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• 2261. [Article] Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska

  This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska Author: Barbaree, Blake A. This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland fjord in Southeast Alaska. Marbled Murrelets (murrelets) are a declining species throughout most of their range, and their conservation is a challenging endeavor because they rely on relatively large expanses of terrestrial habitat for nesting and marine habitat for food. Murrelets are especially difficult to study because they place their nests at variable and often considerable distance from the sea in largely inaccessible locations; consequently, we know relatively little about their breeding ecology and overall life history compared to other seabirds. I used radio-telemetry to gather data on reproduction, behavior, and at-sea locations of murrelets. Herein, I describe individual and population-level marine space use, identify nesting habitat, estimate reproductive success, and characterize patterns of nest visits. Mean marine home range size for adult murrelets was significantly larger in 2008 (158.6 ± 103.7 km²) than 2007 (97.8 ± 59.4 km²), suggesting that foraging conditions were relatively poor in 2008. Similarly, mean commuting distance from at-sea location to nest sites was significantly longer in 2008 (20.0 ± 2.0 km) than 2007 (12.0 ± 0.9 km), and murrelets nesting further from the coast likely reduced their foraging ranges in 2008. Central foraging hot spots were identified throughout Port Snettisham and near Holkham Bay and Tracy Arm to the south. Boundaries of these hot spots can be used to guide management of commercial fishing and tourism, and designation of marine protected areas. I located 33 active nests in mostly inaccessible sites within forest and non-forest habitat, including visually confirmed nest sites on the branches of large conifer trees and on ledges of steep cliffs near water (e.g., waterfall, lake, river, or glacier). Widespread use of rock cliff and subalpine nesting habitats (≥ 48.5% of located nests) indicated that nesting habitat models in Southeast Alaska should include these types of habitats. Nests were located further inland (range 1.0 - 52.0 km) and at higher elevations (range 42 - 1100 m) than previously documented in Alaska, including two nest sites > 15 km east of the USA/Canada border in British Columbia, Canada. The nesting season was ca. 113 days long (25 May - 16 September), and four late-season re-nesting attempts were documented. Apparent fledge success, derived by inference from behavior of radio-tagged adults, was 17.6% (n = 6 of 34). The low reproductive success at Port Snettisham was similar to estimates from south of Alaska, and unexpected because the area has relatively high densities of murrelets and seemingly ideal conditions for nesting. This information is noteworthy to future conservation planning because it provides evidence that murrelet reproduction may be low even when conditions for nesting are relatively good. Despite an adaptation to high adult survival, murrelet populations cannot sustain themselves with similarly low levels of reproduction. Based on my results future research should focus on monitoring regional population trends, identifying causes of nest failure, estimating adult survival rates, and identifying sources of adult mortality. Title: Nesting season ecology of marbled murrelets at a remote mainland fjord in southeast Alaska Author: Barbaree, Blake A. This thesis focuses on the nesting ecology and marine space use of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the 2007 and 2008 nesting seasons in and around Port Snettisham, a remote mainland fjord in Southeast Alaska. Marbled Murrelets (murrelets) are a declining species throughout most of their range, and their conservation is a challenging endeavor because they rely on relatively large expanses of terrestrial habitat for nesting and marine habitat for food. Murrelets are especially difficult to study because they place their nests at variable and often considerable distance from the sea in largely inaccessible locations; consequently, we know relatively little about their breeding ecology and overall life history compared to other seabirds. I used radio-telemetry to gather data on reproduction, behavior, and at-sea locations of murrelets. Herein, I describe individual and population-level marine space use, identify nesting habitat, estimate reproductive success, and characterize patterns of nest visits. Mean marine home range size for adult murrelets was significantly larger in 2008 (158.6 ± 103.7 km²) than 2007 (97.8 ± 59.4 km²), suggesting that foraging conditions were relatively poor in 2008. Similarly, mean commuting distance from at-sea location to nest sites was significantly longer in 2008 (20.0 ± 2.0 km) than 2007 (12.0 ± 0.9 km), and murrelets nesting further from the coast likely reduced their foraging ranges in 2008. Central foraging hot spots were identified throughout Port Snettisham and near Holkham Bay and Tracy Arm to the south. Boundaries of these hot spots can be used to guide management of commercial fishing and tourism, and designation of marine protected areas. I located 33 active nests in mostly inaccessible sites within forest and non-forest habitat, including visually confirmed nest sites on the branches of large conifer trees and on ledges of steep cliffs near water (e.g., waterfall, lake, river, or glacier). Widespread use of rock cliff and subalpine nesting habitats (≥ 48.5% of located nests) indicated that nesting habitat models in Southeast Alaska should include these types of habitats. Nests were located further inland (range 1.0 - 52.0 km) and at higher elevations (range 42 - 1100 m) than previously documented in Alaska, including two nest sites > 15 km east of the USA/Canada border in British Columbia, Canada. The nesting season was ca. 113 days long (25 May - 16 September), and four late-season re-nesting attempts were documented. Apparent fledge success, derived by inference from behavior of radio-tagged adults, was 17.6% (n = 6 of 34). The low reproductive success at Port Snettisham was similar to estimates from south of Alaska, and unexpected because the area has relatively high densities of murrelets and seemingly ideal conditions for nesting. This information is noteworthy to future conservation planning because it provides evidence that murrelet reproduction may be low even when conditions for nesting are relatively good. Despite an adaptation to high adult survival, murrelet populations cannot sustain themselves with similarly low levels of reproduction. Based on my results future research should focus on monitoring regional population trends, identifying causes of nest failure, estimating adult survival rates, and identifying sources of adult mortality. Close

• 2262. [Article] Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness

  Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Author: Brown, Ryan N. K. Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals are directly exposed to post-disturbance landscapes. Consequently, public land managers may be faced with a different set of challenges stemming from changes in visitation, visitor experiences, and the potential for increased ecological impacts on the disturbed natural system from recreation use. This paper investigates the issue of post-wildfire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness in Oregon. Data on recreational users of a wilderness area were collected by administering an intercept survey. Respondents were asked about changes in their use patterns following a wildfire, and their support for post-wildfire recreation management alternatives for the wilderness area. Existing wilderness permit data were utilized to reconstruct the visitation history for trailheads leading into the study area. The locations of campsites within the study area were recorded and analyzed to examine campsite choices following the fire. This paper focuses on the descriptive and evaluative components of wilderness management to inform managers of conditions in the wilderness following fire and to examine socially acceptable management strategies for the wilderness by opportunity class. Analysis of wilderness permits suggests some displacement from the burned area may have occurred, but is small in magnitude when compared to the effects of management actions on visitation in past years. This study found that many of the campsites previously located in the burned area have disappeared or are no longer used. Specific locations may be at risk of interference in natural regeneration from recreation use due to the number of campsites still in use at these locations and their proximity to the burn. Exit surveys indicated that satisfaction had decreased following the burn among visitors. A continuum of management alternatives were evaluated that ranged from further restricting access and letting nature take its course to increasing access and developed facilities in the wilderness area. Four distinct groups of users emerged from a cluster analysis on support for these recreation management alternatives. Significant differences across the clusters were suggestive of differing value orientations between groups. Thus, the plausibility of implementing post-wildfire recreation management alternatives is assessed in light of existing wilderness management regulations and guiding documents, and the support expressed for them by visitors. Finally, recommendations for monitoring the recovering burned area are made based on the results of this study. Title: Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Author: Brown, Ryan N. K. Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals are directly exposed to post-disturbance landscapes. Consequently, public land managers may be faced with a different set of challenges stemming from changes in visitation, visitor experiences, and the potential for increased ecological impacts on the disturbed natural system from recreation use. This paper investigates the issue of post-wildfire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness in Oregon. Data on recreational users of a wilderness area were collected by administering an intercept survey. Respondents were asked about changes in their use patterns following a wildfire, and their support for post-wildfire recreation management alternatives for the wilderness area. Existing wilderness permit data were utilized to reconstruct the visitation history for trailheads leading into the study area. The locations of campsites within the study area were recorded and analyzed to examine campsite choices following the fire. This paper focuses on the descriptive and evaluative components of wilderness management to inform managers of conditions in the wilderness following fire and to examine socially acceptable management strategies for the wilderness by opportunity class. Analysis of wilderness permits suggests some displacement from the burned area may have occurred, but is small in magnitude when compared to the effects of management actions on visitation in past years. This study found that many of the campsites previously located in the burned area have disappeared or are no longer used. Specific locations may be at risk of interference in natural regeneration from recreation use due to the number of campsites still in use at these locations and their proximity to the burn. Exit surveys indicated that satisfaction had decreased following the burn among visitors. A continuum of management alternatives were evaluated that ranged from further restricting access and letting nature take its course to increasing access and developed facilities in the wilderness area. Four distinct groups of users emerged from a cluster analysis on support for these recreation management alternatives. Significant differences across the clusters were suggestive of differing value orientations between groups. Thus, the plausibility of implementing post-wildfire recreation management alternatives is assessed in light of existing wilderness management regulations and guiding documents, and the support expressed for them by visitors. Finally, recommendations for monitoring the recovering burned area are made based on the results of this study. Close

• 2263. [Article] Supporting Pacific Islander Student Identity in Higher Education

  In recent years, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) have become one of the fastest-growing racial groups within the United States, increasing by 40% between 2000 and 2010, and expected to nearly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting Pacific Islander Student Identity in Higher Education Author: Kosaki, Kayla Y. In recent years, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) have become one of the fastest-growing racial groups within the United States, increasing by 40% between 2000 and 2010, and expected to nearly double in population size by 2030 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012; Empowering Pacific Islander Communities & Asian Americans Advancing Justice [EPIC & AAAJ], 2014). With this increase in racial diversity within the greater U.S. population as a whole, the need for accessible and culturally relevant resources in higher education has become more prominent than ever. While the overall population has increased significantly, Pacific Islander students continue to face challenges of access, retention, and lack of culturally relevant resources and support within higher education institutions. Currently, only 18% of Pacific Islander adults possess bachelor's degrees and only 38% of college- aged youth were enrolled in college in 2011 (EPIC & AAAJ, 2014). Statistics like these are often hidden as institutional data on Pacific Islander students are often aggregated with Asian American data within a pan-ethnic Asian Pacific Islander (API) identity, masking the distinct histories, identities, and challenges of many students within higher education. At predominantly White institutions on the continental United States, this identity label and its inconsistent use within data collection and subsequent resource allocation marginalize Pacific Islander students not just within predominantly White communities, but from Asian Americans as well, who make up the majority of the API identity. While forms of research and higher education support for API continues to rise, support for Pacific Islander students, staff, and faculty, specifically are not as evident. Through narrative inquiry, this study examines the experiences of Pacific Islander students through the framework of counter-storytelling in Critical Race Theory at a large predominantly White university in the Pacific Northwest. The research questions that framed this study were as follows: (1) What is the historical significance and influence of identity politics on Pacific Islander students in higher education? (2) How has familial, community, and institutional context influenced students' understanding of their Pacific Islander identities leading into their transition into college? (3) How do these identities impact and show up in their college experience? (4) How can the institution better support Pacific Islander student success and identity development during their college career? This study contributes to existing literature that center the experiences of Pacific Islander students in higher education and their narratives analyzing the way the institution interacts with that aspect of their identity. The researcher concludes with implications from findings and recommendations for higher education professionals to utilize on their campuses. Title: Supporting Pacific Islander Student Identity in Higher Education Author: Kosaki, Kayla Y. In recent years, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) have become one of the fastest-growing racial groups within the United States, increasing by 40% between 2000 and 2010, and expected to nearly double in population size by 2030 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012; Empowering Pacific Islander Communities & Asian Americans Advancing Justice [EPIC & AAAJ], 2014). With this increase in racial diversity within the greater U.S. population as a whole, the need for accessible and culturally relevant resources in higher education has become more prominent than ever. While the overall population has increased significantly, Pacific Islander students continue to face challenges of access, retention, and lack of culturally relevant resources and support within higher education institutions. Currently, only 18% of Pacific Islander adults possess bachelor's degrees and only 38% of college- aged youth were enrolled in college in 2011 (EPIC & AAAJ, 2014). Statistics like these are often hidden as institutional data on Pacific Islander students are often aggregated with Asian American data within a pan-ethnic Asian Pacific Islander (API) identity, masking the distinct histories, identities, and challenges of many students within higher education. At predominantly White institutions on the continental United States, this identity label and its inconsistent use within data collection and subsequent resource allocation marginalize Pacific Islander students not just within predominantly White communities, but from Asian Americans as well, who make up the majority of the API identity. While forms of research and higher education support for API continues to rise, support for Pacific Islander students, staff, and faculty, specifically are not as evident. Through narrative inquiry, this study examines the experiences of Pacific Islander students through the framework of counter-storytelling in Critical Race Theory at a large predominantly White university in the Pacific Northwest. The research questions that framed this study were as follows: (1) What is the historical significance and influence of identity politics on Pacific Islander students in higher education? (2) How has familial, community, and institutional context influenced students' understanding of their Pacific Islander identities leading into their transition into college? (3) How do these identities impact and show up in their college experience? (4) How can the institution better support Pacific Islander student success and identity development during their college career? This study contributes to existing literature that center the experiences of Pacific Islander students in higher education and their narratives analyzing the way the institution interacts with that aspect of their identity. The researcher concludes with implications from findings and recommendations for higher education professionals to utilize on their campuses. Close

• 2264. [Article] Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae)

  Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Close

• 2265. [Article] The effect of a memory retraining program as a neuropsychological rehabilitation technique for nontoxic chronic alcoholics

  The Purpose of the Study This study was undertaken to design, implement, and assess the effectiveness of a memory retraining program. The design was a true experimental design with pretest/posttest control group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of a memory retraining program as a neuropsychological rehabilitation technique for nontoxic chronic alcoholics Author: Dougan, Deborah Rae The Purpose of the Study This study was undertaken to design, implement, and assess the effectiveness of a memory retraining program. The design was a true experimental design with pretest/posttest control group and randomized selection of experimental group. The principle hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group i memory test scores from pretest to posttest. The Procedures A total of 59 subjects, 90% male and all over 18, participated as treatment in an Alcohol Treatment Program. Data was collected from four 4-week programs. The Dooks Memory Test and Trailmaking A and B were used to evaluate memory. Subjects who gave informed consent were pretested the first day of the program and posttested the last week. The subjects for the treatment condition were then chosen at random; control subjects were involved in other treatment modalities. At the end of the program a seminar summarizing the memory retraining program was offered to control subjects. The Memory Retraining group met two days a week in 90-minute sessions for four weeks. The content of the course emphasized observation, attention, and concentration. Association strategies were used with emphasis on imagery techniques. Both treatment and control group members were posttested with alternate forms of the Dooks Memory Test, and with the Trailmaking Test A and B. Summary of Results The analysis of covariance produced a significant main effect of the Memory Retraining Program. Additionally, three of the six subtests also showed a significant main effect. These results point to a significant effect of the Memory Retraining Program on the experimental group. The statistical analysis also pointed to a significant effect from Age and IQ. There were no interaction effects between age and treatment or IQ and treatment, and no other independent variables (education, duration, days since last drnk, depression) were significant. The L.S.O. test indicated that the significant difference in Age was between the youngest and oldest divisions, and that the significant difference in IQ was between the "Dull Normal" group and the "Bright" group. These results suggested a significant difference between these groups on performance on the memory test. There was a low correlation between IQ and memory change scores. Summary of Conclusions The results of this study point to the potential effectiveness of a memory retraining program for a variety of educational levels, age groups, and IQ scores. This program was also effective for the specific population of alcoholics regardless of the length of abstinence, length of drinking history, or severity of depression. Title: The effect of a memory retraining program as a neuropsychological rehabilitation technique for nontoxic chronic alcoholics Author: Dougan, Deborah Rae The Purpose of the Study This study was undertaken to design, implement, and assess the effectiveness of a memory retraining program. The design was a true experimental design with pretest/posttest control group and randomized selection of experimental group. The principle hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group i memory test scores from pretest to posttest. The Procedures A total of 59 subjects, 90% male and all over 18, participated as treatment in an Alcohol Treatment Program. Data was collected from four 4-week programs. The Dooks Memory Test and Trailmaking A and B were used to evaluate memory. Subjects who gave informed consent were pretested the first day of the program and posttested the last week. The subjects for the treatment condition were then chosen at random; control subjects were involved in other treatment modalities. At the end of the program a seminar summarizing the memory retraining program was offered to control subjects. The Memory Retraining group met two days a week in 90-minute sessions for four weeks. The content of the course emphasized observation, attention, and concentration. Association strategies were used with emphasis on imagery techniques. Both treatment and control group members were posttested with alternate forms of the Dooks Memory Test, and with the Trailmaking Test A and B. Summary of Results The analysis of covariance produced a significant main effect of the Memory Retraining Program. Additionally, three of the six subtests also showed a significant main effect. These results point to a significant effect of the Memory Retraining Program on the experimental group. The statistical analysis also pointed to a significant effect from Age and IQ. There were no interaction effects between age and treatment or IQ and treatment, and no other independent variables (education, duration, days since last drnk, depression) were significant. The L.S.O. test indicated that the significant difference in Age was between the youngest and oldest divisions, and that the significant difference in IQ was between the "Dull Normal" group and the "Bright" group. These results suggested a significant difference between these groups on performance on the memory test. There was a low correlation between IQ and memory change scores. Summary of Conclusions The results of this study point to the potential effectiveness of a memory retraining program for a variety of educational levels, age groups, and IQ scores. This program was also effective for the specific population of alcoholics regardless of the length of abstinence, length of drinking history, or severity of depression. Close

• 2266. [Article] Geoarchaeological research within five river miles of the Upper Klamath River Canyon : use of pedogenic properties to calculate alluvial terrace age

  Soil is a valuable medium when investigating the past-- from understanding rates of development, landform evolution, to the construction of various predictive models. Landforms and sediments provide insight ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geoarchaeological research within five river miles of the Upper Klamath River Canyon : use of pedogenic properties to calculate alluvial terrace age Author: Hescock, Sara Soil is a valuable medium when investigating the past-- from understanding rates of development, landform evolution, to the construction of various predictive models. Landforms and sediments provide insight into depositional environments and soil morphology indicates pedogenic change within those landforms. The rate at which pedogenesis occurs has been quantitatively measured by use of eight soil properties (clay films, texture + wet consistence, rubification (hue and chroma), structure, dry consistence, moist consistence, color value, and pH) to better understand landform type, soil development, as well as the archaeology of the Upper Klamath River Canyon. Soils within the Upper Klamath River Canyon consist of colluvium and Quaternary alluvium, which have been forming over the last 2.59 million years. Archaeological sites in the region are much younger than that and are expected to be found on landforms adjacent to the river channel. Currently the Klamath River chronology is incomplete with little-to-no information covering the Early and Middle Archaic Periods; conversely most archaeological information comes from the most recent period--the Late Archaic. In order to better understand the history of the canyon, landforms and depositional environments were identified and soil development was quantitatively measured by use of a soil development index and horizon index. A total of 21 soil pits, located on 21 alluvial terraces, within five terrace complexes, in a five-mile segment of the Upper Klamath River Canyon were recorded. Results indicate that overtime soil properties tend to change in a linear progression and older terraces are higher in elevation from the current river channel. Use of soil development indices have proven useful in demonstrating soil development within a group of terraces as well as by showing pedogenic development within a single soil profile through the quantification of soil morphological characteristics. Title: Geoarchaeological research within five river miles of the Upper Klamath River Canyon : use of pedogenic properties to calculate alluvial terrace age Author: Hescock, Sara Soil is a valuable medium when investigating the past-- from understanding rates of development, landform evolution, to the construction of various predictive models. Landforms and sediments provide insight into depositional environments and soil morphology indicates pedogenic change within those landforms. The rate at which pedogenesis occurs has been quantitatively measured by use of eight soil properties (clay films, texture + wet consistence, rubification (hue and chroma), structure, dry consistence, moist consistence, color value, and pH) to better understand landform type, soil development, as well as the archaeology of the Upper Klamath River Canyon. Soils within the Upper Klamath River Canyon consist of colluvium and Quaternary alluvium, which have been forming over the last 2.59 million years. Archaeological sites in the region are much younger than that and are expected to be found on landforms adjacent to the river channel. Currently the Klamath River chronology is incomplete with little-to-no information covering the Early and Middle Archaic Periods; conversely most archaeological information comes from the most recent period--the Late Archaic. In order to better understand the history of the canyon, landforms and depositional environments were identified and soil development was quantitatively measured by use of a soil development index and horizon index. A total of 21 soil pits, located on 21 alluvial terraces, within five terrace complexes, in a five-mile segment of the Upper Klamath River Canyon were recorded. Results indicate that overtime soil properties tend to change in a linear progression and older terraces are higher in elevation from the current river channel. Use of soil development indices have proven useful in demonstrating soil development within a group of terraces as well as by showing pedogenic development within a single soil profile through the quantification of soil morphological characteristics. Close

• 2267. [Article] Systematic, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of mycoparasitic Tolypocladium species and their Elaphomyces hosts

  Fungi in the genus Tolypocladium are diverse in their host associations, but the predominant ecologies include parasites of the ectomycorrhizal genus Elaphomyces and pathogens of insects. The aim of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematic, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of mycoparasitic Tolypocladium species and their Elaphomyces hosts Author: Quandt, C. Alisha Fungi in the genus Tolypocladium are diverse in their host associations, but the predominant ecologies include parasites of the ectomycorrhizal genus Elaphomyces and pathogens of insects. The aim of this dissertation research is to examine the evolution of these fungi and their host associations. To accomplish this several lines of data collection, analyses and experimentation, including nomenclatural changes, genome sequencing, differential RNA expression, and metagenomic sequencing of a host sporocarp, were pursued in an integrated manner. The first chapter is an introduction to the study systems and a background of fungal genomics. Nomenclatural issues are addressed in family Ophiocordycipitaceae and Tolypocladium that were brought about by changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, abolishing a system where a single fungal species could have different generic names at different parts of its life cycle. Proposals for names to be protected and suppressed are made for the family in addition to new combinations in Tolypocladium. The genome sequence of T. ophioglossoides reveals a great number of secondary metabolite genes and clusters, including three, large peptaibiotic genes. The evolution of these genes, which have only been identified in Tolypocladium and Trichoderma species, is different within these two genera. Phylogenomic analyses of Peptaibiotics reveal a pattern that is consistent with speciation in the genus Trichoderma, while peptaibiotic diversity within Tolypocladium is inferred to be the product of lineage sorting and is inconsistent with the organismal phylogeny of the genus. To determine which genes are involved in the mycoparasitic infection in Tolypocladium, in Chapter 4 an RNA-Seq study identifies differentially expressed genes when T. ophioglossoides is grown on media containing host and non-host tissues. A chitinase, several G-protein coupled receptors hypothesized to play a role in host recognition, an adhesin involved in cellular attachment, and several secondary metabolite genes were found to be differentially expressed on the Elaphomyces-media created for the study. With the addition of two more Tolypocladium genome sequences, the Elaphomyces-parastite T. capitatum and the cicada pathogen T. paradoxum, Chapter 5 explores the evolution of host-jumping within Tolypocladium using genome scale datasets. A large number of genes within Tolypocladium have undergone lineage sorting, as the diversification of the genus happened relatively quickly and is inferred to be the product of host-mediated speciation events. The Elaphomyces granulatus metagenome as sequenced from sporocarp tissue is the subject of Chapter 6. Like other ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota, E. granulatus is expanded in genome size, but has a reduction in CAZymes compared to its closest sequenced relatives. The E. granulatus sporocarp microbiome is taxonomically diverse but the most common community component is Bradyrhizobiaceae bacteria. Despite the large amount of sequence data, the microbiome shows signatures of functional reduction. This dissertation uses advances in systematics, genomics, and transcriptomics to add to the understanding of how Tolypocladium and Elaphomyces utilize specific sources of nutrition, and what gene repertoires may tell us about these organisms' life histories. Title: Systematic, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of mycoparasitic Tolypocladium species and their Elaphomyces hosts Author: Quandt, C. Alisha Fungi in the genus Tolypocladium are diverse in their host associations, but the predominant ecologies include parasites of the ectomycorrhizal genus Elaphomyces and pathogens of insects. The aim of this dissertation research is to examine the evolution of these fungi and their host associations. To accomplish this several lines of data collection, analyses and experimentation, including nomenclatural changes, genome sequencing, differential RNA expression, and metagenomic sequencing of a host sporocarp, were pursued in an integrated manner. The first chapter is an introduction to the study systems and a background of fungal genomics. Nomenclatural issues are addressed in family Ophiocordycipitaceae and Tolypocladium that were brought about by changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, abolishing a system where a single fungal species could have different generic names at different parts of its life cycle. Proposals for names to be protected and suppressed are made for the family in addition to new combinations in Tolypocladium. The genome sequence of T. ophioglossoides reveals a great number of secondary metabolite genes and clusters, including three, large peptaibiotic genes. The evolution of these genes, which have only been identified in Tolypocladium and Trichoderma species, is different within these two genera. Phylogenomic analyses of Peptaibiotics reveal a pattern that is consistent with speciation in the genus Trichoderma, while peptaibiotic diversity within Tolypocladium is inferred to be the product of lineage sorting and is inconsistent with the organismal phylogeny of the genus. To determine which genes are involved in the mycoparasitic infection in Tolypocladium, in Chapter 4 an RNA-Seq study identifies differentially expressed genes when T. ophioglossoides is grown on media containing host and non-host tissues. A chitinase, several G-protein coupled receptors hypothesized to play a role in host recognition, an adhesin involved in cellular attachment, and several secondary metabolite genes were found to be differentially expressed on the Elaphomyces-media created for the study. With the addition of two more Tolypocladium genome sequences, the Elaphomyces-parastite T. capitatum and the cicada pathogen T. paradoxum, Chapter 5 explores the evolution of host-jumping within Tolypocladium using genome scale datasets. A large number of genes within Tolypocladium have undergone lineage sorting, as the diversification of the genus happened relatively quickly and is inferred to be the product of host-mediated speciation events. The Elaphomyces granulatus metagenome as sequenced from sporocarp tissue is the subject of Chapter 6. Like other ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota, E. granulatus is expanded in genome size, but has a reduction in CAZymes compared to its closest sequenced relatives. The E. granulatus sporocarp microbiome is taxonomically diverse but the most common community component is Bradyrhizobiaceae bacteria. Despite the large amount of sequence data, the microbiome shows signatures of functional reduction. This dissertation uses advances in systematics, genomics, and transcriptomics to add to the understanding of how Tolypocladium and Elaphomyces utilize specific sources of nutrition, and what gene repertoires may tell us about these organisms' life histories. Close

• 2268. [Article] In vivo detoxification of acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  The studies described in this thesis were motivated by ongoing efforts to develop lignocellulosic biomass as an efficient and practical source of renewable energy. Enormous problems complicate these efforts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: In vivo detoxification of acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Author: Ding, Jun The studies described in this thesis were motivated by ongoing efforts to develop lignocellulosic biomass as an efficient and practical source of renewable energy. Enormous problems complicate these efforts to reduce reliance on greenhouse gas-generating fossil fuels. Simply obtaining the fermentable sugars available in the cellulose and hemicellulose components of lignocellulose to make ethanol or other biofuels generates compounds that inhibit the subsequent fermentation step itself. Acetic acid is one such inhibitor, formed by hydrolysis of acetylated hemicellulose and lignin during typical "pretreatments" of plant biomass performed to reduce the crystallinity of native cellulose (Klinke et al., 2004; Palmqvist and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000). The specific focus of this thesis is the problem of acetic acid-mediated growth inhibition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It describes experiments undertaken to obtain more resistant strains. S. cerevisiae has a long and rich history of use in food and beverage production, e.g., baking, winemaking, and brewing. Because of its simple growth requirements, high ethanol-producing capacity and robustness under process condition, S. cerevisiae remains the most widely used microorganism for large-scale bioethanol production. The development of strains with increased resistance to acetic acid will advance efforts to develop plant biomass as a practical source of renewable energy. This dissertation starts with a review of the literature on acetic acid stress and response in the yeast S. cerevisiae (Chapter 1). The subsequent chapters describe experiments undertaken to obtain acetic acid-resistant yeast strains and to determine the basis for the resistance. Chapter 2 presents results from screening a yeast deletion library that demonstrates that the condition of nutritional auxotrophy itself increases yeast sensitivity to acetic acid. Chapter 3 describes a resistant mutant obtained from screening a library of overexpressed yeast genes in which an increase in vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) activity was found to correlate with increased tolerance for acetic and other acids. The study detailed in Chapter 4 tests the hypothesis that overexpression of acetyl-CoA synthetase can increase acetic acid tolerance by converting excess acetic acid into acetyl-CoA. In the final chapter (Chapter 5), the implications of these studies are discussed in the context of better understanding acid stress in yeast and for the application of this information for strain improvement. Title: In vivo detoxification of acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Author: Ding, Jun The studies described in this thesis were motivated by ongoing efforts to develop lignocellulosic biomass as an efficient and practical source of renewable energy. Enormous problems complicate these efforts to reduce reliance on greenhouse gas-generating fossil fuels. Simply obtaining the fermentable sugars available in the cellulose and hemicellulose components of lignocellulose to make ethanol or other biofuels generates compounds that inhibit the subsequent fermentation step itself. Acetic acid is one such inhibitor, formed by hydrolysis of acetylated hemicellulose and lignin during typical "pretreatments" of plant biomass performed to reduce the crystallinity of native cellulose (Klinke et al., 2004; Palmqvist and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000). The specific focus of this thesis is the problem of acetic acid-mediated growth inhibition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It describes experiments undertaken to obtain more resistant strains. S. cerevisiae has a long and rich history of use in food and beverage production, e.g., baking, winemaking, and brewing. Because of its simple growth requirements, high ethanol-producing capacity and robustness under process condition, S. cerevisiae remains the most widely used microorganism for large-scale bioethanol production. The development of strains with increased resistance to acetic acid will advance efforts to develop plant biomass as a practical source of renewable energy. This dissertation starts with a review of the literature on acetic acid stress and response in the yeast S. cerevisiae (Chapter 1). The subsequent chapters describe experiments undertaken to obtain acetic acid-resistant yeast strains and to determine the basis for the resistance. Chapter 2 presents results from screening a yeast deletion library that demonstrates that the condition of nutritional auxotrophy itself increases yeast sensitivity to acetic acid. Chapter 3 describes a resistant mutant obtained from screening a library of overexpressed yeast genes in which an increase in vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) activity was found to correlate with increased tolerance for acetic and other acids. The study detailed in Chapter 4 tests the hypothesis that overexpression of acetyl-CoA synthetase can increase acetic acid tolerance by converting excess acetic acid into acetyl-CoA. In the final chapter (Chapter 5), the implications of these studies are discussed in the context of better understanding acid stress in yeast and for the application of this information for strain improvement. Close

• 2269. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close

• 2270. [Article] The effect of rotational range of motion deficits on glenohumeral joint force production and capsuloligamentous laxity in collegiate baseball pitchers

  Decreases in glenohumeral (GH) rotation motion and rotator cuff strength have been linked to multiple pathologies in the throwing arms of baseball pitchers, but a full understanding of the shoulder mechanisms ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of rotational range of motion deficits on glenohumeral joint force production and capsuloligamentous laxity in collegiate baseball pitchers Author: Leddon, Charles Decreases in glenohumeral (GH) rotation motion and rotator cuff strength have been linked to multiple pathologies in the throwing arms of baseball pitchers, but a full understanding of the shoulder mechanisms affected by a total arc of motion deficit (TAMD) has not yet been achieved. This study was designed to quantify the effects that this loss in range of motion has on GH joint laxity and eccentric external and internal rotation strength measures. We recruited 47 intercollegiate baseball pitchers with no history of shoulder or elbow surgery, and assigned them to either a TAMD group or a Non-TAMD group based on the extent of their loss of rotational motion at the shoulder. Eccentric internal and external rotation peak force values were evaluated in the middle 70% of the pitchers' available rotational range of motion with an isokinetic dynamometer, while anterior and posterior GH joint laxity and stiffness were assessed with a multijoint arthrometer under a 150N load applied at a rate of 15-19 N/s, with stiffness calculated as the slope of the force displacement curve following the inflection point representing the point of soft tissue compression. We found significant differences in the stiffness measures when comparing the anterior to the posterior directions in both the dominant (22.64 ± 5.02 N/mm and 28.72 ± 7.18 N/mm, p < 0.001) and non-dominant arms (23.01 ± 5.66 N/mm and 29.31 ± 8.07 N/mm, p < 0.001). There was also a significant Group x Direction interaction for GH laxity and this finding was attributed to the fact that that TAMD group had significantly less posterior translation than did the Non-TAMD group (p <0.05). Significant differences were also found for IR, ER and strength ratio measures (p < 0.001). The ER/IR strength ratio (86.2 ± 23.3% vs. 47.0 ± 7.8%) and ER eccentric peak torque (0.410 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW vs. 0.295 ± 0.049 Nm/kg BW) were significantly greater in the dominant arm, while IR eccentric peak torque (0.488 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW vs 0.636 ± 0.101 Nm/kg BW) was significantly higher in the non-dominant arm. Internal rotation eccentric peak torque measures (0.488 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW) were significantly higher than any of the isometric measures (p < 0.001). Testing of the ER torques showed that eccentric measures (0.410 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW), and isometric measures at 0°(0.386 ± 0.132 Nm/kg BW) and 30° (0.366 ± 0.122 Nm/kg BW) were significantly higher than the 60°(0.247 ± 0.087 Nm/kg BW) and 90° (0.188 ± 0.073 Nm/kg BW) measures (p < 0.001). Isometric ER/IR strength ratios at 0° and 30° were significantly lower than at the 0° and 30° testing positions (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that the type of muscle action and GH joint angle were responsible for differences observed in internal and external rotation peak torques. The loss of shoulder rotational range of motion in collegiate pitchers did not affect their eccentric peak torque production, but was related to increased posterior GH capsuloligamentous laxity, although the clinical significance of this difference is presently unknown. Title: The effect of rotational range of motion deficits on glenohumeral joint force production and capsuloligamentous laxity in collegiate baseball pitchers Author: Leddon, Charles Decreases in glenohumeral (GH) rotation motion and rotator cuff strength have been linked to multiple pathologies in the throwing arms of baseball pitchers, but a full understanding of the shoulder mechanisms affected by a total arc of motion deficit (TAMD) has not yet been achieved. This study was designed to quantify the effects that this loss in range of motion has on GH joint laxity and eccentric external and internal rotation strength measures. We recruited 47 intercollegiate baseball pitchers with no history of shoulder or elbow surgery, and assigned them to either a TAMD group or a Non-TAMD group based on the extent of their loss of rotational motion at the shoulder. Eccentric internal and external rotation peak force values were evaluated in the middle 70% of the pitchers' available rotational range of motion with an isokinetic dynamometer, while anterior and posterior GH joint laxity and stiffness were assessed with a multijoint arthrometer under a 150N load applied at a rate of 15-19 N/s, with stiffness calculated as the slope of the force displacement curve following the inflection point representing the point of soft tissue compression. We found significant differences in the stiffness measures when comparing the anterior to the posterior directions in both the dominant (22.64 ± 5.02 N/mm and 28.72 ± 7.18 N/mm, p < 0.001) and non-dominant arms (23.01 ± 5.66 N/mm and 29.31 ± 8.07 N/mm, p < 0.001). There was also a significant Group x Direction interaction for GH laxity and this finding was attributed to the fact that that TAMD group had significantly less posterior translation than did the Non-TAMD group (p <0.05). Significant differences were also found for IR, ER and strength ratio measures (p < 0.001). The ER/IR strength ratio (86.2 ± 23.3% vs. 47.0 ± 7.8%) and ER eccentric peak torque (0.410 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW vs. 0.295 ± 0.049 Nm/kg BW) were significantly greater in the dominant arm, while IR eccentric peak torque (0.488 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW vs 0.636 ± 0.101 Nm/kg BW) was significantly higher in the non-dominant arm. Internal rotation eccentric peak torque measures (0.488 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW) were significantly higher than any of the isometric measures (p < 0.001). Testing of the ER torques showed that eccentric measures (0.410 ± 0.088 Nm/kg BW), and isometric measures at 0°(0.386 ± 0.132 Nm/kg BW) and 30° (0.366 ± 0.122 Nm/kg BW) were significantly higher than the 60°(0.247 ± 0.087 Nm/kg BW) and 90° (0.188 ± 0.073 Nm/kg BW) measures (p < 0.001). Isometric ER/IR strength ratios at 0° and 30° were significantly lower than at the 0° and 30° testing positions (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that the type of muscle action and GH joint angle were responsible for differences observed in internal and external rotation peak torques. The loss of shoulder rotational range of motion in collegiate pitchers did not affect their eccentric peak torque production, but was related to increased posterior GH capsuloligamentous laxity, although the clinical significance of this difference is presently unknown. Close