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EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed
- Author:
- Lurie, Sue, Toth, Nancy, Morgenstern, Karl, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennett, Drew
EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole source of drinking water. The public name for this concept is the Voluntary Incentives Program. Under the envisioned Voluntary Incentives Program (VIP), EWEB will provide annual dividend payments to landowners for the valuable services their properties provide including water filtration and purification. These dividends recognize the value of the natural capital provided by these lands and their downstream benefits to the residents of Eugene. A fund with sustainable financing will be established to support the dividend payments and the infrastructure necessary to operate the Voluntary Incentives Program. Financing will come from a variety of sources but could be initially endowed through existing water funds (under existing rate structure) or another utility funding mechanism. Additional possible financing sources other than EWEB include corporations, a voter approved bond measure, development impact fees, and state and federal mitigation programs. EWEB will establish a stewardship boundary identifying riparian forests and floodplains that are eligible to enroll in the VIP. Participation is open to private landowners, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own land within the designated boundary. Based on EWEB’s preliminary analysis, an estimated 6,500 acres of riparian and floodplain areas along the McKenzie and major tributaries are eligible to enroll. Land within the stewardship boundary will need to meet a threshold in order to receive payments. This threshold will be determined by adapting existing riparian forest and wetland habitat standards and definitions from NRCS, USFS, Defenders of Wildlife and other entities to establish the criteria for participation in the VIP. Appropriate infrastructure is essential to implement and run the incentives program: critical tasks include managing the fund, making payments to VIP participants, assessing the quality of land enrolled, negotiating agreements, monitoring properties and verifying compliance, and educating and communicating with the community. The VIP will rely upon a coalition of existing organizations, which will form a watershed investment district (WID), to provide this critical infrastructure, without which successful implementation of the VIP is highly unlikely.
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2222. [Article] Evaluating the population genetic structure of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) off the Oregon coast
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Oregon Wave Energy Trust and the Oregon Dungeness Crab Commission, Kelly Corbett of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife for coordinating ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Evaluating the population genetic structure of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) off the Oregon coast
- Author:
- Roegner, Curtis, O'Malley, Kathleen
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Oregon Wave Energy Trust and the Oregon Dungeness Crab Commission, Kelly Corbett of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife for coordinating the sampling effort during the 2011 Pre-Season Test Fishery. This study would not have been possible without the participation and support from the Oregon Dungeness commercial crabbing fleet.
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2223. [Article] Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain: an ∼30 Myr Hotspot Record
This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Oxford University Press and can be found at: http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Chronology and Geochemistry of Lavas from the Nazca Ridge and Easter Seamount Chain: an ∼30 Myr Hotspot Record
- Author:
- Wessel, Paul, Duncan, Robert A., Mahoney, John J., Ray, Jyotisankar, Naar, David F., Ray, Jyotiranjan S.
This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Oxford University Press and can be found at: http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/.
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2224. [Article] Paired stable isotopologues in precipitation and vapor: A case study of the amount effect within western tropical Pacific storms
Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until October 16, 2016.Citation Citation
- Title:
- Paired stable isotopologues in precipitation and vapor: A case study of the amount effect within western tropical Pacific storms
- Author:
- Noone, David, Cobb, Kim M., Conroy, Jessica L., Konecky, Bronwen L., Moerman, Jessica W.
Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until October 16, 2016.
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The golf swing involves a complex sequence of body movements which adjust according to the demands of a given shot. The purpose of this study was to determine common characteristics and essential elements ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Determining the essential elements of golf swings used by elite golfers
- Author:
- Fujimoto-Kanatani, Koichiro
The golf swing involves a complex sequence of body movements which adjust according to the demands of a given shot. The purpose of this study was to determine common characteristics and essential elements of the golf swing under various conditions. The swing patterns of thirteen elite professional golfers were analyzed using three-dimensional kinematics to determine the essential elements of optimal movement patterns for distance (DS; 1W), accuracy (AS; 8I), and intermediate (IS; 3I) shots, and a general model of golf swings. Two high-speed video cameras (250 frames per second) recorded frontal and sagittal views of the golf swings. Three-dimensional data were subsequently normalized across; (a) duration of each swing (N1) and (b) range of values and duration (N2). For these normalized data sets, F and t-tests were calculated for each kinematic variable for each point in normalized time across conditions. An ensembled plot was created for each data set and commonality and uniqueness analysis techniques were used to determine the essential elements of the golf swing. Despite similarities in the temporal characteristics of the golf swing across conditions, significant differences were observed in the top of swing positions (TOS). Lower body TOS preceded upper body TOS which preceded club TOS (p<.01). This sequencing suggested the existence of a wind up motion preceding downswing. The range of rotation for the hip, shoulder, and golf club segments were significantly different across conditions (DS>IS>AS, p<.05). Adjustment in the rotations depended upon the club selection and was proportional to the duration of the swing and the range of motion of the three segments. Commonality analysis results indicated that an optimal golf swing may be represented by a single model rather than a specific model for each golf club. The critical element during the swing was the constraint of the right knee and hip during the take away phase. During take away, the lower body rotated about the right leg while the upper body rotated about a point near mid-shoulders. For all clubs, the wind up motion initiated the downswing phase and was perhaps responsible for an initial delay of wrist uncocking during this phase.
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2226. [Article] Tidal influence on downstream fining in gravel-bed rivers
This research examines the downstream fining phenomenon as it operates in coastal gravel-bed rivers of Oregon. Downstream fining is a change in bed composition toward smaller sediment sizes in the downstream ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Tidal influence on downstream fining in gravel-bed rivers
- Author:
- Coles, Derron Rafiq
This research examines the downstream fining phenomenon as it operates in coastal gravel-bed rivers of Oregon. Downstream fining is a change in bed composition toward smaller sediment sizes in the downstream direction. Changes in stream flow discharge and channel slope affect the rate of bed-load transport, thereby altering the downstream fining regime. This research focuses on ascertaining the rate of downstream fining and the characterization of tidal influence on bed-load transport in the lower-river reaches. For this purpose, a combination of physical and numerical analysis techniques were used. Variations of particle size distributions and specific gravity values were assessed along the main channel. Numerical analysis techniques included a MATLAB program for simulating bed-load transport as affected by tide. The numerical model developed for this investigation, TIMM (Tidally Influenced Movement Model) uses physically based excess shear stress as the underlying mechanism. Namely, an undulating water surface is applied to Shields criterion for incipient motion and bed-load transport. The Generalized Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation version 2.1 (GSTARS 2.1), developed by the Bureau of Reclamation, was used to validate conclusions drawn from field data analyses. The five rivers of the Tillamook Basin were the sites of field data collection. The Tillamook Basin is located approximately 60 miles (96.6 kilometers) west of Portland, Oregon and 60 miles (96.6 kilometers) south of the Columbia River mouth at the Pacific Ocean. The basin has a total area of 570 square miles (1476 square kilometers) including Tillamook Bay, which is the second largest estuary in Oregon. All rivers empty into the Tillamook Bay. From north to south, the rivers are the Miami, Kilchis, Wilson, Trask and Tillamook. The Kilchis River was the primary field research site and the other four rivers allowed expansion of field research for added understanding of downstream fining. Bulk sampling of the armor and sub-armor layer of the Kilchis River was completed for five sidebars along the river, from river mile 0 to river mile 14 (0 - 22.5 km). Photo frame sampling was carried out for the armor layer of sidebars along the four additional rivers. In total, 21 sampling locations with 141 individual sampling points were used for the particle size analyses. Assessment of longitudinal variation in specific gravity of bed particles by size fraction was performed for all five rivers. Particle size analyses showed a distinct downstream fining trend. Kilchis River surface particle sizes decreased from 216 mm at river mile 14 (22.5 km) to 10 mm at river mile 0. Miami River surface particle sizes decreased from 43 mm at river mile 9 to 29 mm at river mile 1.5 (2.4 km). Wilson River surface particle sizes decreased from 51 mm at river mile 27 to 23 mm at river mile 0. Trask River surface particle sizes decreased from 55 mm at river mile 18 to 26 mm at river mile 4 (6.4 km). Diminution coefficients (rates of size reduction) were found to be 0.55 km⁻¹ for the armor layer and 0.48 km⁻¹ for the sub-armor layer of the Kilchis River. The R-squared values for the armor and sub-armor coefficients are 0.92 and 0.99, respectively. Results of regression analyses performed for the photo frame sampling data were 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 km⁻¹ for the Miami, Wilson, and Trask Rivers, respectively. R-squared values of 0.19, 0.78, and 0.81, respectively. Diminution coefficients reported for all rivers were far outside the value reported for abrasion-dominated systems (0.089 km⁻¹), yet were within the range of diminution coefficients reported for selective sorting-dominated systems (0.001 to 0.05 km⁻¹). Average specific gravities for bed material were 2.78, 2.68, 2.73, 2.56, and 2.76 for the Miami, Kilchis, Wilson, Trask, and Tillamook Rivers, respectively. Simulations of sediment transport within the tidal portion of the Kilchis River (river mile 0 to 3 or 0 to 4.8 km) using TIMM at moderate river streamflow above the threshold for transport of material showed that tidal influence causes distinct deposition zones during periods of high, low, and moderate tide levels. Depositional zones were found to propagate downstream with increases in river discharge, such that at elevated river stage the location of depositional zones associated with tide levels were undistinguishable. It can be concluded that tide has a significant influence at flows below, and moderately above the threshold for transport. Simulations of a simplified version of the Kilchis River using GSTARS 2.1 produced comparable results to the TIMM simulations. GSTARS 2.1 was run using three scenarios, 1) a uniform bed and incoming sediment supply set at 7.9 mm, 2) a mixed bed with mean sediment diameter of 7.9 mm and coarser incoming sediment supply, and 3) a mixed bed with mean sediment diameter of 7.9 mm and finer incoming sediment supply. Each scenario had output data that show maximum deposition in the zone of tidal influence. The location of head of tide for the simplified Kilchis River was found to occur at river mile 5 instead of river mile 3 used for the head of tide in TIMM simulations. GSTARS 2.1 simulations showed that variations in particle size distribution of incoming sediment supply influence rates of downstream fining. An incoming sediment supply that had a coarser particle size distribution than the particle size distribution of the bed resulted in an observable increase in deposition of large particle sizes in the upstream reaches; however, there was no observable increase in deposition of large particle sizes in downstream reaches. An incoming sediment supply that had a finer particle size distribution than the particle size distribution of the bed resulted in an observable increase in deposition of smaller particles in the downstream reaches, with no observable increase in deposition of smaller sizes in the upstream reaches. Therefore, simulations show evidence that sediment supply of particles coarser than the bed causes increased rates of fining in reaches near the sediment source. Key contributions of this research are in the categories of methodology, numerical analysis, and basic understanding of the fate and transport of sediment in the zone of tidal influence. It has been shown that particle size data, collected in detail on sidebars, can be used in conjunction with specific gravity data to categorize in-stream particles based on probable origin and type. Characterization of sediment transport in the zone of tidal influence using numerical models showed the tide cycle influences the downstream fining trend in lower reaches by shifting the zone of deposition farther upstream than would the case without tidal influence, with a net effect of increasing the rate of downstream fining. Moreover, tidal influence was found to have an inverse relationship with water discharge. Finally, it was shown that numerical modeling of river reaches in the tidal zone should include consideration of tidal fluctuations in order to predict erosion and depositional areas more accurately.
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2227. [Article] Combined Effects of Intensive Forest Management and Microclimate on Reproduction in a Cavity-Nesting Songbird
Future scenarios of global climate change rely on large-scale climate envelope models that do not account for local climatic conditions to which organisms most closely respond. Shifts in species distributions ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Combined Effects of Intensive Forest Management and Microclimate on Reproduction in a Cavity-Nesting Songbird
- Author:
- Jones, Kristin N.
Future scenarios of global climate change rely on large-scale climate envelope models that do not account for local climatic conditions to which organisms most closely respond. Shifts in species distributions and phenology driven by climate change are well-documented, yet we lack a strong understanding of how climate change will influence the demographic rates of animal populations, which directly determine the likelihood of species persistence. Land cover change, an agent of global change that is increasing in extent and intensity to meet the needs of a growing human population, can combine with climate change to stress animal populations by altering microclimatic conditions, as well as changing the availability of resources such as food and cover from predators. Thus, identifying the individual and combined effects of climate and land management practices is essential to accurately predict the responses of animal populations to global change. Intensive forest management results in land cover change by suppressing the growth of competing plant species in favor of commercial species and altering the abundance and composition of forest vegetation. In turn, changes in the abundance and composition of forest vegetation can modify local air temperatures. I hypothesized that herbicide application would alter the thermal environment for early-seral forest organisms (Chapter 2). If this were the case, then air temperature could be expected to increase in magnitude and variability along a gradient of herbicide treatment intensity. To test this hypothesis, I used iButton dataloggers to monitor air temperature at 160 nest boxes on 20 intensively managed early-seral forest stands (10.4 - 18.9) in the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA representing a gradient in intensive forest management (i.e., no-spray control, light, moderate and intensive herbicide application). I also measured the amount and composition of vegetation cover to test for herbicide effects on vegetation among application intensities. Using linear mixed models, I compared three measures of air temperature (mean daily minimum, mean, and maximum) and their associated coefficients of variation (CVs). Additionally, I used linear mixed models to confirm differences in total vegetation and broadleaved vegetation cover. Although mean total vegetation cover generally decreased, it did not significantly differ among herbicide treatments; in contrast, mean broadleaved vegetation cover was significantly reduced in the moderate and intensive treatments. Herbicide treatment was a significant predictor of maximum and mean temperatures, but minimum temperatures did not differ with herbicide treatment. Although there was an effect of herbicide treatment on air temperature, corrected pairwise comparisons indicated no significant differences among treatments. I note that though my power to detect statistical differences among treatments was limited, these differences were quite small (< 0.5°C) and confidence intervals were generally relatively narrow (< 1.5°C), suggesting that temperature did not differ among herbicide treatments in biologically meaningful ways. Furthermore, I did not detect an effect of herbicide treatment on temperature variability. Estimated differences in temperature variability among treatments were small (< 0.5%) and confidence intervals covered a relatively broad range of values, indicating that I did not have enough statistical power to detect effects. I found no uniform pattern in the direction (positive or negative) of the effect of herbicide treatment on temperature or CVs among treatment intensities. Daily air temperatures can strongly influence the reproductive output of early-seral songbirds if temperatures exceed physiological tolerances of offspring, decreasing physiological performance (e.g., excessively high and low temperatures can alter metabolic rates) and survival. Moreover, the abundance and composition of early-seral forest vegetation can influence songbird reproductive output through changes in nest predator communities, food resources, or both. Thus, I further hypothesized that intensive forest management practices could combine with intraseasonal air temperatures to impact reproductive output in an insectivorous cavity-nesting songbird, the House Wren (Trogolodytes aedon) (Chapter 3). If this were the case, then House Wren nest survival, the number of offspring produced, and the quality of those offspring would decline with greater management intensity and increasing air temperatures. To test these predictions, I monitored 283 nests on 24 intensively managed early-seral forest stands (8.6 - 18.9 ha) in the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA representing a gradient in intensive forest management (i.e., no-spray control, light, moderate and intensive herbicide application). I used data from Chapter 2 to test for combined effects of air temperature and herbicide-driven vegetation changes on House Wren reproductive output. Using linear mixed models within a model selection framework, I did not find support for combined effects of temperature and herbicide treatment on nest survival. After accounting for the effects of herbicide-driven vegetation changes on reproductive output, air temperature effects were negligible. My results suggest that post-harvest vegetation management likely does not influence the number of young produced nor their quality (as indicated by body condition) in intensively managed early-seral forests, but may influence nest survival. However, nest survival did not decline along a gradient of herbicide intensity as I expected. Instead, mean nest survival was greatest in the control and most intensively managed stands (failure was greatest in the light treatment); however, these effects were so variable as to not be statistically significant. My results suggest that post-harvest vegetation management in intensively managed forests may be linked to minor changes in microclimatic air temperatures, but that there is high variation in these effects and effects are likely small. Therefore, there appears to be limited potential for vegetation control strategies through herbicides to buffer expected climate change effects on organisms in early-seral forest. My results also suggest that the potential for combined effects of herbicide application and air temperature on early-seral cavity-nesting songbirds is limited. Under current local climate patterns, air temperature appears to exert negligible effects on House Wren reproductive output after accounting for changes in vegetation cover. The effects of herbicide-driven vegetation changes on early-seral songbirds may be large, though highly variable, and not an increasing function of herbicide intensity. These effects may be primarily predator-mediated, as indicated by the large effects of herbicide treatment on House Wren nest survival but not the number of offspring produced nor their quality. My finding of limited temperature effects on House Wren reproductive output compared to the effects of forest management intensity supports predictions that, despite increasing concerns over the impacts of advancing climate change on animal populations, land cover change driven by anthropogenic land use will continue to be the primary global change driver impacting animal populations in the near future.
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2228. [Article] Aroma investigation of ‘Marion’ and thornless blackberries in Pacific Northwest of America
The objectives of this study are to 1) qualitatively and quantitatively measure the odor-active compounds in ‘Marion’ blackberry; 2) compare the aroma profiles of advanced selections and new cultivars ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Aroma investigation of ‘Marion’ and thornless blackberries in Pacific Northwest of America
- Author:
- Du, Xiaofen
The objectives of this study are to 1) qualitatively and quantitatively measure the odor-active compounds in ‘Marion’ blackberry; 2) compare the aroma profiles of advanced selections and new cultivars of thornless blackberry cultivars with ‘Marion’; 3) study the development of furaneol in ‘Marion’ during ripening and; 4) investigate the distribution of odor-active compounds and their precursors in the selections that contributed to ‘Marion’s pedigree. Aroma of ‘Marion’ blackberry was analyzed with LiChrolut-EN solid-phase extraction (SPE) and microvial insert thermal desorption GC-MS-olfactometry. The results showed that LiChrolut-EN had limited absorption of sugars, pigments, and other non-volatile compounds, while extracting a vast majority of polar and non-polar aroma compounds. The potential odorants identified in ‘Marion’ included furaneol, linalool, β-ionone, hexanal, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, 2-heptanol, cis-3-hexenol, and trans-2-hexenol. Furaneol was considered the impact characteristic aroma compound in ‘Marion’. A method used for the determination of furaneol was further developed using SPE-GC-MS operated in the selected ion mode. Furaneol could be effectively isolated by LiChrolut-EN cartridge and completely eluted out with 1 mL of methanol, which could be directly analyzed on GC-MS using an automated microvial insert thermal desorption technique without further purification and concentration. The method proved sensitive with good recovery and reproducibility. A modified method using SPE-GC-MS with poly(vinylpolypyrrolidone) to remove pigments in the berry samples was further developed to quantify other odor-active compounds. The method was reproducible, had satisfactory recoveries for over 50 selected compounds, and had minimum decomposition of glycosides and pigments. The aroma constituents of ‘Black Diamond’ blackberry were identified and the predominant odor-active compounds in ‘Black Diamond’ were ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, 1-octen-3-one, 2-heptanol, cis-3-hexenol, nonanal, trans-2-hexenol, methional, linalool, ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate, α-ionone, β-ionone, and furaneol. A comparison of volatiles in ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Marion’ was conducted using SPE-GC-MS and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-GC-MS over two growing seasons. Although seasonal variations were present, the overall volatile profile in ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Marion’ were very similar, but the concentrations of some aroma compounds varied greatly. Odor activity values (OAVs) indicated that furaneol, linalool, β-ionone, and hexanal were the most important odor-active compounds in ‘Marion’, while in ‘Black Diamond’, the most important compounds were linalool, β-ionone, furaneol, and 2-heptanol. The major difference between two cultivars was that ‘Marion’ had a five times higher OAV of furaneol than ‘Black Diamond’, while ‘Black Diamond’ had a three times higher OAV of linalool than ‘Marion’. A flavor comparison of other thornless blackberry cultivars including ‘Thornless Evergreen’, ‘Black Pearl’, ‘Nightfall’, ORUS 1843-3, ‘Waldo’, NZ 9351-4, and ‘Chester Thornless’ with ‘Marion’ was further conducted. The results indicated that the blackberries had very diverse flavor profiles. Furaneol, linalool, β-ionone, 2-heptanol, and carvone were the major aroma compounds in blackberries. High OAVs of furaneol, linalool, and β-ionone in ‘Marion’, ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Black Pearl’, ORUS 1843-3, and NZ 9351-4 accounted for their similar fresh fruity, strawberry and raspberry aroma, while high OAVs of 1-octen-3-ol, myrtenol, eugenol, and α-terpineol in ‘Waldo’, ‘Nightfall’, ‘Chester Thornless’, and ‘Thornless Evergreen’ accounted for their vegetal, woody, and moldy aroma. Instrumental analysis matched with descriptive sensory analysis. Free furaneol and furaneol glycoside were further studied in ‘Marion’ during ripening. Free furaneol was analyzed by SPE-GC-MS with PVPP decoloration of juice. Furaneol glucosides were isolated with XAD-2 sorbent, hydrolyzed with β- glucosidase, and the released aglycone was analyzed using SPE-GC-MS. Seasonal variation was observed; however, the tendency of the change in each year’s berry flavor profile was similar. Dramatic chemical composition changes occurred after the mottled stage. Only trace levels of free furaneol and furaneol glycoside were detected before the mottled stage. Between the mottled and shiny-black stages, free furaneol dramatically increased from 1.4 mg/kg to 9.0 mg/kg, and continuously increased into the overripe stage to 22 mg/kg; while furaneol glucoside increased from 0.8 mg/kg to 4.0 mg/kg, and dramatically increased into the overripe stage to 34 mg/kg – a much higher concentration than the free furaneol at the same stage. The distribution of volatile constituents and volatile precursors in the genotypes that are in ‘Marion’s pedigree was investigated. Volatiles were analyzed using SBSE-GC-MS and SPE-GC-MS. Volatile precursors were isolated with C18 cartridge, enzymatically hydrolyzed, and released aglycons were analyzed using GC-MS. The results indicated each cultivar in the ‘Marion’ pedigree had a specific volatile and volatile precursor pattern. Wild ‘Himalaya’ had predominant volatiles of terpenes and furanones. ‘Santiam’ also had dominant volatile of terpenes. Their progeny, ‘Chehalem’, had a combination of these characteristics. ‘Meeker’ raspberry was dominated by norisoprenoids, lactones, and acids. Its progenies, ‘Logan’ and ‘Olallie’, were similar in norisoprenoid dominance. ‘Marion’, from the cross of ‘Chehalem’ and ‘Olallie’, contained almost all the volatile compounds, but the concentrations of most compounds were more evenly distributed than other cultivars. Some key compounds such as linalool, β-ionone, and furaneol had a unique distribution. ‘Marion’ had a moderate level of linalool. ‘Olallie’ and ‘Logan’ had a significantly high linalool level, while the other stream had much lower linalool content. The concentrations of β-ionone in ‘Marion’, ‘Chehalem’, ‘Santiam’, and ‘Himalaya’ were low, while the cultivars in the other stream had higher β-ionone levels. The β-ionone content in ‘Meeker’ was over 40 times the amount in other cultivars. The concentration of furaneol in ‘Marion’ was higher than in its parents, ‘Chehalem’ and ‘Olallie’. The distribution of volatile precursor pattern in the ‘Marion’ pedigree was similar to the free form. The chiral isomeric ratios of 13 pairs of compounds were studied using a Cyclosil B column. Strong chiral isomeric preference was observed for the most of compounds, and each cultivar had its unique chiral isomeric ratio distribution.
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2229. [Article] An empirical study of the problem of attrition of students of first-year accounting in Oregon community colleges
The study was conducted in order to learn of the extent to which attrition exists among students enrolled in the first-year accounting course in Oregon community colleges, the factors tending to contribute to ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- An empirical study of the problem of attrition of students of first-year accounting in Oregon community colleges
- Author:
- Schultz, Alan R.
The study was conducted in order to learn of the extent to which attrition exists among students enrolled in the first-year accounting course in Oregon community colleges, the factors tending to contribute to the problem, and the approaches which might be used to help alleviate the problem. The design of the study consisted of two parts. The first part of the study was to gather information about the teaching philosophies and practices of the accounting faculties, and the number of students enrolled in and completing the three-terms of first-year accounting during the college years 1970-1972 at the eleven community colleges offering the course throughout the state. These same students were also analyzed by age, sex, marital status, high school background, major, military background, class (freshman/sophomore), and courseload. The second part of the investigation consisted of a two-year controlled study of the students at Linn-Benton Community College in Albany, Oregon, who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting in the fall of 1970 (the control year) and those who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence in the fall of 1971 (the experimental group). In this study the day classes of the control year were compared to the day classes of the experimental year, while the evening classes of the control year were compared to the evening classes of the experimental year. The purpose of this latter study was to determine if two types of personalized attention (mandatory individual counseling and voluntary accounting "help" sessions) given to all classes in the experimental year would (1) allow more of these students to complete the three-term accounting sequence, and (2) allow more of these students to score significantly higher on the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Achievement Test, Level I, Form E-S. To insure that all students of both years entering the first-term of accounting were equal in accounting aptitude, the AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was given. The results of the findings indicate that the accounting instructors (1) did not have adequate background information about (a) the student's reading and comprehension level, (b) how the student viewed himself as a scholar, and (c) the student's level of interest in accounting at the time he entered; (2) agreed on (a) informing the students early in the course of the value of accounting, (b) building the student's self-confidence, (c) building their own self-confidence, (d) reviewing solutions to homework in class, (e) providing the students with the best text available, and (f) using all input available to improve their instruction; (3) tended to prefer grouping accounting students (although this was not the case at the time); (4) continued to use the lecture method of instruction exclusively; (5) offered a wide variety of informal opportunities to personalize the learning of accounting by the availability of office hours, individual counseling, and one-to-one and group "help" sessions; (6) have avoided offering more formal opportunities for personalizing the subject matter by seldom using programmed texts and filmstrips, and workbooks and/or practice sets with keys, and audio and video tapes; (7) felt that personalizing the subject matter (a) helped to enhance student interest, (b) helped to enhance student learning, (c) helped encourage more students to complete each term (as well as the three-term sequence), (d) helped the instructor to better understand why some students have certain learning difficulties, (e) encouraged more instructors to more carefully organize their materials, and (f) encouraged more instructors to evaluate their methods of instruction. Additional findings of the study indicate that the average community college in Oregon had only 30% of all students enrolled in the first-year accounting course complete the three-term sequence. In addition, only 32% of all students required to have at least three terms of first-year accounting completed the sequence, and likewise only 24% of all students required to have at least one term of accounting completed all three terms of the sequence. In the metropolitan Portland area only 23% of all students, regardless of major, completed the three-term sequence. An analysis of the personal characteristics of these same students indicates, that a larger percentage of the students completing the sequence tended to be (a) male, (b) age 31 or older, (c) married, (d) high school graduates, (e) veterans, (f) sophomores, (g) part-time students, and (h) accounting majors. Students tending to be less successful were (a) female, (b) age 19-21, (c) divorced, separated, or widowed, (d) without either a high school diploma or GED certificate, (e) non-veterans, (f) freshmen, (g) full-time students, and (h) college transfer secretarial science majors. The results of the controlled study at Linn-Benton Community College indicate that even when students enrolled in the first-year accounting course are required to counsel individually with their instructor at the beginning of each term of the three-term sequence and are given the opportunity to attend voluntary accounting "help" sessions, they will probably (a) seldom attend the "help" sessions, (b) not score significantly higher on the AICPA Achievement Test, or (c) be more likely to complete the three-term sequence than those students not having had these two types of personalized attention provided to them. These observations led to the conclusion that a communication gap seems to exist between the instructor and the students. To help correct the problem a battery of tests was recommended, including the AICPA Orientation Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Test, and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, in order to better understand the background of incoming students. These tests could then be used in conjunction with the recommended mandatory individual counseling sessions at the beginning of each term along with mandatory laboratory sessions throughout the term. In addition, it was also recommended that pre-tests be given at the beginning of each term to help the instructor better plan his presentations for those areas where students indicated the most need. The AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was concluded to be a valid test by which to measure the degree of success the student could expect upon completion of the three-term accounting sequence. The results of the study at Linn-Benton Community College also indicate that the students who had enrolled in the evening classes had a wide range of abilities and aptitudes from one year to the next. In conclusion it appears that personalized attention in its present form at Linn-Benton Community College is not effective in guaranteeing the successful completion of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting. Additional research may still have to be made into the motivational makeup of individual students.
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2230. [Article] Avian Radar Baseline Study: Final Survey Report for the Proposed Reedsport Ocean Power Technologies Wave Park
Geo-Marine, Inc. (GMI) conducted an offshore avian radar baseline study for Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) for a wave energy study located northwest of Reedsport, Oregon from 25 August through 29 October ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Avian Radar Baseline Study: Final Survey Report for the Proposed Reedsport Ocean Power Technologies Wave Park
- Author:
- Geo-Marine, Inc.
Geo-Marine, Inc. (GMI) conducted an offshore avian radar baseline study for Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) for a wave energy study located northwest of Reedsport, Oregon from 25 August through 29 October 2010. The study was conducted from shore with GMI’s Mobile Avian Radar System (MARS®). The MARS® was equipped with a 3-centimeter (cm) wavelength 50-kilowatt (kW) radar with a 2.5-degree (°) parabolic antenna for horizontal scanning, and a 3-cm, 25-kW radar with an open array antenna for vertical scanning. Diurnal land-based nearshore and diurnal and nocturnal boat-based radar validation surveys were conducted specifically to determine whether the radar could detect birds flying at low attitudes above the water. Comparison between the nearshore and offshore (study area) observer bird passage rates and the nearshore and offshore radar passage rates revealed low correlation between diurnal observations and radar data. The correlation analysis values were all too low (<.307) to develop a correction factor to apply to the radar data. Sea clutter was identified as the limiting factor. When algorithms to reduce false tracks from sea clutter were applied, tracks of real birds were eliminated because they could not be separated from sea clutter false tracks. At present there is no technology known that can accurately remove bird detections from sea clutter. This problem was further magnified in this study because radar visual validation surveys revealed that a major portion of the bird movement both nearshore and offshore occurred at altitudes from 1-30 feet (ft) above sea level. At that altitude it is impossible to separate birds from wind-driven waves and high swells that are common in the study area during fall. The visual validation data documented that the radar was ineffective when birds were flying close to the surface. In addition to providing data to facilitate passage rate comparisons between observer and the radar, the radar validation surveys provided data on bird flight behaviors within and adjacent to the study area. These data, which were requested to be collected for this study, included information on nearshore and offshore (study area) bird species occurrence, passage rates, flight altitudes and speeds, flight directions, and flock sizes. During the diurnal land-based nearshore avian surveys 43 bird species were identified; 32 bird species were observed during the boat-based offshore surveys. One federally-listed bird species, Marbled Murrelet (threatened), was observed occasionally during nearshore and offshore surveys. Diurnal nearshore bird passage rates ranged from 30-390 birds/nautical mile (NM)/hour (hr) from 0 to 1 NM offshore and from 10-142 birds/NM/hr from 1 to 2 NM offshore. Offshore (study area) passage rates ranged from 142-268 birds/NM/hr; offshore nocturnal passage rates ranged from 3-53 birds/NM/hr. The majority of birds flying over both nearshore (94%) and offshore (93%) waters were flying from 1-100 ft above sea level (asl). The majority of these birds were flying from 1-30 ft asl (nearshore, 75%; offshore, 83%). The dominant flight directions were to the south and the majority of birds sighted were in the 1-5 flock category. This Avian Radar Baseline Study was contracted to assist in collecting data that could potentially be used to meet these requirements. Avian radar validation surveys were designed specifically by GMI for this study to determine the accuracy of the radar data in predicting the number of birds that would potentially collide with the 30-ft tall wave buoys. The results of the avian radar validation surveys from this study indicate that avian radar is not able to collect accurate altitude flight data within the potential bird-wave power buoy collision zone (1-30 ft asl) because of the presence of sea clutter (high wind waves and/or swells) in the study area; however, diurnal avian radar validation bird survey data collected from shore and from a boat in the study area provided information requested by the Scope of Work including on nearshore and offshore (study area) species occurrence, avian passage rates (number of bird tracks/NM/hr), frequency of avian flight altitudes within and above the bird-wave power buoy collision zone, flock size frequency, and flight direction frequency. In addition, a nocturnal thermal imaging camera was used to conduct nighttime avian studies and provided data on nighttime bird passage rates. GMI recommends, based on the findings of this Avian Radar Baseline Study, that seasonal radar studies recommended by the FERC Study Plan be replaced with diurnal boat surveys and nocturnal boat surveys using stabilized remote sensing technologies (e.g., thermal imaging, high definition cameras). These methods will, in GMI’s opinion, provide the best data on nocturnal passage rate (bird abundance) and altitude use within the potential bird-wave power buoy collision zone (1-30 ft asl).