-fat eating away from home was developed. Three educational messages were the key concepts of the program: 1) relationship between diet and health, 2) proportionality, variety and moderation as themes of the Food Guide Pyramid and 3) low-fat food choices at home and away. A four page handout was developed to supplement the slide show presentation. Four programs were presented to a total of 148 people (136 males, 12 females) at Rotary and Kiwanis groups in Corvallis and Albany, Oregon in January and February, 1994. Each program included a pretest, the "Dine Right with MENu Insight" slide presentation and a group discussion. Of the 136 males, forty-eight volunteered (aged 40-60 years) and completed the 10-15 minute follow-up phone post-test 3-4 weeks after attending the program. Pre-test responses showed limited knowledge of the Food Guide Pyramid, with 65% of the men incorrectly selecting the vegetable group as the base of the Pyramid. Knowledge of low-fat menu choices was high with an average score of 4.7+1.1 (out of a possible 5 points) and a range of 0-5 prior to the education program. An attitude score measuring awareness of healthy dietary practices underlying the Pyramid (eg, variety, proportionality and moderation) had a mean of 5.3+1.7 (out of a possible 15) with a range of 3-8. These pre-test data suggested that participants were aware of the relationship between diet and health. In the post-test, 98% of the men correctly selected the bread group as the Food Guide Pyramid food group that should be eaten in the largest amount. This was a significant increase (p<.001) from pre-test scores. Half of the men had heard of the Pyramid prior to the program. A reassessment of healthy dietary practices awareness showed a significant increase in positive attitudes (p [less than or equal to] .001) with a mean of 3.6+.93 (out of a possible 15 points) and a range of 5-7. Seventy-three percent of the men reported that their diet could be "somewhat healthier". In the past year, 69% reported increasing their consumption of foods (eg, vegetables, grains) to reduce heart disease; 79% reported decreased consumption (eg, red meat). Seventy-five percent reported that they "sometimes" try to select lower fat foods when eating out. Personal preference (65%), menu selection (80%) and the restaurant (27%) influenced lower fat food selection decisions. Many participants indicated awareness of the relationship between proper food selection and optimal health before the program. However, awareness did increase as a result of the program. There was a significant positive (p [less than or equal to] .005) change in attitudes toward the importance of watching fat in the diet in order to stay healthy between pre and posttests. In addition, a positive (r=.36, p [less than or equal to] .05) correlation was reported between knowing that the amount of dietary fat affects the chance of heart disease and watching fat in the diet in order to stay healthy. These data suggest that the Dine Right program conveyed a tie between diet and optimum health. Significant changes in participants' knowledge about the Food Guide Pyramid and underlying concepts also suggest that the program had an impact on participants. These data suggest that knowledge of nutritious food choices at home and away from home increased or was reinforced by the program. The majority (79%) of men learned "some new things" from the program. As a result of the program, 65% planned on making changes in their diets when eating out (eg, by increasing grains, fruits, vegetables). Thirty-five percent planned to make changes at home. Eighty-three percent reported showing the Dine Right handout to someone else and 85% talked about the program with their spouse, family member, coworker or friend. The results of this research indicate that men respond to nutrition education programs. Therefore nutrition and health campaigns to reach the American male are merited. Men's health and nutrition programs such as "Dine Right with MENu Insight" could be followed by additional education programs utilizing a theoretical framework. Future research should test each of the components of the Health Belief Model on men's dietary behavior. Also extensions to other samples of men (such as those with lower educational levels) is warranted in order to better understand how to target nutrition education programs to this important audience. Close

• 3098. [Article] Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success

  The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success Author: Croucher, Racheal L. The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool for forced assimilation of AIAN people. With the disturbing motto of “Kill the Indian, save the man” as guidance, these schools stripped AIAN children of their language, culture, and dignity. Today, AIAN students attend and graduate from college at far lower rates than the national average. Of the AIAN students that do receive a high school diploma, only about one-third will enroll in college, compared to nearly two-thirds of their non-Native peers. Only 37% of AIAN college students complete a bachelor’s degree within 6 years, compared to the 56% in the general population. Prior research has identified supports promoting AIAN higher education success: family support, giving back to community motivations, university resources, on-campus social supports, college preparation courses, financial support, and maintaining cultural ties. Prior research has also identified barriers to higher education success: family, inadequate financial support, lack of academic preparation, and cultural barriers. With the conflict-filled history of AIAN education, AIAN education disparities, and the dearth of AIAN college success research in mind the aims of this study are to 1. identify how family, community, and Tribe influence student success for AIAN students, and 2. begin a dialogue around student experiences and success to promote a sense community within the AIAN population at Oregon State University (OSU). Together these aims identify the needs of the AIAN population at OSU and begin the process of addressing those needs to promote student success. AIAN students enrolled at OSU, 18 years of age or older were invited to participate in a focus group around their higher education experiences. Participants were asked to share on the topics of family, community and Tribe and its influence on their higher education experience. Through four focus groups comprised of self-identifying AIAN students (N=16), this qualitative study found family as support and barrier, Tribe as support and barrier, Native identity, culture clash, OSU resources, and OSU-Tribal connections to be predominant themes relating to student success. Financial support, Tribal unfairness, paradoxical cultural pressure, AIAN advising, and blood quantum were found to be supporting themes. Family and Tribe were found to provide supports, but also act as barriers to AIAN student success while community was found to be neither a support nor a barrier. Students described finding family-like supports away from their family by creating a sense of family through their friends while at college. Students identified other individuals outside of their family and Tribe that were valuable supports. Students identified conflict in the historical context of the education system and Native identity that may play a role in AIAN student success. Students rejected the roots of the higher education system for several reasons, but especially because its original purpose was to provide White men the credentials to run the government, which is the same government that oppressed our ancestors and utilized the education system as a tool for deculturation and assimilation. Students described their primary motivation to succeed in college as being able to return to their Tribe and give back to their Tribal community, despite this devaluation of higher education. Participants provided suggestions for OSU and the 9 Tribes of Oregon to consider in providing better supports to AIAN students. The primary suggestion was to improve communication and collaboration between OSU and the local Tribes of Oregon. Suggestions included hiring an AIAN academic advisor, promoting culturally knowledgeable services at Counseling and Psychological Services, and several suggestions for AIAN community events. The participant-identified issues of Native identity, culture clash, blood quantum, and paradoxical cultural pressures; how these issues relate to success in higher education for these students, is discussed. The results of this study add to the sparse literature on AIAN college success, reinforcing the importance of family and Tribe and underlining the complexity of AIAN issues in higher education. Further research should look into Participatory Action Research to promote change through research. The active dissemination of these results to OSU, the Tribes of Oregon, and identified supports is absolutely essential in promoting higher education success for American Indian/Alaska Native students at Oregon State University. Title: Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success Author: Croucher, Racheal L. The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool for forced assimilation of AIAN people. With the disturbing motto of “Kill the Indian, save the man” as guidance, these schools stripped AIAN children of their language, culture, and dignity. Today, AIAN students attend and graduate from college at far lower rates than the national average. Of the AIAN students that do receive a high school diploma, only about one-third will enroll in college, compared to nearly two-thirds of their non-Native peers. Only 37% of AIAN college students complete a bachelor’s degree within 6 years, compared to the 56% in the general population. Prior research has identified supports promoting AIAN higher education success: family support, giving back to community motivations, university resources, on-campus social supports, college preparation courses, financial support, and maintaining cultural ties. Prior research has also identified barriers to higher education success: family, inadequate financial support, lack of academic preparation, and cultural barriers. With the conflict-filled history of AIAN education, AIAN education disparities, and the dearth of AIAN college success research in mind the aims of this study are to 1. identify how family, community, and Tribe influence student success for AIAN students, and 2. begin a dialogue around student experiences and success to promote a sense community within the AIAN population at Oregon State University (OSU). Together these aims identify the needs of the AIAN population at OSU and begin the process of addressing those needs to promote student success. AIAN students enrolled at OSU, 18 years of age or older were invited to participate in a focus group around their higher education experiences. Participants were asked to share on the topics of family, community and Tribe and its influence on their higher education experience. Through four focus groups comprised of self-identifying AIAN students (N=16), this qualitative study found family as support and barrier, Tribe as support and barrier, Native identity, culture clash, OSU resources, and OSU-Tribal connections to be predominant themes relating to student success. Financial support, Tribal unfairness, paradoxical cultural pressure, AIAN advising, and blood quantum were found to be supporting themes. Family and Tribe were found to provide supports, but also act as barriers to AIAN student success while community was found to be neither a support nor a barrier. Students described finding family-like supports away from their family by creating a sense of family through their friends while at college. Students identified other individuals outside of their family and Tribe that were valuable supports. Students identified conflict in the historical context of the education system and Native identity that may play a role in AIAN student success. Students rejected the roots of the higher education system for several reasons, but especially because its original purpose was to provide White men the credentials to run the government, which is the same government that oppressed our ancestors and utilized the education system as a tool for deculturation and assimilation. Students described their primary motivation to succeed in college as being able to return to their Tribe and give back to their Tribal community, despite this devaluation of higher education. Participants provided suggestions for OSU and the 9 Tribes of Oregon to consider in providing better supports to AIAN students. The primary suggestion was to improve communication and collaboration between OSU and the local Tribes of Oregon. Suggestions included hiring an AIAN academic advisor, promoting culturally knowledgeable services at Counseling and Psychological Services, and several suggestions for AIAN community events. The participant-identified issues of Native identity, culture clash, blood quantum, and paradoxical cultural pressures; how these issues relate to success in higher education for these students, is discussed. The results of this study add to the sparse literature on AIAN college success, reinforcing the importance of family and Tribe and underlining the complexity of AIAN issues in higher education. Further research should look into Participatory Action Research to promote change through research. The active dissemination of these results to OSU, the Tribes of Oregon, and identified supports is absolutely essential in promoting higher education success for American Indian/Alaska Native students at Oregon State University. Close

• 3099. [Article] Bioactive glass filled resin composites : mechanical properties and resistance to secondary tooth decay

  Dental resin composites are widely used in modern dentistry due to their aesthetic appearance. However, resin based restorations have inferior mechanical properties (fracture is the second reason for restorations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bioactive glass filled resin composites : mechanical properties and resistance to secondary tooth decay Author: Khvostenko, Dmytro Dental resin composites are widely used in modern dentistry due to their aesthetic appearance. However, resin based restorations have inferior mechanical properties (fracture is the second reason for restorations replacement) in comparison to alloy based composites and their antimicrobial properties still remain poor, leading to secondary tooth decay development on tooth-filling interface (which is the primary reason for restorations failure). In this work the Bioactive glass (BAG) was used as an antimicrobial filler. Experimental composites were prepared with 0-15 wt% BAG filler and 72-57 wt% silane treated silica glass, keeping a total filler content constant at 72 wt%. BAG composite's mechanical properties were examined, using 3-point bending beams for flexural strength measurement, pre-cracked compact-tension samples, C(T), for fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth evaluation. All mechanical properties were tested for different soaking treatments of the samples: 24 hours in DI water (all experiments) 2 months in sterile media (flexural test only) and 2 months in media with Streptococcus mutans bacteria (all experiemtns). All mechanical properties findings were compared to those ones of commercial Heliomolar composite. Main toughening mechanisms for BAG composites were evaluated post-test by SEM. The results showed that all mechanical properties for BAG composites were unaffected by increasing the filler content from 0 to 15 wt%. Moreover, all mechanical properties of BAG composites were significantly superior over Heliomolar composites. BAG composite's flexural strength properties were not affected by any of aging treatments and a slight decrease in fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance was observed after 2 months soaking in media with bacteria. Main toughening mechanisms were related to BAG composite's increased filler, which resulted in more frequent crack deflection, and crack bridging at the crack tip and far away from it. In next phase of the research, a novel bioreactor and new test specimen type were developed, which allowed investigating the synergistic effect of cyclic loading and bacterial exposure on secondary tooth decay. The bioreactor was able to provide environment suitable for bacteria, similar to lab incubators. Teeth samples were machined into the disk shape (3 mm tall, 9 mm diameter), mainly consisting of dentin and the middle of sample was drilled and restored with 0 wt% BAG (0BAG) composite (2 mm deep, 5 mm diameter), introducing semi-circumferential gap between dentin and restoration of 10-30 microns. All samples were initially disinfected with 1% chloramine solution. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was grown over the samples and then they were placed in bioreactors and subjected to 1.5 Hz loading cycling at maximum load of 25% from breaking load and R=0.1 for 2 hours, followed by 4 hours resting at minimal load. The procedure was repeated for total of 2 weeks of an experiment, during which bacteria biofilm was constantly supplied with BHI media, carbon dioxide and 37oC temperature. After 2 weeks test, samples' biofilm viability was evaluated with live/dead staining kit and then, after fixing the biofilm on the samples in 4% gluteraldehyde, all samples were sectioned across the gap and stained with Gram Crysrtal Violet CAT+ dye , followed by fluorescence microscopy to reveal the depth of bacterial penetration down the gap. The depth of bacterial penetration of loaded samples was compared to one of non-loaded samples and results revealed a significantly deeper bacterial penetration for cyclically loaded samples versus non-loaded, thus, it was concluded that cyclic loading and bacterial exposure together aid secondary tooth decay propagation. In the last phase of this project the anti-microbial properties of BAG composites were evaluated. Using the same sample preparation technique and methods from the previous phase (except that now the composite was 15 wt% BAG, a.k.a 15BAG), we found out that bacterial penetration down the gap for 15BAG composite was significantly lower (almost 50% difference) in comparison to 0BAG composite, which made us confident to draw a conclusion that 15BAG composite possesses good antimicrobial properties and can be used for secondary tooth decay prevention. Title: Bioactive glass filled resin composites : mechanical properties and resistance to secondary tooth decay Author: Khvostenko, Dmytro Dental resin composites are widely used in modern dentistry due to their aesthetic appearance. However, resin based restorations have inferior mechanical properties (fracture is the second reason for restorations replacement) in comparison to alloy based composites and their antimicrobial properties still remain poor, leading to secondary tooth decay development on tooth-filling interface (which is the primary reason for restorations failure). In this work the Bioactive glass (BAG) was used as an antimicrobial filler. Experimental composites were prepared with 0-15 wt% BAG filler and 72-57 wt% silane treated silica glass, keeping a total filler content constant at 72 wt%. BAG composite's mechanical properties were examined, using 3-point bending beams for flexural strength measurement, pre-cracked compact-tension samples, C(T), for fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth evaluation. All mechanical properties were tested for different soaking treatments of the samples: 24 hours in DI water (all experiments) 2 months in sterile media (flexural test only) and 2 months in media with Streptococcus mutans bacteria (all experiemtns). All mechanical properties findings were compared to those ones of commercial Heliomolar composite. Main toughening mechanisms for BAG composites were evaluated post-test by SEM. The results showed that all mechanical properties for BAG composites were unaffected by increasing the filler content from 0 to 15 wt%. Moreover, all mechanical properties of BAG composites were significantly superior over Heliomolar composites. BAG composite's flexural strength properties were not affected by any of aging treatments and a slight decrease in fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance was observed after 2 months soaking in media with bacteria. Main toughening mechanisms were related to BAG composite's increased filler, which resulted in more frequent crack deflection, and crack bridging at the crack tip and far away from it. In next phase of the research, a novel bioreactor and new test specimen type were developed, which allowed investigating the synergistic effect of cyclic loading and bacterial exposure on secondary tooth decay. The bioreactor was able to provide environment suitable for bacteria, similar to lab incubators. Teeth samples were machined into the disk shape (3 mm tall, 9 mm diameter), mainly consisting of dentin and the middle of sample was drilled and restored with 0 wt% BAG (0BAG) composite (2 mm deep, 5 mm diameter), introducing semi-circumferential gap between dentin and restoration of 10-30 microns. All samples were initially disinfected with 1% chloramine solution. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was grown over the samples and then they were placed in bioreactors and subjected to 1.5 Hz loading cycling at maximum load of 25% from breaking load and R=0.1 for 2 hours, followed by 4 hours resting at minimal load. The procedure was repeated for total of 2 weeks of an experiment, during which bacteria biofilm was constantly supplied with BHI media, carbon dioxide and 37oC temperature. After 2 weeks test, samples' biofilm viability was evaluated with live/dead staining kit and then, after fixing the biofilm on the samples in 4% gluteraldehyde, all samples were sectioned across the gap and stained with Gram Crysrtal Violet CAT+ dye , followed by fluorescence microscopy to reveal the depth of bacterial penetration down the gap. The depth of bacterial penetration of loaded samples was compared to one of non-loaded samples and results revealed a significantly deeper bacterial penetration for cyclically loaded samples versus non-loaded, thus, it was concluded that cyclic loading and bacterial exposure together aid secondary tooth decay propagation. In the last phase of this project the anti-microbial properties of BAG composites were evaluated. Using the same sample preparation technique and methods from the previous phase (except that now the composite was 15 wt% BAG, a.k.a 15BAG), we found out that bacterial penetration down the gap for 15BAG composite was significantly lower (almost 50% difference) in comparison to 0BAG composite, which made us confident to draw a conclusion that 15BAG composite possesses good antimicrobial properties and can be used for secondary tooth decay prevention. Close

• 3100. [Article] Identification and quantitation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites in vivo as biomarkers of oxidative stress

  Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body becomes tipped heavily in favor of the reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and quantitation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites in vivo as biomarkers of oxidative stress Author: Kuiper, Heather C. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body becomes tipped heavily in favor of the reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species can be present in excess due to elevated O2 levels, radiation, infection, smoking, or even excessive exercise. It is also possible that a reduction in antioxidant levels could result in oxidative stress. When this occurs, reactive oxygen species can cause damage by reacting with DNA, proteins, and lipids. Lipid peroxidation products are breakdown products of polyunsaturated fatty acids, formed under conditions of oxidative stress. These lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-oxo-2-nonenal, and their metabolites, have been demonstrated to be cytotoxic and genotoxic. They have also been shown to play a role in the development and progression of age related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and atherosclerosis. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal levels have even been shown to increase with disease progression. Conjugation with glutathione, followed by further metabolism to mercapturic acid conjugates, can mitigate the effects of these lipid peroxidation products in disease development by facilitating their excretion from the body. The increase of lipid peroxidation products in disease states suggests utility for the mercapturic acid conjugates of these metabolites as biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo. In order to assess the utility of lipid peroxidation product-mercapturic acid conjugates as biomarker of oxidative stress, we first developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods by which to analyze the conjugates. Then, using CCl4 treatment of rats, a widely accepted model of acute oxidative stress, we were able to discover the first in vivo evidence for 4-oxo-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and its phase one metabolites 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid. This proved to be non-trivial since 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid are isomers with similar retention times and fragmentation patterns. The distinction between 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid is an important one because previous analyses have likely attributed the effects of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. These metabolites also form by different pathways, so being able to distinguish between the two could provide insight into the mechanisms of oxidative stress in biological systems. We were also able to show a significant increase in urinary levels of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid lactone-mercapturic acid, 4-oxo-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid in the CCl4 rat model of oxidative stress by semi-quantitative analysis. These results suggest that conjugates of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites have value as markers of in vivo oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The next step was to develop quantitative methods for the analysis of lipid peroxidation product conjugates and to assess their levels in humans. We developed a quantitative method to simultaneously analyze the levels of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid in human urine samples utilizing isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. We were also able to detect 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid lactone-mercapturic acid, and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid with this method. The detection of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid in humans is significant because it demonstrates that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal/4-oxo-2-nonenal branching occurs in the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids and suggests that 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol may contribute to the harmful effects currently associated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. We were able to show significant decreases in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid, and total lipid peroxidation product-mercapturic acid conjugates in a group of seven smokers upon smoking cessation. This data demonstrates the value of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites as in vivo markers of oxidative stress. Title: Identification and quantitation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites in vivo as biomarkers of oxidative stress Author: Kuiper, Heather C. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body becomes tipped heavily in favor of the reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species can be present in excess due to elevated O2 levels, radiation, infection, smoking, or even excessive exercise. It is also possible that a reduction in antioxidant levels could result in oxidative stress. When this occurs, reactive oxygen species can cause damage by reacting with DNA, proteins, and lipids. Lipid peroxidation products are breakdown products of polyunsaturated fatty acids, formed under conditions of oxidative stress. These lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-oxo-2-nonenal, and their metabolites, have been demonstrated to be cytotoxic and genotoxic. They have also been shown to play a role in the development and progression of age related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and atherosclerosis. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal levels have even been shown to increase with disease progression. Conjugation with glutathione, followed by further metabolism to mercapturic acid conjugates, can mitigate the effects of these lipid peroxidation products in disease development by facilitating their excretion from the body. The increase of lipid peroxidation products in disease states suggests utility for the mercapturic acid conjugates of these metabolites as biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo. In order to assess the utility of lipid peroxidation product-mercapturic acid conjugates as biomarker of oxidative stress, we first developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods by which to analyze the conjugates. Then, using CCl4 treatment of rats, a widely accepted model of acute oxidative stress, we were able to discover the first in vivo evidence for 4-oxo-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and its phase one metabolites 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid. This proved to be non-trivial since 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid are isomers with similar retention times and fragmentation patterns. The distinction between 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid is an important one because previous analyses have likely attributed the effects of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. These metabolites also form by different pathways, so being able to distinguish between the two could provide insight into the mechanisms of oxidative stress in biological systems. We were also able to show a significant increase in urinary levels of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid lactone-mercapturic acid, 4-oxo-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid in the CCl4 rat model of oxidative stress by semi-quantitative analysis. These results suggest that conjugates of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites have value as markers of in vivo oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The next step was to develop quantitative methods for the analysis of lipid peroxidation product conjugates and to assess their levels in humans. We developed a quantitative method to simultaneously analyze the levels of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid in human urine samples utilizing isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. We were also able to detect 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid lactone-mercapturic acid, and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid with this method. The detection of 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol-mercapturic acid and 4-oxo-2-nonenoic acid-mercapturic acid in humans is significant because it demonstrates that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal/4-oxo-2-nonenal branching occurs in the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids and suggests that 4-oxo-2-nonen-1-ol may contribute to the harmful effects currently associated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. We were able to show significant decreases in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene-mercapturic acid, and total lipid peroxidation product-mercapturic acid conjugates in a group of seven smokers upon smoking cessation. This data demonstrates the value of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites as in vivo markers of oxidative stress. Close