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• 301. [Article] Organic matter compositions and loadings in soils and sediments along the Fly River, Papua New Guinea

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/geochimica-et-co...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic matter compositions and loadings in soils and sediments along the Fly River, Papua New Guinea Author: Merrell, David, Goni, Miguel A., Kurtz, Andrew, Alleau, Yvan, Moore, Eric, Portier, Evan This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta/ Title: Organic matter compositions and loadings in soils and sediments along the Fly River, Papua New Guinea Author: Merrell, David, Goni, Miguel A., Kurtz, Andrew, Alleau, Yvan, Moore, Eric, Portier, Evan This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta/ Close

• 302. [Article] Geochronology and paleoclimatic implications of the last deglaciation 2 of the Mauna Kea Ice Cap, Hawaii

  NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/972JOT

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geochronology and paleoclimatic implications of the last deglaciation 2 of the Mauna Kea Ice Cap, Hawaii Author: Durz, Mark D., Clark, Peter U., 1956-, Hostetler, Steven W., Anslow, Faron S. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/972JOT Title: Geochronology and paleoclimatic implications of the last deglaciation 2 of the Mauna Kea Ice Cap, Hawaii Author: Durz, Mark D., Clark, Peter U., 1956-, Hostetler, Steven W., Anslow, Faron S. NEWS COVERAGE: A news release based on this journal publication, which is written for a lay audience and has been approved by an author of the study, is available online: http://bit.ly/972JOT Close

• 303. [Article] Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Final Monitoring Report February, 2016

  Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus in Newport, Oregon became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Final Monitoring Report February, 2016 Author: Allan, Jonathan, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett, Nelson, Walter Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus in Newport, Oregon became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of January 2016 the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has generally successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area. Beach profile data also indicated that a 200-ft DRP constructed in 2007 continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. In both areas, some loss of gravel at the top of the shore profile due to overtopping of the beach during highest tides was noted, and some additional placement of gravel at these locations is recommended. As a result of the rapid erosion that continued through much of 2015 in the adjacent Reference beach area, an extension of the 2011 DRP project to the south was completed during February 2015. This extension converted the Reference area used for monitoring the 2011 project into an additional gravel beach area (DRP 2015), which clearly differed from its previous characteristics. However, given the highly eroded condition of the Reference area in 2013-2014, the transition may have actually improved conditions for some monitored parameters (e.g. wrack invertebrates). Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation was conducted in 2015 for the fifth and last year. The Reference (DRP 2015) area had significantly higher abundance per unit dry wt versus both the DRP (2011) and DRP Reference (2007) samples. In contrast to previous years when the total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area due to the eroded shore profile, there was little apparent difference in wrack accumulation along the shoreline. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity. This was certainly true after the completion of the DRP 2015, where in addition to the root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore, six additional tree root masses were emplaced along the shoreline as an experiment. As has consistently been observed, vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference (DRP 2015) area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with the pre-DRP 2011 project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, continue to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in the monitoring in 2015 tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP 2011 project was implemented. Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Final Monitoring Report February, 2016 Author: Allan, Jonathan, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett, Nelson, Walter Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus in Newport, Oregon became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of January 2016 the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has generally successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area. Beach profile data also indicated that a 200-ft DRP constructed in 2007 continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. In both areas, some loss of gravel at the top of the shore profile due to overtopping of the beach during highest tides was noted, and some additional placement of gravel at these locations is recommended. As a result of the rapid erosion that continued through much of 2015 in the adjacent Reference beach area, an extension of the 2011 DRP project to the south was completed during February 2015. This extension converted the Reference area used for monitoring the 2011 project into an additional gravel beach area (DRP 2015), which clearly differed from its previous characteristics. However, given the highly eroded condition of the Reference area in 2013-2014, the transition may have actually improved conditions for some monitored parameters (e.g. wrack invertebrates). Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation was conducted in 2015 for the fifth and last year. The Reference (DRP 2015) area had significantly higher abundance per unit dry wt versus both the DRP (2011) and DRP Reference (2007) samples. In contrast to previous years when the total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area due to the eroded shore profile, there was little apparent difference in wrack accumulation along the shoreline. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity. This was certainly true after the completion of the DRP 2015, where in addition to the root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore, six additional tree root masses were emplaced along the shoreline as an experiment. As has consistently been observed, vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference (DRP 2015) area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with the pre-DRP 2011 project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, continue to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in the monitoring in 2015 tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP 2011 project was implemented. Close

• 304. [Article] Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit #45455-FP: Monitoring Report February 2014

  Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit #45455-FP: Monitoring Report February 2014 Author: Nelson, Walt, Allen, Jonathan, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of December 2013, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area, while rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area. Erosion in the unprotected Reference area in the period 2009-2013 has been as great as 9.6 m (31.5 ft). Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. Monitoring of birds and marine mammals was discontinued in 2013 as planned. Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation continued. Per unit of beach wrack biomass, there was no significant difference in density of wrack invertebrates among the three study areas. Total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion that appeared to limit wrack accumulation. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore. Bottom dwelling Pacific Staghorn Sculpin tended to be somewhat more evenly distributed between the DRP and Reference areas, while pelagic Shiner Perch tended to be found more in the Reference area. Vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, were shown to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in year 2 of post-project monitoring tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit #45455-FP: Monitoring Report February 2014 Author: Nelson, Walt, Allen, Jonathan, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of December 2013, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area, while rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area. Erosion in the unprotected Reference area in the period 2009-2013 has been as great as 9.6 m (31.5 ft). Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. Monitoring of birds and marine mammals was discontinued in 2013 as planned. Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation continued. Per unit of beach wrack biomass, there was no significant difference in density of wrack invertebrates among the three study areas. Total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion that appeared to limit wrack accumulation. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore. Bottom dwelling Pacific Staghorn Sculpin tended to be somewhat more evenly distributed between the DRP and Reference areas, while pelagic Shiner Perch tended to be found more in the Reference area. Vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, were shown to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in year 2 of post-project monitoring tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Close

• 305. [Article] Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Report DSL permit #45455-FP Monitoring Report February, 2013

  Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Report DSL permit #45455-FP Monitoring Report February, 2013 Author: Nelson, Walt, Allan, Jonathan, Stephensen, Shawn, Folger, Christina, Webster, Janet G., Politano, Vincent Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of December 2012, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area, while rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area. Erosion in the unprotected Reference area in the period 2009-2012 has been as great as 9 m (29.5 ft). Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. There were significantly more invertebrates associated with beach wrack in the 2011 DRP area as compared with the Reference or 2007 DRP areas. Beach wrack did not tend to accumulate in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion. The reason for the difference with the 2007 DRP area is unclear. Fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, as with the pre-project sampling, maximum abundance was consistently observed at Reference Site 4, which has a uniquely high degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from trees that have been eroded onto the shore. There were significantly greater vegetation coverage and significantly lesser presence of non-living substrata in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. There were no marine mammals observed in either the DRP or Reference areas over the 43 surveys conducted over the 2012 survey period. As was observed in the 2011 report, variability among observation periods for birds was extremely high, with many zero observations. Although there were about three times more birds observed in the Reference area, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of birds observed based either on tide (high vs. low) or sample area (DRP vs. Reference). The number of bird taxa observed was similar in both areas, and most abundant species were similar between the two areas. Fish, birds and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers), were shown to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish, birds and vegetation observed in year 1of post-project monitoring tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Report DSL permit #45455-FP Monitoring Report February, 2013 Author: Nelson, Walt, Allan, Jonathan, Stephensen, Shawn, Folger, Christina, Webster, Janet G., Politano, Vincent Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of December 2012, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area, while rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area. Erosion in the unprotected Reference area in the period 2009-2012 has been as great as 9 m (29.5 ft). Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. There were significantly more invertebrates associated with beach wrack in the 2011 DRP area as compared with the Reference or 2007 DRP areas. Beach wrack did not tend to accumulate in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion. The reason for the difference with the 2007 DRP area is unclear. Fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, as with the pre-project sampling, maximum abundance was consistently observed at Reference Site 4, which has a uniquely high degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from trees that have been eroded onto the shore. There were significantly greater vegetation coverage and significantly lesser presence of non-living substrata in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. There were no marine mammals observed in either the DRP or Reference areas over the 43 surveys conducted over the 2012 survey period. As was observed in the 2011 report, variability among observation periods for birds was extremely high, with many zero observations. Although there were about three times more birds observed in the Reference area, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of birds observed based either on tide (high vs. low) or sample area (DRP vs. Reference). The number of bird taxa observed was similar in both areas, and most abundant species were similar between the two areas. Fish, birds and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers), were shown to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish, birds and vegetation observed in year 1of post-project monitoring tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Close

• 306. [Article] Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Monitoring Report, February 2015

  Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Monitoring Report, February 2015 Author: Nelson, Walt, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of January 2015, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has generally successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area. Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. In both areas, some loss of gravel at the top of the shore profile due to overtopping of the beach during highest tides was noted, and some additional placement of gravel at these locations is recommended. Rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area and over the period 2009-2015 has been as great as 11 m (36 ft). The erosion in the Reference area adjacent to the south end of new gravel beach appears entirely a function of antecedent erosion that is taking place along the entire length of this shore and is not related to any end effects associated with the expanded gravel beach. Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation was conducted in 2014. Per unit of beach wrack biomass, the density of wrack invertebrates was significantly greater in the DRP area as compared to both the 2007 DRP area and the Reference area. Total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion that appeared to limit wrack accumulation. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore. Chum salmon were recorded from both the DRP and Reference area in 2014 in approximately equal numbers. Preliminary assessment of fish using stationary GoPro® camera samples suggested that there is active fish usage of the DRP gravel shoreline. Sampling issues continue to be problematic for quantitative comparisons of fish abundance. As has consistently been observed, vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, continue to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in the post-project monitoring in 2014 tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Title: Hatfield Marine Science Center Dynamic Revetment Project DSL permit # 45455-FP: Monitoring Report, February 2015 Author: Nelson, Walt, Folger, Christina, Cowen, Robert, Arbuckle, Scarlett Stabilization of the Yaquina Bay shoreline along the northeastern edge of the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) campus became necessary to halt erosion that threatened both HMSC critical infrastructure (seawater storage tank) and public access to the HMSC Nature Trail. A Dynamic Revetment (gravel beach) was installed in November, 2011 on 260 feet of shoreline to mitigate erosion. Shoreline topographic and biological monitoring was initiated before and has continued after the project completion. Monitoring of beach profiles indicated that as of January 2015, the 2011 Dynamic Revetment Project (DRP) has generally successfully stabilized the shoreline in the project area. Beach profile data also indicated that the 2007 DRP continued to be successful in stabilizing further retreat of the shoreline. In both areas, some loss of gravel at the top of the shore profile due to overtopping of the beach during highest tides was noted, and some additional placement of gravel at these locations is recommended. Rapid erosion has continued in the adjacent Reference beach area and over the period 2009-2015 has been as great as 11 m (36 ft). The erosion in the Reference area adjacent to the south end of new gravel beach appears entirely a function of antecedent erosion that is taking place along the entire length of this shore and is not related to any end effects associated with the expanded gravel beach. Monitoring of beach wrack invertebrates, fish, and vegetation was conducted in 2014. Per unit of beach wrack biomass, the density of wrack invertebrates was significantly greater in the DRP area as compared to both the 2007 DRP area and the Reference area. Total amount of beach wrack was much sparser in the Reference area because of vertical beach scarps generated by erosion that appeared to limit wrack accumulation. As has been a consistent pattern, fish were significantly more abundant in the Reference area compared to the DRP. However, this pattern was present in the pre-project sampling, and the Reference area may have a higher degree of physical habitat complexity, resulting from root masses of trees that have been eroded onto the shore. Chum salmon were recorded from both the DRP and Reference area in 2014 in approximately equal numbers. Preliminary assessment of fish using stationary GoPro® camera samples suggested that there is active fish usage of the DRP gravel shoreline. Sampling issues continue to be problematic for quantitative comparisons of fish abundance. As has consistently been observed, vegetation coverage was significantly greater and presence of non-living substrata was significantly less in the Reference area as compared to the DRP. These differences are consistent with pre-project site differences, probably resulting from a low area of the shoreline which allows increased flooding and associated disturbance in the DRP back shore area. Fish and wrack invertebrates, such as beach hoppers, continue to utilize the DRP project area. Biological differences in fish and vegetation observed in the post-project monitoring in 2014 tended to reflect differences in habitat that were present before the DRP project. Close

• 307. [Article] On the formation of fluvial islands

  This research analyzes the effects of islands on river process and the effects river processes have on island formation. A fluvial island is defined herein as a land mass within a river channel that is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the formation of fluvial islands Author: Wyrick, Joshua R. This research analyzes the effects of islands on river process and the effects river processes have on island formation. A fluvial island is defined herein as a land mass within a river channel that is separated from the floodplain by water on all sides, exhibits some stability, and remains exposed during bankfull flow. Fluvial islands are present in nearly all major rivers. They must therefore have some impact on the fluid mechanics of the system, and yet there has never been a detailed study on fluvial islands. Islands represent a more natural state of a river system and have been shown to provide hydrologic variability and biotic diversity for the river. This research describes the formation of fluvial islands, investigates the formation of fluvial islands experimentally, determines the main relations between fluvial islands and river processes, compares and describes relationships between fluvial islands and residual islands found in megaflood outwash plains, and reaches conclusions regarding island shape evolution and flow energy loss optimization. Fluvial islands are known to form by at least nine separate processes: avulsion, gradual degradation of channel branches, lateral shifts in channel position, stabilization of a bar or riffle, isolation of structural features, rapid incision of flood deposits, sediment deposition in the lee of an obstacle, isolation of material deposited by mass movement, and isolation of riparian topography after the installation of a dam. A classification scheme is proposed in order to describe the islands and relate them to the river processes. Several physical experiments were performed to analyze both the processes involved with island formation and the effects islands have on river processes. The experiments performed herein ranged in scale from a 0.45-meter wide flume to the 100-meter wide Willamette River. The analyses describe the effects of islands on flow processes, such as drag force, energy loss, and flow patterns. Previous research has shown that the drag force on a streamlined object in a water flow can be minimized by setting the object's aspect ratio to about three. This research analyzed the flow patterns behind a blunt object in a streamfiow and showed that conditions can be conducive to creating a streamlined, depositional shape with an aspect ratio (length/width) of about three. By introducing islands of various aspect ratios into a streamflow and measuring the flow characteristics, it is shown that the energy loss is minimized with the island's aspect ratio around three. Aerial photographs of fluvial islands were analyzed for thirteen American rivers and a watershed-independent correlation was found for the shape parameters. The average length/width ratio of all analyzed fluvial islands was 4.14. By describing the island shapes with a lemniscate form, the islands were compared with dimensionless properties. The use of dimensionless properties allowed for the analyses of terrestrial fluvial islands to be compared to analyses of fluvially-formed residual islands in unique megaflood areas, such as the Channeled Scablands and Mars Channels. The shape characteristics of the islands were found to be similar, therefore similar relationships between the islands and flow processes are assumed. Title: On the formation of fluvial islands Author: Wyrick, Joshua R. This research analyzes the effects of islands on river process and the effects river processes have on island formation. A fluvial island is defined herein as a land mass within a river channel that is separated from the floodplain by water on all sides, exhibits some stability, and remains exposed during bankfull flow. Fluvial islands are present in nearly all major rivers. They must therefore have some impact on the fluid mechanics of the system, and yet there has never been a detailed study on fluvial islands. Islands represent a more natural state of a river system and have been shown to provide hydrologic variability and biotic diversity for the river. This research describes the formation of fluvial islands, investigates the formation of fluvial islands experimentally, determines the main relations between fluvial islands and river processes, compares and describes relationships between fluvial islands and residual islands found in megaflood outwash plains, and reaches conclusions regarding island shape evolution and flow energy loss optimization. Fluvial islands are known to form by at least nine separate processes: avulsion, gradual degradation of channel branches, lateral shifts in channel position, stabilization of a bar or riffle, isolation of structural features, rapid incision of flood deposits, sediment deposition in the lee of an obstacle, isolation of material deposited by mass movement, and isolation of riparian topography after the installation of a dam. A classification scheme is proposed in order to describe the islands and relate them to the river processes. Several physical experiments were performed to analyze both the processes involved with island formation and the effects islands have on river processes. The experiments performed herein ranged in scale from a 0.45-meter wide flume to the 100-meter wide Willamette River. The analyses describe the effects of islands on flow processes, such as drag force, energy loss, and flow patterns. Previous research has shown that the drag force on a streamlined object in a water flow can be minimized by setting the object's aspect ratio to about three. This research analyzed the flow patterns behind a blunt object in a streamfiow and showed that conditions can be conducive to creating a streamlined, depositional shape with an aspect ratio (length/width) of about three. By introducing islands of various aspect ratios into a streamflow and measuring the flow characteristics, it is shown that the energy loss is minimized with the island's aspect ratio around three. Aerial photographs of fluvial islands were analyzed for thirteen American rivers and a watershed-independent correlation was found for the shape parameters. The average length/width ratio of all analyzed fluvial islands was 4.14. By describing the island shapes with a lemniscate form, the islands were compared with dimensionless properties. The use of dimensionless properties allowed for the analyses of terrestrial fluvial islands to be compared to analyses of fluvially-formed residual islands in unique megaflood areas, such as the Channeled Scablands and Mars Channels. The shape characteristics of the islands were found to be similar, therefore similar relationships between the islands and flow processes are assumed. Close

• 308. [Article] First Report of Phytophthora pluvialis Causing Needle Loss and Shoot Dieback on Douglas-fir in Oregon and New Zealand

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First Report of Phytophthora pluvialis Causing Needle Loss and Shoot Dieback on Douglas-fir in Oregon and New Zealand Author: Williams, N., Gardner, J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Title: First Report of Phytophthora pluvialis Causing Needle Loss and Shoot Dieback on Douglas-fir in Oregon and New Zealand Author: Williams, N., Gardner, J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Close

• 309. [Article] An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

  Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Close

• 310. [Article] An analysis of the prerequisites for landowner participation in conservation oriented programs in the Wood River Valley, Oregon

  Before 2002, almost all of the approximately 40,000 acres of land in the Wood River Valley, Oregon were used for intensive, flood-irrigated summer cattle grazing, as it had been for over 100 years. Conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the prerequisites for landowner participation in conservation oriented programs in the Wood River Valley, Oregon Author: Thomas, Kelley A. Before 2002, almost all of the approximately 40,000 acres of land in the Wood River Valley, Oregon were used for intensive, flood-irrigated summer cattle grazing, as it had been for over 100 years. Conservation activity in the valley was limited to a couple of wealthy landowners. But a year after the 2001 Klamath Basin "water crisis," a local non-profit water conservation organization, the Klamath Basin Rangeland Trust (KBRT), was formed in the Wood River Valley, with the intention of working to restore local natural resources and improve land and water quality and quantity throughout the Basin. Since KBRT's introduction to the valley in 2002, twelve local landowners, whose acreage comprises almost 30% of the valley, have been consistently enrolled in various federal and state conservation and restoration programs. Their participation has effected significant land management changes that have improved the quality and quantity of land and water in the Wood River Valley. Nonetheless, there are still several landowners who choose not to participate. Determining what motivates ranchers to participate in programs that facilitate their adoption of conservation practices is valuable in encouraging more widespread sustainable agricultural production, and developing more agriculturally appealing conservation-oriented programs in the future. Relevant literature reveals landowners' socio-economic status, values and attitudes, landownership characteristics, and conservation knowledge are important factors influencing their conservation decisions and behavior. However, available research does not study the direct influence a capacitating organization like KBRT has on landowner participation in conservation programs. This thesis is designed to address this lack of data by analyzing what motivates landowners in the Wood River Valley, Oregon to participate or abstain from participation in government sponsored, conservation oriented programs. The hypothesis is that in addition to various socio-economic, attitudinal, and landownership characteristics, KBRT’s presence in the valley is a principle reason why landowners choose to participate in conservation programs. To investigate this hypothesis, and determine why some landowners participate in conservation programs and some do not, this case-study evaluates how various socio-economic, landownership, value and knowledge-based factors influence Wood River Valley landowners' willingness and ability to incorporate conservation practices into their existing operations. To measure the influence of various factors on landowner participation in conservation programs, I interviewed seventeen landowners in the Wood River Valley who either participate or have chosen not to participate in government sponsored conservation oriented programs. To gauge the degree of influence different factors have on landowner participation, I asked project participants a series of semi-structured interview questions relating to each of the factors. I then coded and analyzed the interviews, and incorporated information gathered from my literature review to explore what motivates landowners' decisions regarding participation in conservation oriented programs, and to learn whether KBRT's presence relates to landowner participation. As discussion of the interview results and analysis will reveal, the ten landowners interviewed who participate in conservation programs reveal economic incentives provided by the programs, landownership characteristics, personal values, and the influence of KBRT to be the primary reasons why they choose to participate in conservation programs. Therefore, the original hypothesis that an enabling organization like KBRT is critical to landowner participation is supported. The hypothesis is mediated by participating landowners’ perceptions of such an organization. The seven landowners interviewed who do not participate in conservation programs reveal that their personal opinions and philosophical values against externally driven conservation practices and programs are the most significant deterrents to their participation in conservation programs Title: An analysis of the prerequisites for landowner participation in conservation oriented programs in the Wood River Valley, Oregon Author: Thomas, Kelley A. Before 2002, almost all of the approximately 40,000 acres of land in the Wood River Valley, Oregon were used for intensive, flood-irrigated summer cattle grazing, as it had been for over 100 years. Conservation activity in the valley was limited to a couple of wealthy landowners. But a year after the 2001 Klamath Basin "water crisis," a local non-profit water conservation organization, the Klamath Basin Rangeland Trust (KBRT), was formed in the Wood River Valley, with the intention of working to restore local natural resources and improve land and water quality and quantity throughout the Basin. Since KBRT's introduction to the valley in 2002, twelve local landowners, whose acreage comprises almost 30% of the valley, have been consistently enrolled in various federal and state conservation and restoration programs. Their participation has effected significant land management changes that have improved the quality and quantity of land and water in the Wood River Valley. Nonetheless, there are still several landowners who choose not to participate. Determining what motivates ranchers to participate in programs that facilitate their adoption of conservation practices is valuable in encouraging more widespread sustainable agricultural production, and developing more agriculturally appealing conservation-oriented programs in the future. Relevant literature reveals landowners' socio-economic status, values and attitudes, landownership characteristics, and conservation knowledge are important factors influencing their conservation decisions and behavior. However, available research does not study the direct influence a capacitating organization like KBRT has on landowner participation in conservation programs. This thesis is designed to address this lack of data by analyzing what motivates landowners in the Wood River Valley, Oregon to participate or abstain from participation in government sponsored, conservation oriented programs. The hypothesis is that in addition to various socio-economic, attitudinal, and landownership characteristics, KBRT’s presence in the valley is a principle reason why landowners choose to participate in conservation programs. To investigate this hypothesis, and determine why some landowners participate in conservation programs and some do not, this case-study evaluates how various socio-economic, landownership, value and knowledge-based factors influence Wood River Valley landowners' willingness and ability to incorporate conservation practices into their existing operations. To measure the influence of various factors on landowner participation in conservation programs, I interviewed seventeen landowners in the Wood River Valley who either participate or have chosen not to participate in government sponsored conservation oriented programs. To gauge the degree of influence different factors have on landowner participation, I asked project participants a series of semi-structured interview questions relating to each of the factors. I then coded and analyzed the interviews, and incorporated information gathered from my literature review to explore what motivates landowners' decisions regarding participation in conservation oriented programs, and to learn whether KBRT's presence relates to landowner participation. As discussion of the interview results and analysis will reveal, the ten landowners interviewed who participate in conservation programs reveal economic incentives provided by the programs, landownership characteristics, personal values, and the influence of KBRT to be the primary reasons why they choose to participate in conservation programs. Therefore, the original hypothesis that an enabling organization like KBRT is critical to landowner participation is supported. The hypothesis is mediated by participating landowners’ perceptions of such an organization. The seven landowners interviewed who do not participate in conservation programs reveal that their personal opinions and philosophical values against externally driven conservation practices and programs are the most significant deterrents to their participation in conservation programs Close