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• 2221. [Article] Factors influencing trousseau selection of college women

  The trousseau, a clothing custom related to the wedding, is considered to some extent by most brides today, and the influences in the selection of these clothes are many. In order to determine those factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing trousseau selection of college women Author: Fessler, Barbara Ruth The trousseau, a clothing custom related to the wedding, is considered to some extent by most brides today, and the influences in the selection of these clothes are many. In order to determine those factors which are influential in the trousseau selection of the young woman and to interpret the significance of this custom, a survey was conducted in the spring of 1960 with 40 senior engaged women enrolled at Oregon State University. Before beginning the survey, the literature in the fields of psychology, sociology, anthropology and the history and selection of clothing was reviewed. Since the trousseau is clothing and is part of the wedding, the custom can be interpreted through the interrelation of the social and psychological forces which influence the selection of all clothing and the significance of the wedding as a social event. Personal interviews were conducted with each participant by the use of the standard questionnaire which was formulated to determine the factors which might be influential in the young woman's choice of the trousseau arid to determine the meaning and significance of the trousseau today. The results of this survey showed that conformity to the traditions of the social group is the strongest motive in the young woman's wedding and trousseau plans. Since the women indicated a strong desire for the church wedding and since social custom dictates the appropriate attire for this ceremony, each participant planned to wear the traditional bridal gown for the nuptials and the going-away ensemble as she left the reception. Since the opinions of other people generally seemed to reflect conformity, their influence strengthened the effects of this motive. Of all other people, the mothers had the greatest amount of influence in their daughters' wedding plans. The financial situation of the family was an influence of secondary importance in the wedding and trousseau plans. Although the participants were affected to the greatest degree by the desire for conformity and social approval as indicated by their plans for the traditional church wedding and the customary bridal attire (wedding gown and going-away ensemble), these customs could be adhered to on limited finances if necessary. With the exception of the wedding dress and going-away suit, the clothing needs of the women were of minor influence in their trousseau plans. The women's present college wardrobes contained most of the clothing they would need for the wedding trip and afterwards. Additional clothing to fulfill their future needs would be acquired by the same pattern to which the women were accustomed rather than selected as part of the trousseau. That is, the participants planned to use their present wardrobes as the basis and to supplement them with new clothing as needed to be appropriately dressed according to the activities in which they would be engaged as married women. In all phases of the wedding and trousseau plans, the participants were greatly influenced by the desire to adhere to the traditions and sentiments of the wedding as a major social event. However, they were aware of practical considerations and were adapting the wedding customs to their own personal situations. Title: Factors influencing trousseau selection of college women Author: Fessler, Barbara Ruth The trousseau, a clothing custom related to the wedding, is considered to some extent by most brides today, and the influences in the selection of these clothes are many. In order to determine those factors which are influential in the trousseau selection of the young woman and to interpret the significance of this custom, a survey was conducted in the spring of 1960 with 40 senior engaged women enrolled at Oregon State University. Before beginning the survey, the literature in the fields of psychology, sociology, anthropology and the history and selection of clothing was reviewed. Since the trousseau is clothing and is part of the wedding, the custom can be interpreted through the interrelation of the social and psychological forces which influence the selection of all clothing and the significance of the wedding as a social event. Personal interviews were conducted with each participant by the use of the standard questionnaire which was formulated to determine the factors which might be influential in the young woman's choice of the trousseau arid to determine the meaning and significance of the trousseau today. The results of this survey showed that conformity to the traditions of the social group is the strongest motive in the young woman's wedding and trousseau plans. Since the women indicated a strong desire for the church wedding and since social custom dictates the appropriate attire for this ceremony, each participant planned to wear the traditional bridal gown for the nuptials and the going-away ensemble as she left the reception. Since the opinions of other people generally seemed to reflect conformity, their influence strengthened the effects of this motive. Of all other people, the mothers had the greatest amount of influence in their daughters' wedding plans. The financial situation of the family was an influence of secondary importance in the wedding and trousseau plans. Although the participants were affected to the greatest degree by the desire for conformity and social approval as indicated by their plans for the traditional church wedding and the customary bridal attire (wedding gown and going-away ensemble), these customs could be adhered to on limited finances if necessary. With the exception of the wedding dress and going-away suit, the clothing needs of the women were of minor influence in their trousseau plans. The women's present college wardrobes contained most of the clothing they would need for the wedding trip and afterwards. Additional clothing to fulfill their future needs would be acquired by the same pattern to which the women were accustomed rather than selected as part of the trousseau. That is, the participants planned to use their present wardrobes as the basis and to supplement them with new clothing as needed to be appropriately dressed according to the activities in which they would be engaged as married women. In all phases of the wedding and trousseau plans, the participants were greatly influenced by the desire to adhere to the traditions and sentiments of the wedding as a major social event. However, they were aware of practical considerations and were adapting the wedding customs to their own personal situations. Close

• 2222. [Article] Early stages in plant succession on Douglas fir clearcuts on the Mary's Peak watershed near Corvallis, Oregon

  This study has been concerned with the patterns of vegetative changes which occur during the first five years following logging and burning on Douglas-fir clear cuts. Knowledge of the successional sequence in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early stages in plant succession on Douglas fir clearcuts on the Mary's Peak watershed near Corvallis, Oregon Author: Brown, Eugene Allen This study has been concerned with the patterns of vegetative changes which occur during the first five years following logging and burning on Douglas-fir clear cuts. Knowledge of the successional sequence in the coastal forests of western Oregon is of primary importance to those concerned with the management of this resource. From the more theoretical point of view, there are many unique features associated with this type of vegetation of special interest to the ecologist. Published accounts of studies in Oregon and Washington have been of a generalized nature. None have approached a localized area with the degree of intensity attempted in this study. Due to its close proximity to Oregon State University and the cutting and burning history of the area, the Mary's Peak Watershed has been especially suitable for this study. Mary's Peak is the highest point of the Oregon Coast range having an elevation of 4,097 feet. The Corvallis watershed is located on the eastern slope of the peak and includes both the Rock Creek and Griffith Creek drainages. The area is about five miles long east and west by four miles north and south. The area is managed as a unit by the United States Forest Service. Due to the marine influence, the area has a humid climate averaging approximately 65 inches of precipitation annually with an annual mean temperature of approximately 52°F. Soils are basaltic in origin and are primarily clay loam in texture. In 1950, an epidemic of Douglas fir bark beetles made necessary a program of development which included cutting of dead and infected trees and establishing a road system. Cutting was restricted to small clear cuts. The vegetation in the study area is a Douglas fir-vine maple association. Gaultheria shallon and Berberis nervosa dominate the forest floor with traces of Castanopsis, Corylus, and Cornus. Study plots were located on nine clear cut and burned areas ranging in elevation from 1,300 to 2,800 feet and including north, south, and east exposures. Nineteen study plots, which were 100 x 100 feet, were established in uniform vegetative areas. Plots were also established in the undisturbed areas adjacent to the clear cuts for comparative purposes. Vegetative sampling was done using a device called an ocular point frame which provided a reliable indication of vegetative cover. Sampling was done in both the spring and fall on the second, third, fourth, and fifth years following burning. The stable undisturbed vegetation was sampled only once. Results of the five-year study showed a general increase in total number of plant species. The average total vegetative cover rose abruptly the third, fourth, and fifth years. An analysis indicated that south exposed plots had the greatest vegetative cover the first five years after burning. East plots ranked second and north plots third. By the fourth year, average cover values on clear cut areas exceeded the cover values of understory vegetation on the adjacent uncut forest. Analysis of data regarding seasonal variation indicated sharp decreases in total cover from spring to fall during the first three years. Increasing amounts of perennial vegetation during the fourth and fifth years reduced this seasonal variation markedly. In terms of mean cover trends, the annual herb, Senecio sylvaticus, dominated the second year; Lotus stipularis and Circium vulgare, the third; Lotus and Holcus lanatus , the fourth and fifth. All plant species indicated a wide range of cover values on the plots sampled. Some consistent trends in the sequence of cover dominance are noted. Title: Early stages in plant succession on Douglas fir clearcuts on the Mary's Peak watershed near Corvallis, Oregon Author: Brown, Eugene Allen This study has been concerned with the patterns of vegetative changes which occur during the first five years following logging and burning on Douglas-fir clear cuts. Knowledge of the successional sequence in the coastal forests of western Oregon is of primary importance to those concerned with the management of this resource. From the more theoretical point of view, there are many unique features associated with this type of vegetation of special interest to the ecologist. Published accounts of studies in Oregon and Washington have been of a generalized nature. None have approached a localized area with the degree of intensity attempted in this study. Due to its close proximity to Oregon State University and the cutting and burning history of the area, the Mary's Peak Watershed has been especially suitable for this study. Mary's Peak is the highest point of the Oregon Coast range having an elevation of 4,097 feet. The Corvallis watershed is located on the eastern slope of the peak and includes both the Rock Creek and Griffith Creek drainages. The area is about five miles long east and west by four miles north and south. The area is managed as a unit by the United States Forest Service. Due to the marine influence, the area has a humid climate averaging approximately 65 inches of precipitation annually with an annual mean temperature of approximately 52°F. Soils are basaltic in origin and are primarily clay loam in texture. In 1950, an epidemic of Douglas fir bark beetles made necessary a program of development which included cutting of dead and infected trees and establishing a road system. Cutting was restricted to small clear cuts. The vegetation in the study area is a Douglas fir-vine maple association. Gaultheria shallon and Berberis nervosa dominate the forest floor with traces of Castanopsis, Corylus, and Cornus. Study plots were located on nine clear cut and burned areas ranging in elevation from 1,300 to 2,800 feet and including north, south, and east exposures. Nineteen study plots, which were 100 x 100 feet, were established in uniform vegetative areas. Plots were also established in the undisturbed areas adjacent to the clear cuts for comparative purposes. Vegetative sampling was done using a device called an ocular point frame which provided a reliable indication of vegetative cover. Sampling was done in both the spring and fall on the second, third, fourth, and fifth years following burning. The stable undisturbed vegetation was sampled only once. Results of the five-year study showed a general increase in total number of plant species. The average total vegetative cover rose abruptly the third, fourth, and fifth years. An analysis indicated that south exposed plots had the greatest vegetative cover the first five years after burning. East plots ranked second and north plots third. By the fourth year, average cover values on clear cut areas exceeded the cover values of understory vegetation on the adjacent uncut forest. Analysis of data regarding seasonal variation indicated sharp decreases in total cover from spring to fall during the first three years. Increasing amounts of perennial vegetation during the fourth and fifth years reduced this seasonal variation markedly. In terms of mean cover trends, the annual herb, Senecio sylvaticus, dominated the second year; Lotus stipularis and Circium vulgare, the third; Lotus and Holcus lanatus , the fourth and fifth. All plant species indicated a wide range of cover values on the plots sampled. Some consistent trends in the sequence of cover dominance are noted. Close

• 2223. [Article] Kinetics and kinematics of prepubertal children participating in osteogenic physical activity

  Introduction: Recent reports in exercise related bone research have shown increased bone mineral content (BMC) at the femoral neck for prepubescent children participating in exercise programs consisting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kinetics and kinematics of prepubertal children participating in osteogenic physical activity Author: Bauer, Jeremy Introduction: Recent reports in exercise related bone research have shown increased bone mineral content (BMC) at the femoral neck for prepubescent children participating in exercise programs consisting of repeated drop landings from a height of 61 cm. Increases in BMC from this type of exercise are believed to be the result of both high rate and magnitude of loading at the proximal femur. However, the dynamic characteristics associated with these landings in children have not been studied. Purpose: To describe the dynamic characteristics of children during landing and to quantify the forces associated with an activity associated with increases in bone mass. Methods: 13 prepubescent children (males=8, females=5, age 9.3 ± 0.7 years) who had previously completed drop landings over a 7 month period as part of an exercise intervention to increase bone mass participated in this research. Each subject performed 100 drop landings onto a force plate from a height of 61 cm. Ground reaction forces and two-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Hip joint reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics based on a four segment rigid body model. Vertical ground reaction force and displacement data were fit to two single degree of freedom models, the Voigt and standard linear solid (SLS). The goodness of fit was quantified using the standard deviation of the error (SDE) between the experimental and the predicted data. Results: Peak vertical ground reaction forces were 8.5 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) body weights (BW) while hip joint reactions were 6.0 ± 1.8 BW. Loading rates for ground reaction forces during initial impact were in excess of 470 BW/s. Across 100 jump trials, ground reaction forces changed significantly for 5 subjects (4 increase, 1 decrease, p<0.05) but were unchanged as a group. The SLS and Voigt models replicated the displacement traces well (SDE=0.003 m and 0.001 m respectively). However, in fitting force data, the SLS outperformed the Voigt model (SDE=580 N and 493 N respectively), but slightly under-predicted peak forces by 13%. Conclusion: Comparing force characteristics from drop landing to force characteristics known to be osteogenic, we can see how drop landings contribute to the osteogenic stimulus. The models used to represent children during drop landing closely fit displacement data, but did not replicate the time history of the impact force peaks thought to be important to osteogenesis. Quantification of exercises known to increase bone mass provides a basis on which to develop and implement additional exercise interventions for the purpose of increasing bone mass. Title: Kinetics and kinematics of prepubertal children participating in osteogenic physical activity Author: Bauer, Jeremy Introduction: Recent reports in exercise related bone research have shown increased bone mineral content (BMC) at the femoral neck for prepubescent children participating in exercise programs consisting of repeated drop landings from a height of 61 cm. Increases in BMC from this type of exercise are believed to be the result of both high rate and magnitude of loading at the proximal femur. However, the dynamic characteristics associated with these landings in children have not been studied. Purpose: To describe the dynamic characteristics of children during landing and to quantify the forces associated with an activity associated with increases in bone mass. Methods: 13 prepubescent children (males=8, females=5, age 9.3 ± 0.7 years) who had previously completed drop landings over a 7 month period as part of an exercise intervention to increase bone mass participated in this research. Each subject performed 100 drop landings onto a force plate from a height of 61 cm. Ground reaction forces and two-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Hip joint reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics based on a four segment rigid body model. Vertical ground reaction force and displacement data were fit to two single degree of freedom models, the Voigt and standard linear solid (SLS). The goodness of fit was quantified using the standard deviation of the error (SDE) between the experimental and the predicted data. Results: Peak vertical ground reaction forces were 8.5 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) body weights (BW) while hip joint reactions were 6.0 ± 1.8 BW. Loading rates for ground reaction forces during initial impact were in excess of 470 BW/s. Across 100 jump trials, ground reaction forces changed significantly for 5 subjects (4 increase, 1 decrease, p<0.05) but were unchanged as a group. The SLS and Voigt models replicated the displacement traces well (SDE=0.003 m and 0.001 m respectively). However, in fitting force data, the SLS outperformed the Voigt model (SDE=580 N and 493 N respectively), but slightly under-predicted peak forces by 13%. Conclusion: Comparing force characteristics from drop landing to force characteristics known to be osteogenic, we can see how drop landings contribute to the osteogenic stimulus. The models used to represent children during drop landing closely fit displacement data, but did not replicate the time history of the impact force peaks thought to be important to osteogenesis. Quantification of exercises known to increase bone mass provides a basis on which to develop and implement additional exercise interventions for the purpose of increasing bone mass. Close

• 2224. [Article] Early high Cascade silicic volcanism : analysis of the McKenzie Canyon and Lower Bridge tuff

  Silicic volcanism in the central Oregon Cascade range has decreased in both the size and frequency of eruptions from its initiation at ~40 Ma to present. The reasons for this reduction in silicic volcanism ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early high Cascade silicic volcanism : analysis of the McKenzie Canyon and Lower Bridge tuff Author: Eungard, Daniel W. Silicic volcanism in the central Oregon Cascade range has decreased in both the size and frequency of eruptions from its initiation at ~40 Ma to present. The reasons for this reduction in silicic volcanism are poorly constrained. Studies of the petrogenesis of these magmas have the potential for addressing this question by providing insight into the processes responsible for producing and erupting silicic magmas. This study focuses on two extensive and well-preserved ash-flow tuffs from within the ~4-8 Ma Deschutes Formation of central Oregon, which formed after the transition from Western Cascade volcanism to the modern High Cascade. Documentation of outcrop extent, outcrop thickness, clast properties, and samples provide the means to estimate a source location, minimum erupted volumes, and to constrain eruptive processes. Major and trace element chemistry of glass and minerals constrain the petrogenesis and chemical evolution of the system. The tuffs selected for this study, the Lower Bridge and McKenzie Canyon, are the first known silicic units originating from the Cascade Arc following the reorganization from Western Cascade to High Cascade Volcanism at ~8 Ma. These eruptions were significant in producing a minimum of ~5 km³ DRE each within a relatively short timeframe. These tuffs are sourced from some vent or edifices related to the Three Sisters Volcanic Complex, and capture an early phase of the volcanic history of that region. The chemical composition of the tuffs indicates that the Lower Bridge erupted predominately rhyolitic magma with dacitic magma occurring only in small quantities in the latest stage of the eruption while McKenzie Canyon Tuff erupted first as a rhyolite and transitioned to a basaltic andesite with co-mingling and incomplete mixing of the two magma types. Major and trace element concentrations in minerals and glass indicate that the basaltic andesite and rhyolite of the McKenzie Canyon Tuff were well convected and stored in separate chambers. Geothermometry of the magmas indicate that the rhyolites are considerably warmer (~850°) than typical arc rhyolites. Trace element compositions indicate that both the Lower Bridge and McKenzie Canyon Tuff experienced mixing between a mantle derived basaltic melt and a rhyolitic partial melt derived from gabbroic crust. Rhyolites of the Lower Bridge Tuff incorporate 30-50% partial melt following 0->60% fractionation of mantle derived melts. The McKenzie Canyon Tuff incorporates 50-100% of a partial melt of a mafic crust with up to 15% post mixing fractionation. The results of this study suggest that production of voluminous silicic magmas within the Cascade Arc crust requires both fractionation of incoming melts from the mantle together with mixing with partial melts of the crust. This provides a potential explanation for the decrease in silicic melt production rates from the Western Cascades to the High Cascades related to declining subduction rate. As convergence along the Cascade margin became more oblique during the Neogene, the consequent slowing rate of mantle melt production will result in a net cooling of the crust, inhibiting the production of rhyolitic partial melts. Without these partial melts to provide the rhyolitic end member to the system, the system will evolve to the mafic melt and fractionation dominated regime that has existed along Cascadia throughout the Quaternary. Title: Early high Cascade silicic volcanism : analysis of the McKenzie Canyon and Lower Bridge tuff Author: Eungard, Daniel W. Silicic volcanism in the central Oregon Cascade range has decreased in both the size and frequency of eruptions from its initiation at ~40 Ma to present. The reasons for this reduction in silicic volcanism are poorly constrained. Studies of the petrogenesis of these magmas have the potential for addressing this question by providing insight into the processes responsible for producing and erupting silicic magmas. This study focuses on two extensive and well-preserved ash-flow tuffs from within the ~4-8 Ma Deschutes Formation of central Oregon, which formed after the transition from Western Cascade volcanism to the modern High Cascade. Documentation of outcrop extent, outcrop thickness, clast properties, and samples provide the means to estimate a source location, minimum erupted volumes, and to constrain eruptive processes. Major and trace element chemistry of glass and minerals constrain the petrogenesis and chemical evolution of the system. The tuffs selected for this study, the Lower Bridge and McKenzie Canyon, are the first known silicic units originating from the Cascade Arc following the reorganization from Western Cascade to High Cascade Volcanism at ~8 Ma. These eruptions were significant in producing a minimum of ~5 km³ DRE each within a relatively short timeframe. These tuffs are sourced from some vent or edifices related to the Three Sisters Volcanic Complex, and capture an early phase of the volcanic history of that region. The chemical composition of the tuffs indicates that the Lower Bridge erupted predominately rhyolitic magma with dacitic magma occurring only in small quantities in the latest stage of the eruption while McKenzie Canyon Tuff erupted first as a rhyolite and transitioned to a basaltic andesite with co-mingling and incomplete mixing of the two magma types. Major and trace element concentrations in minerals and glass indicate that the basaltic andesite and rhyolite of the McKenzie Canyon Tuff were well convected and stored in separate chambers. Geothermometry of the magmas indicate that the rhyolites are considerably warmer (~850°) than typical arc rhyolites. Trace element compositions indicate that both the Lower Bridge and McKenzie Canyon Tuff experienced mixing between a mantle derived basaltic melt and a rhyolitic partial melt derived from gabbroic crust. Rhyolites of the Lower Bridge Tuff incorporate 30-50% partial melt following 0->60% fractionation of mantle derived melts. The McKenzie Canyon Tuff incorporates 50-100% of a partial melt of a mafic crust with up to 15% post mixing fractionation. The results of this study suggest that production of voluminous silicic magmas within the Cascade Arc crust requires both fractionation of incoming melts from the mantle together with mixing with partial melts of the crust. This provides a potential explanation for the decrease in silicic melt production rates from the Western Cascades to the High Cascades related to declining subduction rate. As convergence along the Cascade margin became more oblique during the Neogene, the consequent slowing rate of mantle melt production will result in a net cooling of the crust, inhibiting the production of rhyolitic partial melts. Without these partial melts to provide the rhyolitic end member to the system, the system will evolve to the mafic melt and fractionation dominated regime that has existed along Cascadia throughout the Quaternary. Close

• 2225. [Article] A study of demand and supply relationships in the agricultural labor market

  The objective of the study is to analyze empirically the demand for hired farm labor and the elasticities of substitution of capital for labor in the U.S., the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of demand and supply relationships in the agricultural labor market Author: Vathana, Chamnong The objective of the study is to analyze empirically the demand for hired farm labor and the elasticities of substitution of capital for labor in the U.S., the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, and in the states of California and Oregon. The data period 1941-1969 was analyzed for the U.S., the data period 1949-1969 was analyzed for the Middle Atlantic region and the Pacific region, and the data period 1951-1970 was analyzed for Oregon. This latter period, represents the full available data history for Oregon. This study shows that the demand for hired farm labor with respect to the real wage is elastic in the short run in the Middle Atlantic region and in the state of Oregon. The short run demand elasticity with respect to real wage for the U.S. ranges from -0.529 to -0.663. This range is significant at the 1 percent level. For Middle Atlantic and Pacific regions, the wage elasticities are -2.140 and -1.371, respectively. Both are significant at the 1 percent level. The short run wage elasticity for Oregon ranges from -1.64 to -2.58 which is significant at the 10 percent level. A study of one sector of farming, the demand of seasonal hired farm labor in harvesting pears, Jackson County, Oregon, finds that the short run elasticity with respect to wage rate for this sector is -1.769 which is significant at the 10 percent level. This study also shows that the elasticity of substitution of capital for hired farm labor in Oregon is greater than the rate for the Nation, for the Middle Atlantic region, and for California. The elasticities of substitution of capital for hired farm labor for the Nation, the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, California and Oregon are 1.449, 1.692, 0.595, 0.429, and 1.938, respectively. They are all significant at the 5 percent level except for California which is significant at the 10 percent level. The result of this study will be useful for agricultural policy formulation. The demand for hired farm labor with respect to the real wage is elastic for the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, and Oregon in both the short and long runs. In the long run it will be elastic at the National level. This means that the number of hired farm workers declines proportionally more than the wage rate increases. With the knowledge of the readiness of capital for substituting for hired farm laborers, any increase in real wage would increase the rate of substitution of capital for hired farm labor. This in turn would result in a reduction of total income and number for hired farm workers. Only those with special skills and high job security would benefit from such a policy. Title: A study of demand and supply relationships in the agricultural labor market Author: Vathana, Chamnong The objective of the study is to analyze empirically the demand for hired farm labor and the elasticities of substitution of capital for labor in the U.S., the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, and in the states of California and Oregon. The data period 1941-1969 was analyzed for the U.S., the data period 1949-1969 was analyzed for the Middle Atlantic region and the Pacific region, and the data period 1951-1970 was analyzed for Oregon. This latter period, represents the full available data history for Oregon. This study shows that the demand for hired farm labor with respect to the real wage is elastic in the short run in the Middle Atlantic region and in the state of Oregon. The short run demand elasticity with respect to real wage for the U.S. ranges from -0.529 to -0.663. This range is significant at the 1 percent level. For Middle Atlantic and Pacific regions, the wage elasticities are -2.140 and -1.371, respectively. Both are significant at the 1 percent level. The short run wage elasticity for Oregon ranges from -1.64 to -2.58 which is significant at the 10 percent level. A study of one sector of farming, the demand of seasonal hired farm labor in harvesting pears, Jackson County, Oregon, finds that the short run elasticity with respect to wage rate for this sector is -1.769 which is significant at the 10 percent level. This study also shows that the elasticity of substitution of capital for hired farm labor in Oregon is greater than the rate for the Nation, for the Middle Atlantic region, and for California. The elasticities of substitution of capital for hired farm labor for the Nation, the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, California and Oregon are 1.449, 1.692, 0.595, 0.429, and 1.938, respectively. They are all significant at the 5 percent level except for California which is significant at the 10 percent level. The result of this study will be useful for agricultural policy formulation. The demand for hired farm labor with respect to the real wage is elastic for the Middle Atlantic region, the Pacific region, and Oregon in both the short and long runs. In the long run it will be elastic at the National level. This means that the number of hired farm workers declines proportionally more than the wage rate increases. With the knowledge of the readiness of capital for substituting for hired farm laborers, any increase in real wage would increase the rate of substitution of capital for hired farm labor. This in turn would result in a reduction of total income and number for hired farm workers. Only those with special skills and high job security would benefit from such a policy. Close

• 2226. [Article] Development of rapid visual screening tool for seismic evaluation of wood-frame dwellings

  During the past several decades, earthquakes have caused extensive damage to buildings, including wood-frame, single-family dwellings, in the United States. In order to mitigate future losses, existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of rapid visual screening tool for seismic evaluation of wood-frame dwellings Author: Lucksiri, Kraisorn During the past several decades, earthquakes have caused extensive damage to buildings, including wood-frame, single-family dwellings, in the United States. In order to mitigate future losses, existing buildings in earthquake prone areas should be evaluated for their seismic safety. This is also an important issue for buildings in Oregon due to the Cascadia subduction zone along its west coast. One seismically vulnerable element observed in wood-frame, single-family dwellings is the shear walls. In general, assessment of shear wall seismic performance can be accomplished by a building-specific engineering calculation. Extra effort is required if the effects of plan irregularity are a concern. This project aims to facilitate seismic evaluation of wood-frame dwellings by proposing a new engineering-based rapid visual screening method to examine the expected performance level of the structure's exterior shear walls to resist lateral forces from ground motions, including torsional forces induced from plan irregularity. In order to achieve the objective, SAPWood software was used to perform a series of nonlinear time-history analyses for 480 representative models, covering different combinations of shape parameters and shear wall opening-related parameters. The evolutionary parameter hysteresis model was used to represent the load-displacement relationship of structural panel-sheathed shear walls and a ten parameter CUREE hysteresis model for gypsum wallboard sheathed walls. The calculated maximum lateral drifts were used as basic information for the development of the new method. Through the development process, the significance of both plan configuration and shear wall openings were emphasized as they affect the overall seismic performance of a building through building mass, lateral stiffnesses, and eccentricities. Within the study range, single-family dwellings with two stories, a larger percentage of openings, and having a garage door were shown to be more vulnerable to seismic events. Plan configuration and shear wall openings were important features especially in houses located in high 1 (0.5g ≤ S[subscript a] < 1.0g) and high 2 (1.0g ≤ S[subscript a] < 1.5g) seismicity regions, as they could potentially lead to severe damage. For low and moderate seismicity, the performance ranges from satisfying the collapse prevention limit to the immediate occupancy limit. The developed piRVS (plan irregularity Rapid Visual Screening) takes into consideration the shape of the floor plan, number of stories, base rectangular area, percent cutoff, and openings from doors/windows and garage doors, and supports evaluation at the immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP) performance levels. The piRVS provides relatively more conservative assessment results than FEMA 154 and ASCE 31 Tier 1. Its prediction for the two applicable Northridge earthquake damage samples is reasonable. This method will help architects, engineers, building officials, and trained inspectors in examining the expected seismic performance of shear walls, considering the effects of plan irregularity in wood-frame, single-family dwellings Title: Development of rapid visual screening tool for seismic evaluation of wood-frame dwellings Author: Lucksiri, Kraisorn During the past several decades, earthquakes have caused extensive damage to buildings, including wood-frame, single-family dwellings, in the United States. In order to mitigate future losses, existing buildings in earthquake prone areas should be evaluated for their seismic safety. This is also an important issue for buildings in Oregon due to the Cascadia subduction zone along its west coast. One seismically vulnerable element observed in wood-frame, single-family dwellings is the shear walls. In general, assessment of shear wall seismic performance can be accomplished by a building-specific engineering calculation. Extra effort is required if the effects of plan irregularity are a concern. This project aims to facilitate seismic evaluation of wood-frame dwellings by proposing a new engineering-based rapid visual screening method to examine the expected performance level of the structure's exterior shear walls to resist lateral forces from ground motions, including torsional forces induced from plan irregularity. In order to achieve the objective, SAPWood software was used to perform a series of nonlinear time-history analyses for 480 representative models, covering different combinations of shape parameters and shear wall opening-related parameters. The evolutionary parameter hysteresis model was used to represent the load-displacement relationship of structural panel-sheathed shear walls and a ten parameter CUREE hysteresis model for gypsum wallboard sheathed walls. The calculated maximum lateral drifts were used as basic information for the development of the new method. Through the development process, the significance of both plan configuration and shear wall openings were emphasized as they affect the overall seismic performance of a building through building mass, lateral stiffnesses, and eccentricities. Within the study range, single-family dwellings with two stories, a larger percentage of openings, and having a garage door were shown to be more vulnerable to seismic events. Plan configuration and shear wall openings were important features especially in houses located in high 1 (0.5g ≤ S[subscript a] < 1.0g) and high 2 (1.0g ≤ S[subscript a] < 1.5g) seismicity regions, as they could potentially lead to severe damage. For low and moderate seismicity, the performance ranges from satisfying the collapse prevention limit to the immediate occupancy limit. The developed piRVS (plan irregularity Rapid Visual Screening) takes into consideration the shape of the floor plan, number of stories, base rectangular area, percent cutoff, and openings from doors/windows and garage doors, and supports evaluation at the immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP) performance levels. The piRVS provides relatively more conservative assessment results than FEMA 154 and ASCE 31 Tier 1. Its prediction for the two applicable Northridge earthquake damage samples is reasonable. This method will help architects, engineers, building officials, and trained inspectors in examining the expected seismic performance of shear walls, considering the effects of plan irregularity in wood-frame, single-family dwellings Close

• 2227. [Article] Nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis before and after receiving arthritis medication

  We examined the nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after initiation of treatment with arthritis medication. Results of past (before taking arthritis medication) and present ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis before and after receiving arthritis medication Author: Shirazi, Aida We examined the nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after initiation of treatment with arthritis medication. Results of past (before taking arthritis medication) and present diets of RA subjects were compared to the past and present diets of the non-RA group. Subjects with RA were 19 women with a mean age of 65 ± 9 years who were diagnosed with RA and were receiving arthritis medication on a regular basis. The non-RA subjects were 19 women with a mean age of 57 ± 3 years who were apparently healthy and were not taking any prescription medication. Both groups were interviewed to determine past and present dietary nutrient intake by using the Health Habits and History food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed by the National Cancer Institute. Nutrient intake determined from 3-day dietary records and present diet FFQs were comparable. Total energy and fat in the past diets of the RA group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the past diets of the non-RA group. Within each group there were significant reductions (p<0.05) between the past and present mean dietary intakes of total energy, fat and protein. There were no significant differences between the past and present micronutrient intakes between or within the two groups. However, the micronutrient content of the present diets of the RA group was lower in calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin than the non-RA group as measured by the number of subjects who had <67% of the RDA. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the meat, poultry, fish, eggs and bean group in both non-RA and RA groups. There was also a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the fat, oil and sweets group among the RA subjects. RA subjects were taking an average of 3±1 arthritis medications. There were no significant correlations between the number of medications taken by the RA group and their dietary nutrient intake. However, the significant (p<0.05) decline in total energy intake by the RA group could possibly be due to medication side effects. Since present total energy intake was lower in both groups, these results could reflect the general decline in energy intake with advancing age. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the past and present self-reported weights of the non-RA and RA groups showing a general reduction in weight over time in both groups. Mean body mass indexes (BMI) for RA subjects was higher than the non-RA subjects', possibly reflecting the lower activity level of the RA group. Title: Nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis before and after receiving arthritis medication Author: Shirazi, Aida We examined the nutrient intake of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after initiation of treatment with arthritis medication. Results of past (before taking arthritis medication) and present diets of RA subjects were compared to the past and present diets of the non-RA group. Subjects with RA were 19 women with a mean age of 65 ± 9 years who were diagnosed with RA and were receiving arthritis medication on a regular basis. The non-RA subjects were 19 women with a mean age of 57 ± 3 years who were apparently healthy and were not taking any prescription medication. Both groups were interviewed to determine past and present dietary nutrient intake by using the Health Habits and History food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed by the National Cancer Institute. Nutrient intake determined from 3-day dietary records and present diet FFQs were comparable. Total energy and fat in the past diets of the RA group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the past diets of the non-RA group. Within each group there were significant reductions (p<0.05) between the past and present mean dietary intakes of total energy, fat and protein. There were no significant differences between the past and present micronutrient intakes between or within the two groups. However, the micronutrient content of the present diets of the RA group was lower in calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin than the non-RA group as measured by the number of subjects who had <67% of the RDA. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the meat, poultry, fish, eggs and bean group in both non-RA and RA groups. There was also a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean daily consumption of the fat, oil and sweets group among the RA subjects. RA subjects were taking an average of 3±1 arthritis medications. There were no significant correlations between the number of medications taken by the RA group and their dietary nutrient intake. However, the significant (p<0.05) decline in total energy intake by the RA group could possibly be due to medication side effects. Since present total energy intake was lower in both groups, these results could reflect the general decline in energy intake with advancing age. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the past and present self-reported weights of the non-RA and RA groups showing a general reduction in weight over time in both groups. Mean body mass indexes (BMI) for RA subjects was higher than the non-RA subjects', possibly reflecting the lower activity level of the RA group. Close

• 2228. [Article] The ontogeny and mediation of sexual size dimorphism in the red-spotted garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

  A wide range of environmental and physiological factors influence the type and extent of sexual dimorphism found in animals. Influential factors include variable climate, competition for resources and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ontogeny and mediation of sexual size dimorphism in the red-spotted garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Author: Lerner, Darren T. A wide range of environmental and physiological factors influence the type and extent of sexual dimorphism found in animals. Influential factors include variable climate, competition for resources and mates, mate choice, and parental investment. In addition, some investigators attribute differences in body size to physiological factors influenced by genetic and environmental variation. Since Darwin's time researchers studying the evolution of animal life-history have discussed the interactions that exist between this wide array of influences on sexual dimorphism in the context of natural selection. Much attention has been paid to the interrelationships of parental size, offspring size and number of offspring per reproductive bout. Spatial and temporal variation among these parameters have been investigated. However, these relationships have not been adequately examined while accounting for differences in offspring gender. In order to characterize the nature and extent of sexual size dimorphism found in adult red-spotted garter snakes, 108 adult females producing 782 female offspring and 790 male offspring were utilized to examine the relationships of the number and size of offspring, clutch mass and maternal size. The second facet of our investigation involved the hormonal manipulation of growth over the first year of post-natal life. To gain an understanding of which endogenous hormones may influence growth in this species we constructed a hormone profile of estradiol and testosterone from birth to 15 weeks of age. We experimentally tested the effects of exogenous hormone as well as the removal of endogenous hormone on growth with the use of estrogen and androgen antagonists. We have found that the extent of sexual size dimorphism observed in adult red-spotted garter snakes is not present at birth. The relative number of males or females born varies differentially with maternal size and age such that larger, older females produce predominately more male offspring. There are no differences in endogenous levels of testosterone and estradiol from birth though 15 weeks and at 36 weeks of age between the sexes. However, these sex steroids do differentially affect the growth of males and females. Finally, we suggest that while all of these factors contribute to sexual size dimorphism in this species, embryonic and environmental influences need to be explored. Title: The ontogeny and mediation of sexual size dimorphism in the red-spotted garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Author: Lerner, Darren T. A wide range of environmental and physiological factors influence the type and extent of sexual dimorphism found in animals. Influential factors include variable climate, competition for resources and mates, mate choice, and parental investment. In addition, some investigators attribute differences in body size to physiological factors influenced by genetic and environmental variation. Since Darwin's time researchers studying the evolution of animal life-history have discussed the interactions that exist between this wide array of influences on sexual dimorphism in the context of natural selection. Much attention has been paid to the interrelationships of parental size, offspring size and number of offspring per reproductive bout. Spatial and temporal variation among these parameters have been investigated. However, these relationships have not been adequately examined while accounting for differences in offspring gender. In order to characterize the nature and extent of sexual size dimorphism found in adult red-spotted garter snakes, 108 adult females producing 782 female offspring and 790 male offspring were utilized to examine the relationships of the number and size of offspring, clutch mass and maternal size. The second facet of our investigation involved the hormonal manipulation of growth over the first year of post-natal life. To gain an understanding of which endogenous hormones may influence growth in this species we constructed a hormone profile of estradiol and testosterone from birth to 15 weeks of age. We experimentally tested the effects of exogenous hormone as well as the removal of endogenous hormone on growth with the use of estrogen and androgen antagonists. We have found that the extent of sexual size dimorphism observed in adult red-spotted garter snakes is not present at birth. The relative number of males or females born varies differentially with maternal size and age such that larger, older females produce predominately more male offspring. There are no differences in endogenous levels of testosterone and estradiol from birth though 15 weeks and at 36 weeks of age between the sexes. However, these sex steroids do differentially affect the growth of males and females. Finally, we suggest that while all of these factors contribute to sexual size dimorphism in this species, embryonic and environmental influences need to be explored. Close

• 2229. [Article] The effect of reputation systems and on-line chat services on consumers' responses towards unfamiliar retailers

  Creating effective functions in website designs that reduce consumers' anxiety in shopping online is a challenge common to most e-retailers. The present study investigated the roles of online reputation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of reputation systems and on-line chat services on consumers' responses towards unfamiliar retailers Author: Zhang, Ruirui Creating effective functions in website designs that reduce consumers' anxiety in shopping online is a challenge common to most e-retailers. The present study investigated the roles of online reputation systems and instant chat services in decreasing customer perceived risk and increasing initial trust in unfamiliar e-retailers. Therefore, the reputation system when coupled with live chat service may be an effective external mechanism for providing potential consumers with critical decision making information. The present research focused on examining the respective value of live chat services and reputation systems in reducing potential consumers' perceived risk and simultaneously increasing their initial trust towards an unfamiliar e-retailer. The present research tested an e-retailing trust model based on the consumer decision making process. The model incorporated the following variables: (1) live chat service, and (2) reputation system, and explanatory variables: (1) perceived risk and (2) an initial trust. Customer prediction of purchasing is the response variable. The moderating role of interdependent and independent self-construal on online consumers’ behavior was also examined. Based on the review of literature, the following hypotheses were developed: (H1) Perceived risk associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the reputation system feature of a web retailer; where the reputation is positive, perceived risk will decrease. (H2) Perceived risk associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the instant chat feature of a web retailer; the mere presence of a live chat feature will decrease perceived risk. (H3) Initial trust associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the reputation system feature of a web retailer; where the reputation is viewed as negative, perceived risk will increase. (H4) Initial trust associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will very as a feature of the instant chat feature of a web retailer; the mere absence of a live chat feature will result in an increase in perceived risk. (H5) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the live chat function in the e-retailing website. (H6) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the evaluation system presented in the website. (H7) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the customers' perceived risk. (H8) Purchase intention will be influenced by the customers' initial trust. (H9) There is no interaction effect between the perceived risk and initial trust. (H10) Self-construal will moderate the effects on initial trust and perceived risk. A two by two factorial between-subjects experiment was conducted using a mock retail website design to examine the effect of reputation system and live chat service on customers. The findings demonstrated that the evaluation system significantly influences customers' perceived risk and initial trust, and directly influences customers' purchase intention. Perceived risk and initial trust influence customers' purchase intention independently. For future marketing implications, this research suggests that positive customer reviews, transaction history or other evaluation details in the web presentation is crucial for a starting e-retailer. Although there is no significant direct effect of self-construal on the perceived risk and initial trust, this research demonstrated that female and male have different self-construal and self-construal can be a good mediator to observe its effects on the customers' attitude and behavior. Furthermore, customers' initial trust and perceived risk determine their behavior separately which indicates that customers' initial trust increase doesn’t mean their perceived risk will decrease. Title: The effect of reputation systems and on-line chat services on consumers' responses towards unfamiliar retailers Author: Zhang, Ruirui Creating effective functions in website designs that reduce consumers' anxiety in shopping online is a challenge common to most e-retailers. The present study investigated the roles of online reputation systems and instant chat services in decreasing customer perceived risk and increasing initial trust in unfamiliar e-retailers. Therefore, the reputation system when coupled with live chat service may be an effective external mechanism for providing potential consumers with critical decision making information. The present research focused on examining the respective value of live chat services and reputation systems in reducing potential consumers' perceived risk and simultaneously increasing their initial trust towards an unfamiliar e-retailer. The present research tested an e-retailing trust model based on the consumer decision making process. The model incorporated the following variables: (1) live chat service, and (2) reputation system, and explanatory variables: (1) perceived risk and (2) an initial trust. Customer prediction of purchasing is the response variable. The moderating role of interdependent and independent self-construal on online consumers’ behavior was also examined. Based on the review of literature, the following hypotheses were developed: (H1) Perceived risk associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the reputation system feature of a web retailer; where the reputation is positive, perceived risk will decrease. (H2) Perceived risk associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the instant chat feature of a web retailer; the mere presence of a live chat feature will decrease perceived risk. (H3) Initial trust associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will vary as a feature of the reputation system feature of a web retailer; where the reputation is viewed as negative, perceived risk will increase. (H4) Initial trust associated with an unfamiliar web retailer will very as a feature of the instant chat feature of a web retailer; the mere absence of a live chat feature will result in an increase in perceived risk. (H5) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the live chat function in the e-retailing website. (H6) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the evaluation system presented in the website. (H7) Purchase Intention will be influenced by the customers' perceived risk. (H8) Purchase intention will be influenced by the customers' initial trust. (H9) There is no interaction effect between the perceived risk and initial trust. (H10) Self-construal will moderate the effects on initial trust and perceived risk. A two by two factorial between-subjects experiment was conducted using a mock retail website design to examine the effect of reputation system and live chat service on customers. The findings demonstrated that the evaluation system significantly influences customers' perceived risk and initial trust, and directly influences customers' purchase intention. Perceived risk and initial trust influence customers' purchase intention independently. For future marketing implications, this research suggests that positive customer reviews, transaction history or other evaluation details in the web presentation is crucial for a starting e-retailer. Although there is no significant direct effect of self-construal on the perceived risk and initial trust, this research demonstrated that female and male have different self-construal and self-construal can be a good mediator to observe its effects on the customers' attitude and behavior. Furthermore, customers' initial trust and perceived risk determine their behavior separately which indicates that customers' initial trust increase doesn’t mean their perceived risk will decrease. Close

• 2230. [Article] Restructuring of land and community in the remote rural west : the case of Wallowa County, Oregon

  Since at least the 1970s, rural areas in the western United States, as elsewhere across the country and world, have been subject to social, economic, and political forces that have resulted in novel demographic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restructuring of land and community in the remote rural west : the case of Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Abrams, Jesse Since at least the 1970s, rural areas in the western United States, as elsewhere across the country and world, have been subject to social, economic, and political forces that have resulted in novel demographic and land tenure trends when compared to previous decades. Collectively, these processes of restructuring have created material effects in the form of diversifying patterns of land ownership, use, and economic relations and at the same time have precipitated social conflict regarding the legitimacy of various claims on rural space. In this case study, I examine in detail the manifestation of these interrelated material and symbolic dynamics within one particular community, Wallowa County, Oregon, as it experiences a wave of new rural landowners and associated changes in land access and use. I pay particular attention to the categories of "amenity-oriented" and "production-oriented" landowners, as well as year-round and seasonally-resident landowners, because these categories are situated at the center of local discourse regarding land tenure and use dynamics. Methods for this study include key informant interviews with 70 individuals, a mail-administered survey of 209 Wallowa County landowners, review of secondary data sources, and direct observation as a member of the Wallowa County community. This case study includes a land tenure and use history of Wallowa County, a review of pertinent quantitative land ownership and use data, and analyses of the symbolic (discursive), material (land use), and political dimensions of restructuring in Wallowa County. I discuss ways in which observed patterns of land tenure and use reflect complex influences, based ultimately in class, culture, livelihood, and associated identities and environmental ideologies. I pay particular attention to the contradictory nature of narratives of land ownership, rurality, and nonhuman nature and the ways in which these affect land uses and land use politics. I close with a series of recommendations for rural communities experiencing amenity-driven property turnover. Title: Restructuring of land and community in the remote rural west : the case of Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Abrams, Jesse Since at least the 1970s, rural areas in the western United States, as elsewhere across the country and world, have been subject to social, economic, and political forces that have resulted in novel demographic and land tenure trends when compared to previous decades. Collectively, these processes of restructuring have created material effects in the form of diversifying patterns of land ownership, use, and economic relations and at the same time have precipitated social conflict regarding the legitimacy of various claims on rural space. In this case study, I examine in detail the manifestation of these interrelated material and symbolic dynamics within one particular community, Wallowa County, Oregon, as it experiences a wave of new rural landowners and associated changes in land access and use. I pay particular attention to the categories of "amenity-oriented" and "production-oriented" landowners, as well as year-round and seasonally-resident landowners, because these categories are situated at the center of local discourse regarding land tenure and use dynamics. Methods for this study include key informant interviews with 70 individuals, a mail-administered survey of 209 Wallowa County landowners, review of secondary data sources, and direct observation as a member of the Wallowa County community. This case study includes a land tenure and use history of Wallowa County, a review of pertinent quantitative land ownership and use data, and analyses of the symbolic (discursive), material (land use), and political dimensions of restructuring in Wallowa County. I discuss ways in which observed patterns of land tenure and use reflect complex influences, based ultimately in class, culture, livelihood, and associated identities and environmental ideologies. I pay particular attention to the contradictory nature of narratives of land ownership, rurality, and nonhuman nature and the ways in which these affect land uses and land use politics. I close with a series of recommendations for rural communities experiencing amenity-driven property turnover. Close