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• 2251. [Article] An exploration of current specific morals, values and beliefs of parents, students and faculty at a church-related college

  The purpose of this study was to ascertain to what degree, if any, there was a difference of opinion among students, parents and faculty in regard to student behavior as that behavior pertained to general ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An exploration of current specific morals, values and beliefs of parents, students and faculty at a church-related college Author: Coles, Donald James The purpose of this study was to ascertain to what degree, if any, there was a difference of opinion among students, parents and faculty in regard to student behavior as that behavior pertained to general conduct, drug use, mischief, sex offenses, drinking, cheating and theft. The research study was conducted at Pacific Union College which is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The college is located in a rural setting in the unincorporated community of Angwin in northern California. Out of a population of 1,950 enrolled students 1,597 met the criteria for this study. All foreign students and students whose parents reside overseas were excluded. Using the random number sampling technique, 400 students were selected. One parent of each student and the entire faculty were also included. Student respondents numbered 355 for a 88.7% participation. Parent returns numbered 300 or 75% of the selected group while faculty participation was 128 or 94.8%. The instrument (Opinion Scale on Student Behavior) used in the collection of data was first developed by Dr. Thomas Schneck (1959) and was revised by consulting with a panel of professionally recognized educators at Oregon State University. Questions dealing with behavioral standards of concern to a church related college were included as well as a demographic information section. A seven-point rating scale was developed to allow personal evaluation of the seriousness of each statement. Each choice increased in severity and ranged from generally acceptable to intolerable, vicious, demands punishment. All data was collected during the spring term of the 1970-71 school year and was analyzed on the Oregon State University CDC 3300 Computer using the analysis of variance and t test statistical models. The 15 null hypotheses about student behavior and demographic information were tested at the .05 and .01 levels of significance. The findings revealed that there were significant differences of opinion about student behavior among students, parents and faculty in regard to the seven areas of student conduct. The differences were in the direction of greater liberalism on the part of the students. Understandably the faculty group was the most conservative in opinions about cheating while parents were the most conservative in the six other categories of student behavior. No significant differences were found among students when those differences were determined by class standing, grade point average or marital status; however, differences were found among students when differences were determined by academic major. Students with majors in Behavioral Science, Business Administration and History were the most liberal. Other variables revealed significant differences among the three groups compared with students being the most liberal, faculty next and parents last. Faculty and parents were closer in opinions about student conduct than were faculty and students. Title: An exploration of current specific morals, values and beliefs of parents, students and faculty at a church-related college Author: Coles, Donald James The purpose of this study was to ascertain to what degree, if any, there was a difference of opinion among students, parents and faculty in regard to student behavior as that behavior pertained to general conduct, drug use, mischief, sex offenses, drinking, cheating and theft. The research study was conducted at Pacific Union College which is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The college is located in a rural setting in the unincorporated community of Angwin in northern California. Out of a population of 1,950 enrolled students 1,597 met the criteria for this study. All foreign students and students whose parents reside overseas were excluded. Using the random number sampling technique, 400 students were selected. One parent of each student and the entire faculty were also included. Student respondents numbered 355 for a 88.7% participation. Parent returns numbered 300 or 75% of the selected group while faculty participation was 128 or 94.8%. The instrument (Opinion Scale on Student Behavior) used in the collection of data was first developed by Dr. Thomas Schneck (1959) and was revised by consulting with a panel of professionally recognized educators at Oregon State University. Questions dealing with behavioral standards of concern to a church related college were included as well as a demographic information section. A seven-point rating scale was developed to allow personal evaluation of the seriousness of each statement. Each choice increased in severity and ranged from generally acceptable to intolerable, vicious, demands punishment. All data was collected during the spring term of the 1970-71 school year and was analyzed on the Oregon State University CDC 3300 Computer using the analysis of variance and t test statistical models. The 15 null hypotheses about student behavior and demographic information were tested at the .05 and .01 levels of significance. The findings revealed that there were significant differences of opinion about student behavior among students, parents and faculty in regard to the seven areas of student conduct. The differences were in the direction of greater liberalism on the part of the students. Understandably the faculty group was the most conservative in opinions about cheating while parents were the most conservative in the six other categories of student behavior. No significant differences were found among students when those differences were determined by class standing, grade point average or marital status; however, differences were found among students when differences were determined by academic major. Students with majors in Behavioral Science, Business Administration and History were the most liberal. Other variables revealed significant differences among the three groups compared with students being the most liberal, faculty next and parents last. Faculty and parents were closer in opinions about student conduct than were faculty and students. Close

• 2252. [Article] Estimating highlead logging performance through statistical models

  The study of highlead logging operations through the use of statistical models is investigated, and their potential use for estimating and control of operations examined. During the preliminary phases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating highlead logging performance through statistical models Author: Chamberlain, Howard Emil The study of highlead logging operations through the use of statistical models is investigated, and their potential use for estimating and control of operations examined. During the preliminary phases of the study 16 work elements and 26 influencing variables are identified and measurement criteria developed for each. A coding system is also developed to aid recording the variables previously identified in a manner understandable to an electronic computer. Based on the variables and elements to be measured and recorded, data sheets and field procedures are developed and tested. It was proven necessary to use a two man field team to insure that all of the data on each turn, or cycle, was recorded accurately. The procedures necessary to convert the field data into computer input are explained and illustrated with a set of data sheets and summary sheet. The computing methods used in a stepwise regression analysis are discussed in general and its effects on selected lists of variables for each element are shown and discussed. Statistical models of each of the ten regular elements are computed from data taken on 590 turns, or cycles. The resulting models are then analyzed as to their effect on total cycle time and their relation to the form expected by logging estimators and supervisors. The majority of the deviations from expected form are explained but several remain unresolved, and pose a problem for future study. The frequency, mean duration, and proportion of total time consumed by the six irregular elements are computed and their relation to usual job efficiency experienced on similar operations is examined and found to be of the same order. Ten statistical models for the regular elements are recombined into gross element models to provide more convenient data for field use. The gross element and total cycle models were recomputed from the original field data using the variables from the appropriate element models. The resulting gross element models are then tabularized and sample sheets included to illustrate the general procedure for determining cycle times from the tabular data and correction factors. The reliability of the existing models is discussed and it is shown that it is impossible to develop statistical measures of spread or deviation from the computed regression line from the existing data. The measures of the probability of observing and computing a model on only a chance variation are very small, all are less than 2.5 percent. Because of this the conclusion is drawn that causal relationships do exist in highlead logging. To calibrate the existing models an independent data sample is needed. The multivariate calibration procedures necessary are identified and a proposed computing method to reduce the size of the confidence belt is discussed. The study pointed out several areas for future study. They are: 1. The present element and gross element models should have confidence limits placed on them. 2. Several of the models indicate higher than expected standard error. These should be studied for possible improvements. 3. The range of the variables should be enlarged as soon as possible to reflect conditions in other logging areas. 4. A cause analysis study be instituted to study machine breakdown history and causes. 5. Development of a training manual for future investigators to reduce the instruction time and enable them to better answer questions from the men in the field. 6. A comparison study of the results predicted by the models with the estimates and historical records of logging. performance. 7. Locate or develop the necessary computer programs to allow full computer estimation of highlead performance using the models, topographic maps and timber cruise data. Title: Estimating highlead logging performance through statistical models Author: Chamberlain, Howard Emil The study of highlead logging operations through the use of statistical models is investigated, and their potential use for estimating and control of operations examined. During the preliminary phases of the study 16 work elements and 26 influencing variables are identified and measurement criteria developed for each. A coding system is also developed to aid recording the variables previously identified in a manner understandable to an electronic computer. Based on the variables and elements to be measured and recorded, data sheets and field procedures are developed and tested. It was proven necessary to use a two man field team to insure that all of the data on each turn, or cycle, was recorded accurately. The procedures necessary to convert the field data into computer input are explained and illustrated with a set of data sheets and summary sheet. The computing methods used in a stepwise regression analysis are discussed in general and its effects on selected lists of variables for each element are shown and discussed. Statistical models of each of the ten regular elements are computed from data taken on 590 turns, or cycles. The resulting models are then analyzed as to their effect on total cycle time and their relation to the form expected by logging estimators and supervisors. The majority of the deviations from expected form are explained but several remain unresolved, and pose a problem for future study. The frequency, mean duration, and proportion of total time consumed by the six irregular elements are computed and their relation to usual job efficiency experienced on similar operations is examined and found to be of the same order. Ten statistical models for the regular elements are recombined into gross element models to provide more convenient data for field use. The gross element and total cycle models were recomputed from the original field data using the variables from the appropriate element models. The resulting gross element models are then tabularized and sample sheets included to illustrate the general procedure for determining cycle times from the tabular data and correction factors. The reliability of the existing models is discussed and it is shown that it is impossible to develop statistical measures of spread or deviation from the computed regression line from the existing data. The measures of the probability of observing and computing a model on only a chance variation are very small, all are less than 2.5 percent. Because of this the conclusion is drawn that causal relationships do exist in highlead logging. To calibrate the existing models an independent data sample is needed. The multivariate calibration procedures necessary are identified and a proposed computing method to reduce the size of the confidence belt is discussed. The study pointed out several areas for future study. They are: 1. The present element and gross element models should have confidence limits placed on them. 2. Several of the models indicate higher than expected standard error. These should be studied for possible improvements. 3. The range of the variables should be enlarged as soon as possible to reflect conditions in other logging areas. 4. A cause analysis study be instituted to study machine breakdown history and causes. 5. Development of a training manual for future investigators to reduce the instruction time and enable them to better answer questions from the men in the field. 6. A comparison study of the results predicted by the models with the estimates and historical records of logging. performance. 7. Locate or develop the necessary computer programs to allow full computer estimation of highlead performance using the models, topographic maps and timber cruise data. Close

• 2253. [Article] An investigation into the ecology and distribution of Kalmiopsis leachiana (Hend.) Rehder

  Ecological factors associated with the relictual distribution of the endemic shrub Kalmiopsis leachiana (Ericaceae) were investigated. A prostrate evergreen species with small coriaceous leaves, K. leachiana ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the ecology and distribution of Kalmiopsis leachiana (Hend.) Rehder Author: Marquis, Robert John Ecological factors associated with the relictual distribution of the endemic shrub Kalmiopsis leachiana (Ericaceae) were investigated. A prostrate evergreen species with small coriaceous leaves, K. leachiana is restricted to two disjunct populations in the Siskiyou Mountains and southern Cascade Mountains of southwestern Oregon, USA. Exact distributions of individual populations were mapped and were related to soils, geology, climate, and fire history using these factors to define in part this species' ecological range. Further investigation involved intensive sampling of associated vegetation, pressure chamber studies, seed germination and seedling growth experiments, and preliminary study of herbivore relationships and the heterostylous breeding system. Associated vegetation of Kalmiopsis populations was sampled using a nested plot technique. Analysis showed there to exist three major vegetation units: (1) low elevation Siskiyou stands (300-600 m), characterized by a conifer, broadleaf sclerophyll tree, evergreen shrub, and herb layer; (2) high elevation Siskiyou stands (900 m), differing from low elevation site by the absence of a broadleaf sclerophyll canopy; and (3) Southern Cascades vegetation, having relatively low species diversity associated with a more dense conifer canopy. In the latter stands, Kalmiopsis is found to grow almost invariably only on exposed, silicified rock outcrops. Soil in the Cascades did not prove to be inhibitory to germination and seedling development. Thus it is suggested that competition for light, water, and nutrients plays an important role in the species distribution and especially in its exclusion from surrounding vegetation of Cascades rock outcrops. In turn loss of the broadleaf sclerophyll canopy at high elevations in the Siskiyous, and related decrease in overstory canopy cover, is correlated with the much greater abundance of Kalmiopsis at high elevations there. The nature of the growth form and morphology of this plant and how they appear to be advantageous for establishment and growth in rocky, competition low microhabitats is discussed. Measurements of internal moisture stress were taken in the Siskiyou Mountains on Kalmiopsis and two sympatric sclerophyllous shrub species. Results of predawn and midday measurements at the height of the drought season indicate that Kalmiopsis undergoes higher stress levels than the other two species do in the same location, and appears to shut its stomata early in the day to avoid high stress buildup. In contrast the two sympatric shrubs appear to be able to remain photosynthesizing longer into the day, and this combined with their ability to handle higher stress, might account for their occurrence at more xeric topographic positions where K. leachiana is not found. Germination and growth experiments on natural soils showed that Kalmiopsis seeds can germinate under low light conditions, are, heat sensitive, and resulting seedlings have relatively slow growth rates. The seedlings' small size and slow growth rates are suggested to account for the low reproductive rate observed in the field and to be a contributing factor in the restricted distribution of the species. Kalmiopsis is distylous, this being the first reported case of heterostyly in the Ericaeae. In addition evidence is given that this morphological adaptation for outcrossing is strengthened by genetic self-incompatibility within and between plants of similar morphological types. Evidence of herbivory was practically absent in all populations. Two seed eating species, a lygaeid bug in the genus Kleidocerys and a species of mite in Trichoribates, were found to be associated with the persistent capsules. These may play an important role in the reproductive output of this plant. Title: An investigation into the ecology and distribution of Kalmiopsis leachiana (Hend.) Rehder Author: Marquis, Robert John Ecological factors associated with the relictual distribution of the endemic shrub Kalmiopsis leachiana (Ericaceae) were investigated. A prostrate evergreen species with small coriaceous leaves, K. leachiana is restricted to two disjunct populations in the Siskiyou Mountains and southern Cascade Mountains of southwestern Oregon, USA. Exact distributions of individual populations were mapped and were related to soils, geology, climate, and fire history using these factors to define in part this species' ecological range. Further investigation involved intensive sampling of associated vegetation, pressure chamber studies, seed germination and seedling growth experiments, and preliminary study of herbivore relationships and the heterostylous breeding system. Associated vegetation of Kalmiopsis populations was sampled using a nested plot technique. Analysis showed there to exist three major vegetation units: (1) low elevation Siskiyou stands (300-600 m), characterized by a conifer, broadleaf sclerophyll tree, evergreen shrub, and herb layer; (2) high elevation Siskiyou stands (900 m), differing from low elevation site by the absence of a broadleaf sclerophyll canopy; and (3) Southern Cascades vegetation, having relatively low species diversity associated with a more dense conifer canopy. In the latter stands, Kalmiopsis is found to grow almost invariably only on exposed, silicified rock outcrops. Soil in the Cascades did not prove to be inhibitory to germination and seedling development. Thus it is suggested that competition for light, water, and nutrients plays an important role in the species distribution and especially in its exclusion from surrounding vegetation of Cascades rock outcrops. In turn loss of the broadleaf sclerophyll canopy at high elevations in the Siskiyous, and related decrease in overstory canopy cover, is correlated with the much greater abundance of Kalmiopsis at high elevations there. The nature of the growth form and morphology of this plant and how they appear to be advantageous for establishment and growth in rocky, competition low microhabitats is discussed. Measurements of internal moisture stress were taken in the Siskiyou Mountains on Kalmiopsis and two sympatric sclerophyllous shrub species. Results of predawn and midday measurements at the height of the drought season indicate that Kalmiopsis undergoes higher stress levels than the other two species do in the same location, and appears to shut its stomata early in the day to avoid high stress buildup. In contrast the two sympatric shrubs appear to be able to remain photosynthesizing longer into the day, and this combined with their ability to handle higher stress, might account for their occurrence at more xeric topographic positions where K. leachiana is not found. Germination and growth experiments on natural soils showed that Kalmiopsis seeds can germinate under low light conditions, are, heat sensitive, and resulting seedlings have relatively slow growth rates. The seedlings' small size and slow growth rates are suggested to account for the low reproductive rate observed in the field and to be a contributing factor in the restricted distribution of the species. Kalmiopsis is distylous, this being the first reported case of heterostyly in the Ericaeae. In addition evidence is given that this morphological adaptation for outcrossing is strengthened by genetic self-incompatibility within and between plants of similar morphological types. Evidence of herbivory was practically absent in all populations. Two seed eating species, a lygaeid bug in the genus Kleidocerys and a species of mite in Trichoribates, were found to be associated with the persistent capsules. These may play an important role in the reproductive output of this plant. Close

• 2254. [Article] Modeled Larval Connectivity Patterns in two Coral Reef Regions : the Western Caribbean and the Kenyan-Tanzanian Shelf

  Tropical coral reef ecosystems are very important from both the ecological and economical points of view. However, they are also particularly fragile, and have been declining in recent years in most regions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeled Larval Connectivity Patterns in two Coral Reef Regions : the Western Caribbean and the Kenyan-Tanzanian Shelf Author: Mayorga Adame, Claudia Gabriela Tropical coral reef ecosystems are very important from both the ecological and economical points of view. However, they are also particularly fragile, and have been declining in recent years in most regions of the world, since they are highly susceptible to anthropogenic stressors operating at global scales (e.g., global warming and ocean acidification) and local scales (e.g., pollution/eutrophication, fishing, overcommercialization for recreation). Coral reef ecosystems are complex communities with very high species diversity. Most reef species have a bipartite life history with a planktonic larval stage and a benthic associated adult life. Therefore most adult reef organisms are distributed in metapopulations connected by pelagic larvae that disperse subject to the ocean currents. Knowledge of population connectivity among individual reef habitats within a broader geographic region of coral reefs has been identified as key to developing efficient spatial management strategies to protect marine ecosystems. The study of larval connectivity of marine organisms is a complex multidisciplinary challenge that is difficult to address with direct observations. This research examines the temporal and spatial, physical and ecological processes influencing connectivity of two important coral reef genera among isolated reef habitats within two regions: the Kenyan-Tanzanian and the Western Caribbean coasts. High resolution ocean circulation models were developed for each region and coupled to individual based models (IBM) that track particles (virtual larvae) released from each reef habitat. The connectivity patterns for two coral reef species groups having contrasting larval behavior and development duration where characterized in the two study regions: Acropora, a genus of branching corals with passive larvae and fast development (pelagic larval duration (PLD)<12 days), and Acanthurus, a genus of highly mobile, herbivorous fish, with long PLD (>50 days). Additional simulations were done to represent better the complexity of the Acanthurus larval life: one experiment included an idealized ontogenetic vertical migration behavior; another experiment examined how temperature-determined larval duration influenced trajectories and settlement patterns. The more complicated behavioral and development models were evaluated by comparing connectivity matrices to the passively transported case. To investigate interannual variations in connectivity patterns and percentage of successful settlement experiments were done for two contrasting years 2000 and 2005. Environmental seasonal and interannual variability in the ocean circulation models was analyzed to detect the mechanisms controlling connectivity in the two regions. The connectivity patterns and the mechanisms causing them were compared among the two study regions. Results are interpreted in the context of marine spatial management, describing the implications of the modeled connectivity patterns for currently established Marine Protected Areas. The connectivity patterns, and the processes controlling connectivity for different taxa, provide policy relevant scientific information that enables managers and decision-makers to make more informed choices regarding the size, spacing and optimal spatial design of marine protected networks. Title: Modeled Larval Connectivity Patterns in two Coral Reef Regions : the Western Caribbean and the Kenyan-Tanzanian Shelf Author: Mayorga Adame, Claudia Gabriela Tropical coral reef ecosystems are very important from both the ecological and economical points of view. However, they are also particularly fragile, and have been declining in recent years in most regions of the world, since they are highly susceptible to anthropogenic stressors operating at global scales (e.g., global warming and ocean acidification) and local scales (e.g., pollution/eutrophication, fishing, overcommercialization for recreation). Coral reef ecosystems are complex communities with very high species diversity. Most reef species have a bipartite life history with a planktonic larval stage and a benthic associated adult life. Therefore most adult reef organisms are distributed in metapopulations connected by pelagic larvae that disperse subject to the ocean currents. Knowledge of population connectivity among individual reef habitats within a broader geographic region of coral reefs has been identified as key to developing efficient spatial management strategies to protect marine ecosystems. The study of larval connectivity of marine organisms is a complex multidisciplinary challenge that is difficult to address with direct observations. This research examines the temporal and spatial, physical and ecological processes influencing connectivity of two important coral reef genera among isolated reef habitats within two regions: the Kenyan-Tanzanian and the Western Caribbean coasts. High resolution ocean circulation models were developed for each region and coupled to individual based models (IBM) that track particles (virtual larvae) released from each reef habitat. The connectivity patterns for two coral reef species groups having contrasting larval behavior and development duration where characterized in the two study regions: Acropora, a genus of branching corals with passive larvae and fast development (pelagic larval duration (PLD)<12 days), and Acanthurus, a genus of highly mobile, herbivorous fish, with long PLD (>50 days). Additional simulations were done to represent better the complexity of the Acanthurus larval life: one experiment included an idealized ontogenetic vertical migration behavior; another experiment examined how temperature-determined larval duration influenced trajectories and settlement patterns. The more complicated behavioral and development models were evaluated by comparing connectivity matrices to the passively transported case. To investigate interannual variations in connectivity patterns and percentage of successful settlement experiments were done for two contrasting years 2000 and 2005. Environmental seasonal and interannual variability in the ocean circulation models was analyzed to detect the mechanisms controlling connectivity in the two regions. The connectivity patterns and the mechanisms causing them were compared among the two study regions. Results are interpreted in the context of marine spatial management, describing the implications of the modeled connectivity patterns for currently established Marine Protected Areas. The connectivity patterns, and the processes controlling connectivity for different taxa, provide policy relevant scientific information that enables managers and decision-makers to make more informed choices regarding the size, spacing and optimal spatial design of marine protected networks. Close

• 2255. [Article] Commonalities in the professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors

  The purpose of this research was to determine, if there are and the nature of, the common professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors. The respondents in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Commonalities in the professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors Author: Lindahl, Donald Gene, 1935- The purpose of this research was to determine, if there are and the nature of, the common professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors. The respondents in the study represented four instructors from each of 40 community colleges selected from the four western states of California, Colorado, Oregon and Washington. The respondents were selected from the vocational program areas of agriculture, health, home economics, and service occupations.is to determine if significant differences existed among the competencie Five major dimensions were included in the study: 1) Construction of a professional education competency questionnaire. 2) Data analyss for the community college. 3) Factor analysis of data to determine the common professional education competencies needed by community college vocational instructors. 4) Factor analysis of data to determine the extent of resemblance between the instructors according to ratings given to professional education competencies. 5) The formulation of implications to be considered in the professional development of community college vocational instructors. The dependent variable in the study was a score judgmentally assigned by respondents to a five-point Likert-type scale for each of the 99 professional education competencies included in the mail-survey questionnaire. The data resulting from the 160 respondences to the questionnaire were analyzed for variance with rejected competencies tested for least significant differences. The major interest in the study was to factor analyze the data using both the R- and Q-techniques. The Q-technique ordered respondents according to competencies, while the R-technique ordered competencies according to factor loadings. The R-technique factor analysis was programmed to compute a six-factor. solution. This procedure yielded five interpretable factors, 54 competencies receiving factor loadings at a significant level for inclusion in the factors (clusters). Analysis of data revealed that there was no significant difference among the mean scores for community colleges and that commonality existed among the vocational instructors in these colleges in terms of responses to competency items. The data further revealed that the most important competencies were those relating to instructional management, such as teaching and guidance strategies. Lowest ranking competencies were those relating to program management, including interpretation of history, philosophy, requirements, and laws dealing with education. The generated commonalities indicate that community college vocational instructors, regardless of program area, state, or college, need proficiency in a common core of performance-based professional education competencies. Title: Commonalities in the professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors Author: Lindahl, Donald Gene, 1935- The purpose of this research was to determine, if there are and the nature of, the common professional education competencies of selected community college vocational instructors. The respondents in the study represented four instructors from each of 40 community colleges selected from the four western states of California, Colorado, Oregon and Washington. The respondents were selected from the vocational program areas of agriculture, health, home economics, and service occupations.is to determine if significant differences existed among the competencie Five major dimensions were included in the study: 1) Construction of a professional education competency questionnaire. 2) Data analyss for the community college. 3) Factor analysis of data to determine the common professional education competencies needed by community college vocational instructors. 4) Factor analysis of data to determine the extent of resemblance between the instructors according to ratings given to professional education competencies. 5) The formulation of implications to be considered in the professional development of community college vocational instructors. The dependent variable in the study was a score judgmentally assigned by respondents to a five-point Likert-type scale for each of the 99 professional education competencies included in the mail-survey questionnaire. The data resulting from the 160 respondences to the questionnaire were analyzed for variance with rejected competencies tested for least significant differences. The major interest in the study was to factor analyze the data using both the R- and Q-techniques. The Q-technique ordered respondents according to competencies, while the R-technique ordered competencies according to factor loadings. The R-technique factor analysis was programmed to compute a six-factor. solution. This procedure yielded five interpretable factors, 54 competencies receiving factor loadings at a significant level for inclusion in the factors (clusters). Analysis of data revealed that there was no significant difference among the mean scores for community colleges and that commonality existed among the vocational instructors in these colleges in terms of responses to competency items. The data further revealed that the most important competencies were those relating to instructional management, such as teaching and guidance strategies. Lowest ranking competencies were those relating to program management, including interpretation of history, philosophy, requirements, and laws dealing with education. The generated commonalities indicate that community college vocational instructors, regardless of program area, state, or college, need proficiency in a common core of performance-based professional education competencies. Close

• 2256. [Article] Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000

  DOE/BP-00004093-1

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000 Author: Taylor, Greg DOE/BP-00004093-1 Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population and habitat surveys in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2000 Author: Taylor, Greg DOE/BP-00004093-1 Close

• 2257. [Article] British policies toward Palestine

  This study traces British government policies with regard to Palestine from the time the British Expeditionary Forces under General Allenby invested Jerusalem in December 1917 to the imposition of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: British policies toward Palestine Author: Earl-Taylor, Michael A. This study traces British government policies with regard to Palestine from the time the British Expeditionary Forces under General Allenby invested Jerusalem in December 1917 to the imposition of the Mandate with Britain as the Mandatory power, which came into effect on July 22, 1922. The first chapter provides an historical introduction and examines the sequence of events leading to the Balfour Declaration of November 1917. The subsequent chapters deal with British policies during the Military Administration, which lasted from 1917-1920, and then with the Civilian Administration up until Britain formally assumed the Mandate of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Perhaps no policies ever pursued by successive British governments have been more fraught with ambivalence and contradiction than those of the Palestine mandate. British interests were defined not only by moral concerns with regard to the position of the Jewish people, but strategic considerations of Palestine and its geographic location as a buffer zone to the lifeline of the empire--the Suez Canal. In this respect, the government of India, the source of the British military power in the Near East exerted as much, and sometimes more, influence over British Middle East policy as the Foreign Office, and later, the Colonial Office combined. The inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the Mandate placed the British government in an extraordinary and difficult position. On one hand, they were pledged to establishing a National Home for the Jews under the auspices of British protection; on the other, to placating the rising frustrations of the Arab populations, whose contributions to their liberation from Turkish rule were negligible. This thesis will support the premise that the Arabs were indebted to the British, not vice versa. Many British-Arab agreements during the war years, including the controversial Hussein-McMahon correspondence of 1915, were predicated on the assumption that the Arabs would stage a general uprising against Turkish rule and desert the Ottoman's armies in large numbers. The general revolt never materialized; Arab inaction during the war influenced British policies towards their aspirations in the region once the war ended. British policy towards Palestine was not shaped by Britain alone. The United States, though not a member of the League, had pervasive influence in the matter, as did France and Russia. Particular attention will be paid to these topics later. Finally, a short profile on Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner for Palestine is provided in the Appendix. Title: British policies toward Palestine Author: Earl-Taylor, Michael A. This study traces British government policies with regard to Palestine from the time the British Expeditionary Forces under General Allenby invested Jerusalem in December 1917 to the imposition of the Mandate with Britain as the Mandatory power, which came into effect on July 22, 1922. The first chapter provides an historical introduction and examines the sequence of events leading to the Balfour Declaration of November 1917. The subsequent chapters deal with British policies during the Military Administration, which lasted from 1917-1920, and then with the Civilian Administration up until Britain formally assumed the Mandate of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Perhaps no policies ever pursued by successive British governments have been more fraught with ambivalence and contradiction than those of the Palestine mandate. British interests were defined not only by moral concerns with regard to the position of the Jewish people, but strategic considerations of Palestine and its geographic location as a buffer zone to the lifeline of the empire--the Suez Canal. In this respect, the government of India, the source of the British military power in the Near East exerted as much, and sometimes more, influence over British Middle East policy as the Foreign Office, and later, the Colonial Office combined. The inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the Mandate placed the British government in an extraordinary and difficult position. On one hand, they were pledged to establishing a National Home for the Jews under the auspices of British protection; on the other, to placating the rising frustrations of the Arab populations, whose contributions to their liberation from Turkish rule were negligible. This thesis will support the premise that the Arabs were indebted to the British, not vice versa. Many British-Arab agreements during the war years, including the controversial Hussein-McMahon correspondence of 1915, were predicated on the assumption that the Arabs would stage a general uprising against Turkish rule and desert the Ottoman's armies in large numbers. The general revolt never materialized; Arab inaction during the war influenced British policies towards their aspirations in the region once the war ended. British policy towards Palestine was not shaped by Britain alone. The United States, though not a member of the League, had pervasive influence in the matter, as did France and Russia. Particular attention will be paid to these topics later. Finally, a short profile on Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner for Palestine is provided in the Appendix. Close

• 2258. [Article] Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon

  Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon Author: Pampush, Geoffrey J. Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and 19 March of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Earliest clutch completion and onset of incubation was on 1 April of both years. Ninety percent of the observed nests (N = 112) had a clutch size of four eggs. A mean incubation period of 29 days+12 h was observed for ten nests of known history. Mean hatching date was 14 and 15 May of 1978 (N = 45, range: 1 May - 2 June) and 1979 (N = 66, range: 3 May - 4 June), respectively. A fledged juvenile (able to fly over 100 m) was first observed on 9 and 10 June of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Flocking of curlews became evident by mid-June of both years and most curlews had departed from the study areas by mid-August of both years. Five habitats in which territorial curlews were observed were defined, and habitat utilization by adults and adults with broods were sampled along four transects. Both adults and adults with broods occurred in habitats at frequencies significantly different from availability. In general, a preference for habitats of low vertical profile and low vertical density (plant parts/volume/height) was observed. Habitats of tall, dense shrubs or weedy annual vegetation were generally avoided. Nest density varied from 0 - 9 nests/40 ha. Highest mean and single study plot nest density occurred in annual grass habitat (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)/Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii) association). Nest success was 0.69 in 1978 (N = 40) and 0.65 in 1979 (N = 61). Predators destroyed 10.0 (4) and 16.4% (10) of the nests located in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Eight of 14 (57%) nests depredated over both years were destroyed by mammalian predators; at least three (21%) were taken by corvids, crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and magpies (Pica pica). Nest predation rate was significantly lower in annual grass habitats. Five significant discriminant functions were generated which defined structural differences between nest-sites and general habitat characteristics. Variables related to vertical stratification of vegetation were important for three of the habitats. Vegetative coverage variables were important discriminants in only one habitat, bunchgrass. Overall, nest-sites were less complex above 5 cm than the habitats in general. Significant differences in nest-site structure among habitats were observed for 5 of 6 paired comparisons, indicating some plasticity in nest-site selection by breeding curlews. Nest density on the 40-ha study plots was negatively correlated with 17 of 21 significant variables. Highest negative correlations were with vegetative height and vertical density. Title: Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon Author: Pampush, Geoffrey J. Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and 19 March of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Earliest clutch completion and onset of incubation was on 1 April of both years. Ninety percent of the observed nests (N = 112) had a clutch size of four eggs. A mean incubation period of 29 days+12 h was observed for ten nests of known history. Mean hatching date was 14 and 15 May of 1978 (N = 45, range: 1 May - 2 June) and 1979 (N = 66, range: 3 May - 4 June), respectively. A fledged juvenile (able to fly over 100 m) was first observed on 9 and 10 June of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Flocking of curlews became evident by mid-June of both years and most curlews had departed from the study areas by mid-August of both years. Five habitats in which territorial curlews were observed were defined, and habitat utilization by adults and adults with broods were sampled along four transects. Both adults and adults with broods occurred in habitats at frequencies significantly different from availability. In general, a preference for habitats of low vertical profile and low vertical density (plant parts/volume/height) was observed. Habitats of tall, dense shrubs or weedy annual vegetation were generally avoided. Nest density varied from 0 - 9 nests/40 ha. Highest mean and single study plot nest density occurred in annual grass habitat (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)/Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii) association). Nest success was 0.69 in 1978 (N = 40) and 0.65 in 1979 (N = 61). Predators destroyed 10.0 (4) and 16.4% (10) of the nests located in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Eight of 14 (57%) nests depredated over both years were destroyed by mammalian predators; at least three (21%) were taken by corvids, crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and magpies (Pica pica). Nest predation rate was significantly lower in annual grass habitats. Five significant discriminant functions were generated which defined structural differences between nest-sites and general habitat characteristics. Variables related to vertical stratification of vegetation were important for three of the habitats. Vegetative coverage variables were important discriminants in only one habitat, bunchgrass. Overall, nest-sites were less complex above 5 cm than the habitats in general. Significant differences in nest-site structure among habitats were observed for 5 of 6 paired comparisons, indicating some plasticity in nest-site selection by breeding curlews. Nest density on the 40-ha study plots was negatively correlated with 17 of 21 significant variables. Highest negative correlations were with vegetative height and vertical density. Close

• 2259. [Article] The journey of developing multicultural competence: a phenomenological exploration of lived experience in student affairs professionals

  Prior research has noted the changing demographics of higher education since the Civil Rights Movement and the expanded need for multicultural education. Armando Hernandez Morales (2003) wrote that, “A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The journey of developing multicultural competence: a phenomenological exploration of lived experience in student affairs professionals Author: St. Clair, Serena Erskine Prior research has noted the changing demographics of higher education since the Civil Rights Movement and the expanded need for multicultural education. Armando Hernandez Morales (2003) wrote that, “A multiculturally competent person is aware of and knowledgeable about cultural differences, their own cultural identity, and the history and contemporary struggles of marginalized groups” (Morales, retrieved 2005). This study adds to the field by examining the life experiences that led to the development of multicultural competence in student affairs professionals using a qualitative research method. Seven co-researchers were selected from a pool of 17 adults who were currently working or had recently worked in student affairs and who had been nominated by their peers for demonstrating multicultural competencies. Each of the co-researchers was posed with five prompts. The co-researchers’ responses were recorded, transcribed, reviewed by the co-researcher, and then analyzed using phenomenology, a qualitative research method outlined by Moustakas (1994). The first step in this process was the Epoche, where the researcher disclosed her personal relationship to the questions. Themes from the interviews were clustered into 14 themes that were then categorized into three realms: personal, professional, and structural/institutional. The research concluded, within the personal realm, that the development of multicultural competence begins with a personal awareness of one’s own multicultural background and an internal motivation for self-improvement. Within the professional realm, in addition to continual training, it is necessary to operate under a shared vision and philosophy, and develop effective communication channels between departments. Finally, in the structural realm, leadership must act under a set of guiding principles that value diversity and equity, and that require the development of multicultural competencies. This study adds a qualitative perspective to the field of multicultural competence, illuminates the role of student affairs in this field, suggests ways to support graduate training programs develop these skills in student affairs professionals, and demonstrates the significance of personal background as the foundation of multicultural competence. Title: The journey of developing multicultural competence: a phenomenological exploration of lived experience in student affairs professionals Author: St. Clair, Serena Erskine Prior research has noted the changing demographics of higher education since the Civil Rights Movement and the expanded need for multicultural education. Armando Hernandez Morales (2003) wrote that, “A multiculturally competent person is aware of and knowledgeable about cultural differences, their own cultural identity, and the history and contemporary struggles of marginalized groups” (Morales, retrieved 2005). This study adds to the field by examining the life experiences that led to the development of multicultural competence in student affairs professionals using a qualitative research method. Seven co-researchers were selected from a pool of 17 adults who were currently working or had recently worked in student affairs and who had been nominated by their peers for demonstrating multicultural competencies. Each of the co-researchers was posed with five prompts. The co-researchers’ responses were recorded, transcribed, reviewed by the co-researcher, and then analyzed using phenomenology, a qualitative research method outlined by Moustakas (1994). The first step in this process was the Epoche, where the researcher disclosed her personal relationship to the questions. Themes from the interviews were clustered into 14 themes that were then categorized into three realms: personal, professional, and structural/institutional. The research concluded, within the personal realm, that the development of multicultural competence begins with a personal awareness of one’s own multicultural background and an internal motivation for self-improvement. Within the professional realm, in addition to continual training, it is necessary to operate under a shared vision and philosophy, and develop effective communication channels between departments. Finally, in the structural realm, leadership must act under a set of guiding principles that value diversity and equity, and that require the development of multicultural competencies. This study adds a qualitative perspective to the field of multicultural competence, illuminates the role of student affairs in this field, suggests ways to support graduate training programs develop these skills in student affairs professionals, and demonstrates the significance of personal background as the foundation of multicultural competence. Close

• 2260. [Article] Trade-offs in a pathogen-rich world: genetic and maternal drivers of variation in costly resistance and immunity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

  Disease acts as a powerful selective force in natural systems, driving the rapid evolution of resistance in the host. In the face of a myriad of pathogenic challenges in natural systems, hosts must balance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trade-offs in a pathogen-rich world: genetic and maternal drivers of variation in costly resistance and immunity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Author: Tavalire, Hannah F. Disease acts as a powerful selective force in natural systems, driving the rapid evolution of resistance in the host. In the face of a myriad of pathogenic challenges in natural systems, hosts must balance the energetic needs of maintenance and reproduction with costly resistance mechanisms. In this dissertation I will (1) characterize Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis (bTB)) resistance strategies in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and determine associated costs that lead to the maintenance of variation in host response, (2) identify putative mechanisms of bTB infection resistance, and (3) determine the effects of maternal rearing environment on calf survival, growth, and immune development. Here I demonstrate measureable costs of a highly heritable form of bTB resistance in free-ranging African buffalo. Buffalo able to delay infection to a later age show reduced condition throughout life and reduced survival following infection, but a higher overall reproductive rate. Taken together, the costs and benefits of infection resistance imply a “fast” life history strategy in these animals as they reproduce early, die after infection, and show evidence of investment in highly costly immunity to prevent infection with bTB. I also present evidence that variation in infection resistance is mechanistically tied to phagocyte activation, with measurable differences in IL-12 production among genotypes at a locus associated with a four-fold increase in bTB risk. Additionally, I reveal that milk fat content is highly conserved across mothers, but immune components of milk vary in a resource-dependent manner with mothers of higher condition, size, and age provisioning higher concentrations of immune-active constituents. However, although milk fat positively impacts calf survival, associations of immune components are less clear. Generally, lactoferrin (an anti-microbial peptide) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in milk associated with higher growth rates, but lower immune function in the calf, especially before weaning. These findings agree with theoretical predictions that maternal passive immunity acts to ‘free-up’ neonatal energetic resources for growth. Taken together, this body of work elucidates the roles of genetic background and maternal effects on disease susceptibility and early health and immunity and represents a unique validation of previously proposed theoretical and laboratory work. Additionally, patterns in disease response and maternal provisioning identified here contribute to our overall understanding of resource partitioning in stochastic systems. Title: Trade-offs in a pathogen-rich world: genetic and maternal drivers of variation in costly resistance and immunity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Author: Tavalire, Hannah F. Disease acts as a powerful selective force in natural systems, driving the rapid evolution of resistance in the host. In the face of a myriad of pathogenic challenges in natural systems, hosts must balance the energetic needs of maintenance and reproduction with costly resistance mechanisms. In this dissertation I will (1) characterize Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis (bTB)) resistance strategies in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and determine associated costs that lead to the maintenance of variation in host response, (2) identify putative mechanisms of bTB infection resistance, and (3) determine the effects of maternal rearing environment on calf survival, growth, and immune development. Here I demonstrate measureable costs of a highly heritable form of bTB resistance in free-ranging African buffalo. Buffalo able to delay infection to a later age show reduced condition throughout life and reduced survival following infection, but a higher overall reproductive rate. Taken together, the costs and benefits of infection resistance imply a “fast” life history strategy in these animals as they reproduce early, die after infection, and show evidence of investment in highly costly immunity to prevent infection with bTB. I also present evidence that variation in infection resistance is mechanistically tied to phagocyte activation, with measurable differences in IL-12 production among genotypes at a locus associated with a four-fold increase in bTB risk. Additionally, I reveal that milk fat content is highly conserved across mothers, but immune components of milk vary in a resource-dependent manner with mothers of higher condition, size, and age provisioning higher concentrations of immune-active constituents. However, although milk fat positively impacts calf survival, associations of immune components are less clear. Generally, lactoferrin (an anti-microbial peptide) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in milk associated with higher growth rates, but lower immune function in the calf, especially before weaning. These findings agree with theoretical predictions that maternal passive immunity acts to ‘free-up’ neonatal energetic resources for growth. Taken together, this body of work elucidates the roles of genetic background and maternal effects on disease susceptibility and early health and immunity and represents a unique validation of previously proposed theoretical and laboratory work. Additionally, patterns in disease response and maternal provisioning identified here contribute to our overall understanding of resource partitioning in stochastic systems. Close