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• 291. [Article] A descriptive analysis of the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting

  Individual supervision is a widely accepted practice in the counseling profession, yet the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting remain largely uninvestigated. The tasks and focus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A descriptive analysis of the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting Author: Aasheim, Lisa Langfuss Individual supervision is a widely accepted practice in the counseling profession, yet the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting remain largely uninvestigated. The tasks and focus areas inherent to agency supervision are especially important to counselors, counselor educators, agency administrators, and licensing boards, all of whom are involved in shaping the practices of such supervision. The quality and focus of agency supervision may have a direct impact on counselor development, service delivery, and, most important, client care. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive analysis was to determine which tasks of clinical and administrative supervision are occurring during a typical individual supervision session and the proportion of supervision time spent on administrative versus clinical tasks. The Agency Supervision Questionnaire (ASQ), a paper-and-pencil survey designed for this study, consisted of eleven questions which gathered demographic data about the participants, data about their individual supervision and work experience, and data about the tasks and focus of their individual supervision. The 321 respondents who provided usable data (74.5% response rate) indicated that their supervision tasks are widely varied. Clinical tasks most often included Client Treatment Planning, Clinical Problem Solving, and Therapeutic Interventions. Administrative tasks indicated most frequently included Employee Performance Evaluation, Caseload Management, and Workload. Participants also indicated a wide variance in responses about the proportion of supervision time spent focused on clinical tasks. Over 31% of respondents indicated that 90% or more of their typical supervision session focused on clinical tasks, while 26.5% indicated that 10% or less of their session was spent focused on clinical tasks. The mean response was 55%. Implications for the counseling profession and suggestions for future research are presented. Title: A descriptive analysis of the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting Author: Aasheim, Lisa Langfuss Individual supervision is a widely accepted practice in the counseling profession, yet the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting remain largely uninvestigated. The tasks and focus areas inherent to agency supervision are especially important to counselors, counselor educators, agency administrators, and licensing boards, all of whom are involved in shaping the practices of such supervision. The quality and focus of agency supervision may have a direct impact on counselor development, service delivery, and, most important, client care. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive analysis was to determine which tasks of clinical and administrative supervision are occurring during a typical individual supervision session and the proportion of supervision time spent on administrative versus clinical tasks. The Agency Supervision Questionnaire (ASQ), a paper-and-pencil survey designed for this study, consisted of eleven questions which gathered demographic data about the participants, data about their individual supervision and work experience, and data about the tasks and focus of their individual supervision. The 321 respondents who provided usable data (74.5% response rate) indicated that their supervision tasks are widely varied. Clinical tasks most often included Client Treatment Planning, Clinical Problem Solving, and Therapeutic Interventions. Administrative tasks indicated most frequently included Employee Performance Evaluation, Caseload Management, and Workload. Participants also indicated a wide variance in responses about the proportion of supervision time spent focused on clinical tasks. Over 31% of respondents indicated that 90% or more of their typical supervision session focused on clinical tasks, while 26.5% indicated that 10% or less of their session was spent focused on clinical tasks. The mean response was 55%. Implications for the counseling profession and suggestions for future research are presented. Close

• 292. [Article] Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979)

  In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979) Author: Tay, Winnie K. In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly in the developing countries. A reason for the apparent failure of the poor to benefit from the effects of the post-war economic growth, as a number of development economists have hypothesized, lies in the structure of the economy. They argued that when it comes to alleviating poverty or improving the distribution of income, the type of growth is as important or more important than the rate of growth. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis on the relationship among economic structure, poverty incidence, and income inequality, by determining whether the changes in the structure of the U.S. economy during 1969-1979 have had any impacts on the changes in poverty incidence and income inequality in the states over the decade. More specifically, the study sought to determine whether the changes in the labor demand in a number of selected industries, could explain the interstate variation in (1) changes in the poverty incidence of different demographic groups, or (2) changes in the share of income received by different family groups ranked by income. Other factors such as transfer payments, migration, and unemployment rate, were included in the models as control variables. A linear multiple regression technique was applied in analyzing data from the 5O states and District of Columbia, published by the Bureaus of Census and of Economic Analysis. The results from the estimation of the model indicated that, in general, the models better explain the interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence than they explain the changes in income inequality. Changes in employment in agriculture sector were found to be positively and significantly associated with changes in poverty incidence for the nonelderly (negatively for the elderly) householders. The reverse relationships were found to be true for tourism and convention sector. Also found to be significant were the non-income dependent transfer payments which are comprised of the social security and other entitlement programs not dependent on income. As far as changes in the shares of income to different family groups are concerned, only the changes in labor demand in the agricultural sector and changes in population used as proxy for migration were found to be significant explanatory variables. Title: Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979) Author: Tay, Winnie K. In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly in the developing countries. A reason for the apparent failure of the poor to benefit from the effects of the post-war economic growth, as a number of development economists have hypothesized, lies in the structure of the economy. They argued that when it comes to alleviating poverty or improving the distribution of income, the type of growth is as important or more important than the rate of growth. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis on the relationship among economic structure, poverty incidence, and income inequality, by determining whether the changes in the structure of the U.S. economy during 1969-1979 have had any impacts on the changes in poverty incidence and income inequality in the states over the decade. More specifically, the study sought to determine whether the changes in the labor demand in a number of selected industries, could explain the interstate variation in (1) changes in the poverty incidence of different demographic groups, or (2) changes in the share of income received by different family groups ranked by income. Other factors such as transfer payments, migration, and unemployment rate, were included in the models as control variables. A linear multiple regression technique was applied in analyzing data from the 5O states and District of Columbia, published by the Bureaus of Census and of Economic Analysis. The results from the estimation of the model indicated that, in general, the models better explain the interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence than they explain the changes in income inequality. Changes in employment in agriculture sector were found to be positively and significantly associated with changes in poverty incidence for the nonelderly (negatively for the elderly) householders. The reverse relationships were found to be true for tourism and convention sector. Also found to be significant were the non-income dependent transfer payments which are comprised of the social security and other entitlement programs not dependent on income. As far as changes in the shares of income to different family groups are concerned, only the changes in labor demand in the agricultural sector and changes in population used as proxy for migration were found to be significant explanatory variables. Close

• 293. [Article] A conceptual model of women entrepreneurs in small businesses

  Women entrepreneurs are an economic force within the American and Oregon economy. Women are starting businesses at two to five times the rate of men. There has been significant research detailing the demographics, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A conceptual model of women entrepreneurs in small businesses Author: Putnam, Carol A. Women entrepreneurs are an economic force within the American and Oregon economy. Women are starting businesses at two to five times the rate of men. There has been significant research detailing the demographics, barriers, and business management skills of women business owners. Yet, the research to date has been limited and has not contributed to the development of a conceptual model which describes the woman entrepreneur. The purpose of this research was to develop a conceptual model of a woman entrepreneur. Case studies of ten women entrepreneurs were constructed through extensive interviews. The women identified for this study were white middle class Americans. They were selected through a criterion-based sample technique. The attributes identified were: 1 ) women entrepreneurs who owned, controlled and operated their business; 2) women entrepreneurs who had been in business a minimum of two years; and 3) women who considered their business to be a full-time endeavor. Written case studies derived from the interview data were submitted to the participants for their validation. The data were qualitatively analyzed to determine emergent patterns and themes. Women entrepreneurs create their businesses, attract and retain their customers, interact with their vendors, overcome barriers, supervise employees and manage their businesses by developing and nurturing a network of relationships. These relationships are the foundation of the women entrepreneurs' businesses and represent the dynamic core of the way they view themselves as individuals in business. Women entrepreneurs create and maintain a web of interconnected relationships that can not be viewed in isolation, or negated. These results are supported by the psychological literature relating to women. Implications for small business counselors, consultants, and training specialists exist. Title: A conceptual model of women entrepreneurs in small businesses Author: Putnam, Carol A. Women entrepreneurs are an economic force within the American and Oregon economy. Women are starting businesses at two to five times the rate of men. There has been significant research detailing the demographics, barriers, and business management skills of women business owners. Yet, the research to date has been limited and has not contributed to the development of a conceptual model which describes the woman entrepreneur. The purpose of this research was to develop a conceptual model of a woman entrepreneur. Case studies of ten women entrepreneurs were constructed through extensive interviews. The women identified for this study were white middle class Americans. They were selected through a criterion-based sample technique. The attributes identified were: 1 ) women entrepreneurs who owned, controlled and operated their business; 2) women entrepreneurs who had been in business a minimum of two years; and 3) women who considered their business to be a full-time endeavor. Written case studies derived from the interview data were submitted to the participants for their validation. The data were qualitatively analyzed to determine emergent patterns and themes. Women entrepreneurs create their businesses, attract and retain their customers, interact with their vendors, overcome barriers, supervise employees and manage their businesses by developing and nurturing a network of relationships. These relationships are the foundation of the women entrepreneurs' businesses and represent the dynamic core of the way they view themselves as individuals in business. Women entrepreneurs create and maintain a web of interconnected relationships that can not be viewed in isolation, or negated. These results are supported by the psychological literature relating to women. Implications for small business counselors, consultants, and training specialists exist. Close

• 294. [Article] Modeling conservation incentives for private landowners

  This dissertation consists of three papers on the use of incentives for conservation of endangered species on private land. The first paper examines incentives based on providing landowners with assurances ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling conservation incentives for private landowners Author: Langpap, Christian This dissertation consists of three papers on the use of incentives for conservation of endangered species on private land. The first paper examines incentives based on providing landowners with assurances regarding future regulation in exchange for their participation in a conservation agreement. The second and third papers are empirical analyses of landowners' decisions to participate in an incentives program, and of the effect of different types of incentives on the level of conservation effort provided by landowners. The first paper examines when a landowner and a regulator reach a voluntary conservation agreement, and what level of conservation the agreement generates in the presence of uncertainty about future conservation benefits and irreversibility of habitat loss and species extinction. The results suggest that the likelihood of an agreement and the resulting conservation levels depend on the background threat of regulation, the cost advantage offered by voluntary agreements, and the availability of assurances regarding future regulation. In practice, conservation agreements that offer assurances may generate higher levels of conservation and higher net social benefits than agreements that do not offer assurances. However, the resulting level of conservation will not be optimal, and may be lower than that attainable under regulation. The second paper conducts an empirical analysis of the demographic and land characteristics that determine landowner participation in incentives programs using data obtained from a survey of non-industrial private forest owners in Oregon and Washington. The results suggest that targeting incentives programs to younger landowners who have acquired their property more recently, own more woodland, and are interested in conservation and providing wildlife habitat on their forests may be effective in attaining higher participation rates. The third paper uses the data obtained from the survey to examine the potential of incentives programs to elicit conservation-oriented management choices from landowners. The results indicate that incentives, in particular compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest that conservation policy for private lands could be improved by relying on a combination of incentives, including financial incentives and assurances, rather than exclusively on the threat of regulation. Title: Modeling conservation incentives for private landowners Author: Langpap, Christian This dissertation consists of three papers on the use of incentives for conservation of endangered species on private land. The first paper examines incentives based on providing landowners with assurances regarding future regulation in exchange for their participation in a conservation agreement. The second and third papers are empirical analyses of landowners' decisions to participate in an incentives program, and of the effect of different types of incentives on the level of conservation effort provided by landowners. The first paper examines when a landowner and a regulator reach a voluntary conservation agreement, and what level of conservation the agreement generates in the presence of uncertainty about future conservation benefits and irreversibility of habitat loss and species extinction. The results suggest that the likelihood of an agreement and the resulting conservation levels depend on the background threat of regulation, the cost advantage offered by voluntary agreements, and the availability of assurances regarding future regulation. In practice, conservation agreements that offer assurances may generate higher levels of conservation and higher net social benefits than agreements that do not offer assurances. However, the resulting level of conservation will not be optimal, and may be lower than that attainable under regulation. The second paper conducts an empirical analysis of the demographic and land characteristics that determine landowner participation in incentives programs using data obtained from a survey of non-industrial private forest owners in Oregon and Washington. The results suggest that targeting incentives programs to younger landowners who have acquired their property more recently, own more woodland, and are interested in conservation and providing wildlife habitat on their forests may be effective in attaining higher participation rates. The third paper uses the data obtained from the survey to examine the potential of incentives programs to elicit conservation-oriented management choices from landowners. The results indicate that incentives, in particular compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest that conservation policy for private lands could be improved by relying on a combination of incentives, including financial incentives and assurances, rather than exclusively on the threat of regulation. Close

• 295. [Article] The effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Nazarene Sunday school teachers

  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Sunday school teachers in the Church of the Nazarene. Research materials consisted of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Nazarene Sunday school teachers Author: Budd, Clair Allen, 1953- The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Sunday school teachers in the Church of the Nazarene. Research materials consisted of Wrightsman's Philosophy of Human Nature scale and a demographic questionnaire constructed by the researcher. These materials were mailed to a random sample of 188 Sunday school teachers in the Oregon-Pacific District of the Church of the Nazarene. Useable materials were received from 157 subjects for an 84% return rate. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and tested for significance at the p < 0.05 level. The null hypothesis was retained: there was no difference in philosophy of human nature between subjects with different levels of theological education. Other findings were: 1) Oregon-Pacific Nazarene Sunday school teachers had moderately positive scores on all subscales of the PHN. Previous studies had reported that conservative Christians had negative scores on the PHN. 2) Oregon-Pacific Nazarene Sunday school teachers had a higher level of educational attainment than adults in the United States generally. 3) Women had more positive scores than men, although they had far less theological education than men. 4) Subjects with at least a college degree had more complex views of people than did those with a high school diploma or some college as the highest level of educational attainment. Recommendations were outlined for the practice of Christian education and for future research. These recommendations included the following: 1) use of the PHN as a screening device for Sunday school teachers, 2) cooperation between Nazarene colleges and district CL/SS boards to provide training opportunities for Sunday school teachers, 3) equipping of women for expanded leadership roles in Sunday school and church, 4) examination of differences that may exist in the philosophy of human nature between Sunday school teachers of different denominational groups, and 5) study of the relationship between training experiences, educational beliefs, and effectiveness of Sunday school teachers. Title: The effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Nazarene Sunday school teachers Author: Budd, Clair Allen, 1953- The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of theological education on philosophy of human nature among Sunday school teachers in the Church of the Nazarene. Research materials consisted of Wrightsman's Philosophy of Human Nature scale and a demographic questionnaire constructed by the researcher. These materials were mailed to a random sample of 188 Sunday school teachers in the Oregon-Pacific District of the Church of the Nazarene. Useable materials were received from 157 subjects for an 84% return rate. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and tested for significance at the p < 0.05 level. The null hypothesis was retained: there was no difference in philosophy of human nature between subjects with different levels of theological education. Other findings were: 1) Oregon-Pacific Nazarene Sunday school teachers had moderately positive scores on all subscales of the PHN. Previous studies had reported that conservative Christians had negative scores on the PHN. 2) Oregon-Pacific Nazarene Sunday school teachers had a higher level of educational attainment than adults in the United States generally. 3) Women had more positive scores than men, although they had far less theological education than men. 4) Subjects with at least a college degree had more complex views of people than did those with a high school diploma or some college as the highest level of educational attainment. Recommendations were outlined for the practice of Christian education and for future research. These recommendations included the following: 1) use of the PHN as a screening device for Sunday school teachers, 2) cooperation between Nazarene colleges and district CL/SS boards to provide training opportunities for Sunday school teachers, 3) equipping of women for expanded leadership roles in Sunday school and church, 4) examination of differences that may exist in the philosophy of human nature between Sunday school teachers of different denominational groups, and 5) study of the relationship between training experiences, educational beliefs, and effectiveness of Sunday school teachers. Close

• 296. [Article] A comparison of three alcohol education instructional approaches on the attitudes and knowledge of college students

  Alcohol use/abuse among college students is a serious concern for higher education. Despite efforts to address this problem student use/abuse of alcohol continues. The purpose of this study was to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of three alcohol education instructional approaches on the attitudes and knowledge of college students Author: Fischer, Joseph Miller Alcohol use/abuse among college students is a serious concern for higher education. Despite efforts to address this problem student use/abuse of alcohol continues. The purpose of this study was to determine which of three alcohol education instructional approaches more significantly impacted students' attitudes regarding the acceptance of alcohol use/abuse. Three hypotheses were tested to determine the impact on students' knowledge about alcohol, attitudes toward the use/abuse of alcohol and the relationship between knowledge and attitude. A review of the literature found there were three instructional approaches most commonly used in college alcohol education programs: responsible drinking, values clarification and disease concept. Three alcohol education programs were developed, each with an identical information component, but with a different motivational component which focused on either responsible drinking, values clarification or disease concept. A sample of 543 first term, freshmen, residence hall students was drawn from three regional colleges in Southern Oregon and Northern California, resulting in 267 usable questionnaires. To measure student knowledge and attitudes an instrument consisting of demographic questions, questions from a portion of the Claydon College Drinking Questionnaire and the Torabi-Veenker Alcohol Attitude Scale was administered at the end of each program. A 3 by 3 by 2 randomized blocks design was used in this study. The dependent variable was "instructional approach". The two independent sequential blocking variables were "college" and "sex". Three professional alcohol and drug counselors were trained and presented a different alcohol education program at each college so a complete crossing over of the instructor influence among all treatment groups was attained. Analysis of variance determined that there was no significant difference among the three instructional approaches regarding students' knowledge about alcohol. Analysis of variance determined that there was a significant difference among the three instructional approaches regarding students' attitudes, with the values clarification approach resulting in significantly less accepting attitudes for women regarding alcohol use/abuse. There was no significant correlation between knowledge about alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use/abuse. Title: A comparison of three alcohol education instructional approaches on the attitudes and knowledge of college students Author: Fischer, Joseph Miller Alcohol use/abuse among college students is a serious concern for higher education. Despite efforts to address this problem student use/abuse of alcohol continues. The purpose of this study was to determine which of three alcohol education instructional approaches more significantly impacted students' attitudes regarding the acceptance of alcohol use/abuse. Three hypotheses were tested to determine the impact on students' knowledge about alcohol, attitudes toward the use/abuse of alcohol and the relationship between knowledge and attitude. A review of the literature found there were three instructional approaches most commonly used in college alcohol education programs: responsible drinking, values clarification and disease concept. Three alcohol education programs were developed, each with an identical information component, but with a different motivational component which focused on either responsible drinking, values clarification or disease concept. A sample of 543 first term, freshmen, residence hall students was drawn from three regional colleges in Southern Oregon and Northern California, resulting in 267 usable questionnaires. To measure student knowledge and attitudes an instrument consisting of demographic questions, questions from a portion of the Claydon College Drinking Questionnaire and the Torabi-Veenker Alcohol Attitude Scale was administered at the end of each program. A 3 by 3 by 2 randomized blocks design was used in this study. The dependent variable was "instructional approach". The two independent sequential blocking variables were "college" and "sex". Three professional alcohol and drug counselors were trained and presented a different alcohol education program at each college so a complete crossing over of the instructor influence among all treatment groups was attained. Analysis of variance determined that there was no significant difference among the three instructional approaches regarding students' knowledge about alcohol. Analysis of variance determined that there was a significant difference among the three instructional approaches regarding students' attitudes, with the values clarification approach resulting in significantly less accepting attitudes for women regarding alcohol use/abuse. There was no significant correlation between knowledge about alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use/abuse. Close

• 297. [Article] Toward a taxonomy of contraceptive behaviors and attitudes of single college men

  The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between attitudes and behaviors pertaining to male contraceptive practices; the influences of living group affiliation in these practices; the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a taxonomy of contraceptive behaviors and attitudes of single college men Author: Stephen, David Bruce The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between attitudes and behaviors pertaining to male contraceptive practices; the influences of living group affiliation in these practices; the influence of partners in birth control method use; the quality of communication in the sexual relationship as an influence in birth control method use; and the type of relationship at intercourse as a determinate of birth control method use. The primary sources of data for this study were student responses to two locally developed questionnaires (The Individual Behavior Questionnaire and The Biographical History Questionnaire). Participants in this study were all male, enrolled as full-time students at Oregon State University during spring term 1981 and residing in either a residence hall, fraternity house or cooperative house. A total of 252 men completed both questionnaires. Standard statistics for demographic data were provided by utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The Chi-square statistic was used to measure differences within the population by living group type (LGT) and to measure relationships between variables selected for comparison. Numerous cross-tabulations were conducted to compare and contrast variables which might have some influence on contraceptive attitudes and behaviors within the population. Statistical treatments of these data were considered significant at the .05 level. The following selected conclusions were drawn from the findings of this research: 1. During the whole of intercourse occasions, there was a statistically significant relationship between birth control method (BCM) attitudes and BCM behaviors when men reporting joint BCM responsibility were more likely to use BCM's at intercourse. 2. Living group type (LGT) did not significantly influence BCM responsibility, BCM use or BCM reliability. 3. Sexual partners did significantly influence the use of BCM's at intercourse occasions but further data analysis revealed that unreliable BCM's were most commonly used. 4. Communication in the sexual relationship did influence BCM use but not BCM reliability. 5. The type of relationship at intercourse did influence the use of BCM's at intercourse but BCM reliability. Title: Toward a taxonomy of contraceptive behaviors and attitudes of single college men Author: Stephen, David Bruce The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between attitudes and behaviors pertaining to male contraceptive practices; the influences of living group affiliation in these practices; the influence of partners in birth control method use; the quality of communication in the sexual relationship as an influence in birth control method use; and the type of relationship at intercourse as a determinate of birth control method use. The primary sources of data for this study were student responses to two locally developed questionnaires (The Individual Behavior Questionnaire and The Biographical History Questionnaire). Participants in this study were all male, enrolled as full-time students at Oregon State University during spring term 1981 and residing in either a residence hall, fraternity house or cooperative house. A total of 252 men completed both questionnaires. Standard statistics for demographic data were provided by utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The Chi-square statistic was used to measure differences within the population by living group type (LGT) and to measure relationships between variables selected for comparison. Numerous cross-tabulations were conducted to compare and contrast variables which might have some influence on contraceptive attitudes and behaviors within the population. Statistical treatments of these data were considered significant at the .05 level. The following selected conclusions were drawn from the findings of this research: 1. During the whole of intercourse occasions, there was a statistically significant relationship between birth control method (BCM) attitudes and BCM behaviors when men reporting joint BCM responsibility were more likely to use BCM's at intercourse. 2. Living group type (LGT) did not significantly influence BCM responsibility, BCM use or BCM reliability. 3. Sexual partners did significantly influence the use of BCM's at intercourse occasions but further data analysis revealed that unreliable BCM's were most commonly used. 4. Communication in the sexual relationship did influence BCM use but not BCM reliability. 5. The type of relationship at intercourse did influence the use of BCM's at intercourse but BCM reliability. Close

• 298. [Article] Comparison of underemployed and not underemployed women in two-parent two-child families : an eleven-state rural-urban study

  This study compared wives defined as underemployed by educational mismatch with not underemployed wives on four major predictor variables-- relative market work advantage; degree of competition in the female ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of underemployed and not underemployed women in two-parent two-child families : an eleven-state rural-urban study Author: Masuo, Diane M., 1947- This study compared wives defined as underemployed by educational mismatch with not underemployed wives on four major predictor variables-- relative market work advantage; degree of competition in the female labor market; time demands from family members; and assistance with childcare and other housework. The data were from NE 113, An Interstate Comparison Urban/Rural Families's Time Use. The population was a stratified random sample of 2,100 two-parent two-child families living in rural and urban areas in eleven states. Equal numbers of families were selected to represent five strata, based on the age of the youngest child. Demographic and time use data were collected. Time use was charted for two days--a recall day and a recording day. Underemployed wives, as compared to not underemployed wives contributed more towards total spousal wages; faced a lower unemployment rate; spent more time on childcare and other housework; and had more help from others and from labor-saving devices, but not from their spouses. Underemployed wives were better able than their counterparts to capitalize on their education. On the average, underemployed wives earned $14.02 per hour as versus $8.73 for not underemployed wives. At the professional, technical and kindred worker level the underemployed were a select group. In the teaching field, for example, an underemployed was one who had more than a master's degree Logistic regression analysis identified unemployment rate as the factor which was able to best differentiate between the groups. Research, public policy and family decision making implications were discussed. It was recommended that there be further study of the psycho-social determinants of spousal underemployment. Title: Comparison of underemployed and not underemployed women in two-parent two-child families : an eleven-state rural-urban study Author: Masuo, Diane M., 1947- This study compared wives defined as underemployed by educational mismatch with not underemployed wives on four major predictor variables-- relative market work advantage; degree of competition in the female labor market; time demands from family members; and assistance with childcare and other housework. The data were from NE 113, An Interstate Comparison Urban/Rural Families's Time Use. The population was a stratified random sample of 2,100 two-parent two-child families living in rural and urban areas in eleven states. Equal numbers of families were selected to represent five strata, based on the age of the youngest child. Demographic and time use data were collected. Time use was charted for two days--a recall day and a recording day. Underemployed wives, as compared to not underemployed wives contributed more towards total spousal wages; faced a lower unemployment rate; spent more time on childcare and other housework; and had more help from others and from labor-saving devices, but not from their spouses. Underemployed wives were better able than their counterparts to capitalize on their education. On the average, underemployed wives earned $14.02 per hour as versus $8.73 for not underemployed wives. At the professional, technical and kindred worker level the underemployed were a select group. In the teaching field, for example, an underemployed was one who had more than a master's degree Logistic regression analysis identified unemployment rate as the factor which was able to best differentiate between the groups. Research, public policy and family decision making implications were discussed. It was recommended that there be further study of the psycho-social determinants of spousal underemployment. Close

• 299. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 300. [Article] Motivating programmers through karma systems

  Keeping FOSS developers motivated is a challenging problem, and their motivation levels can affect the team's productivity and satisfaction, leading to higher or lower productivity. Using reputation systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Motivating programmers through karma systems Author: Cedeno, Jose (Jose Daniel) Keeping FOSS developers motivated is a challenging problem, and their motivation levels can affect the team's productivity and satisfaction, leading to higher or lower productivity. Using reputation systems as a motivator has become the de-facto standard for many online communities, rewarding user's activity through badges of honor or achievement levels. Few open source software communities have successfully used a well-rounded reputation system to motivate developers, instead rewarding only one or a small set of activities. Very little research has been done in the area of using reputation systems to motivate people to increase their participation in open source software projects. This thesis studies Beaversource; a mix of code-hosting and social networking available to students, staff and faculty at Oregon State University, and our experiment with reputation systems as a means of motivating programmers. A survey was sent to 1,100+ Beaversource users at Oregon State University to gather demographics, and data on the use of Beaversource. One hundred users responded. Based on survey feedback, a reputation system was put in place. After the karma system was available to users, five students were interviewed to gather more information regarding their satisfaction with Beaversource and the karma system. Users reported that the reputation system worked to motivate them. Interviewees would like to see the karma system expanded with better icons and increased participation in the social networking side. Students also requested more flexibility in the karma system such as ability to affect each other's karma and give special badges to members of their project. Title: Motivating programmers through karma systems Author: Cedeno, Jose (Jose Daniel) Keeping FOSS developers motivated is a challenging problem, and their motivation levels can affect the team's productivity and satisfaction, leading to higher or lower productivity. Using reputation systems as a motivator has become the de-facto standard for many online communities, rewarding user's activity through badges of honor or achievement levels. Few open source software communities have successfully used a well-rounded reputation system to motivate developers, instead rewarding only one or a small set of activities. Very little research has been done in the area of using reputation systems to motivate people to increase their participation in open source software projects. This thesis studies Beaversource; a mix of code-hosting and social networking available to students, staff and faculty at Oregon State University, and our experiment with reputation systems as a means of motivating programmers. A survey was sent to 1,100+ Beaversource users at Oregon State University to gather demographics, and data on the use of Beaversource. One hundred users responded. Based on survey feedback, a reputation system was put in place. After the karma system was available to users, five students were interviewed to gather more information regarding their satisfaction with Beaversource and the karma system. Users reported that the reputation system worked to motivate them. Interviewees would like to see the karma system expanded with better icons and increased participation in the social networking side. Students also requested more flexibility in the karma system such as ability to affect each other's karma and give special badges to members of their project. Close