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• 2201. [Article] A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988)

  More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988) Author: Tatarka, Bernadette More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for additional research dealing with basic style changes of men's boxer undershorts was compelling to this researcher, as well as adding to the literature concerning men's historic costume. The purpose of this study was to research the availability of men's boxer undershorts post World War II (1946-1988). Specifically, based on pictorial underwear fashions illustrated in the Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog, this study documented and analyzed the availability of boxer undershorts as to fiber content, fabric structure, color, style features, and special design motifs during the time period studied. The objective of the study was to increase the knowledge of men's historic costume through an investigation into the styles of men's boxer undershorts. The historical continuity of fashion, as well as other theories concerning fashion change served as the theoretical framework for this study. The historical continuity process of fashion proposes that each new fashion is an evolutionary outgrowth and elaboration of the previous fashion (Blumer, 1969). Examples include past research by Young (1937), Kroeber (1919), and Robinson (1976), which indicated that changes in fashions took place in well-defined cycles. It is believed by some researchers that broad fashion trends follow an evolutionary process. However, specific fashion details and styles may be a result of social events, technological advances, and other cultural activities. Studies by researcher's such as Baker (1962), Nugent (1962), and Behling (1985-1986) found relationships between women's clothing and changes in society. To document and analyze men's boxer undershorts, Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog was selected. Spring/Summer issues in two-year issues were chosen between the years of 1946 and 1988, which yielded a sample of 237 boxer undershorts. With seriation of the boxer undershorts, a frequency distribution was completed. Five research hypotheses were tested to accomplish the objective of the study. Results indicated that there were differences between the frequency of occurrence among a) fiber content, b) color, and c) style features. However, there was not a significant difference of occurrence among fabric structure of men's boxer undershorts. In addition, due to lack of information concerning fabric design motifs, an analysis was not able to be performed concerning this hypothesis. These findings support the belief that there are broad changes in boxer undershorts which follow an evolutionary process, however, specific changes in details are a result of society's influence. This is evident in the changes concerning fiber content, color, and style features which were influenced by technological advances. The fact that fabric structure of boxer undershorts was not influenced by society suggests that this is a broad trend which follows an evolutionary process. Comparing these results with data collected from advertisments in a fashion magazine such as Esquire is suggested for further study. The data also suggest that further study comparing the trends in style features of boxer undershorts documented in this study with those of men's trousers of the same time period would provide another topic for research. Title: A study of fashion change related to men's boxer undershorts as depicted in Sears annual merchandise catalogs (1946-1988) Author: Tatarka, Bernadette More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for additional research dealing with basic style changes of men's boxer undershorts was compelling to this researcher, as well as adding to the literature concerning men's historic costume. The purpose of this study was to research the availability of men's boxer undershorts post World War II (1946-1988). Specifically, based on pictorial underwear fashions illustrated in the Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog, this study documented and analyzed the availability of boxer undershorts as to fiber content, fabric structure, color, style features, and special design motifs during the time period studied. The objective of the study was to increase the knowledge of men's historic costume through an investigation into the styles of men's boxer undershorts. The historical continuity of fashion, as well as other theories concerning fashion change served as the theoretical framework for this study. The historical continuity process of fashion proposes that each new fashion is an evolutionary outgrowth and elaboration of the previous fashion (Blumer, 1969). Examples include past research by Young (1937), Kroeber (1919), and Robinson (1976), which indicated that changes in fashions took place in well-defined cycles. It is believed by some researchers that broad fashion trends follow an evolutionary process. However, specific fashion details and styles may be a result of social events, technological advances, and other cultural activities. Studies by researcher's such as Baker (1962), Nugent (1962), and Behling (1985-1986) found relationships between women's clothing and changes in society. To document and analyze men's boxer undershorts, Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog was selected. Spring/Summer issues in two-year issues were chosen between the years of 1946 and 1988, which yielded a sample of 237 boxer undershorts. With seriation of the boxer undershorts, a frequency distribution was completed. Five research hypotheses were tested to accomplish the objective of the study. Results indicated that there were differences between the frequency of occurrence among a) fiber content, b) color, and c) style features. However, there was not a significant difference of occurrence among fabric structure of men's boxer undershorts. In addition, due to lack of information concerning fabric design motifs, an analysis was not able to be performed concerning this hypothesis. These findings support the belief that there are broad changes in boxer undershorts which follow an evolutionary process, however, specific changes in details are a result of society's influence. This is evident in the changes concerning fiber content, color, and style features which were influenced by technological advances. The fact that fabric structure of boxer undershorts was not influenced by society suggests that this is a broad trend which follows an evolutionary process. Comparing these results with data collected from advertisments in a fashion magazine such as Esquire is suggested for further study. The data also suggest that further study comparing the trends in style features of boxer undershorts documented in this study with those of men's trousers of the same time period would provide another topic for research. Close

• 2202. [Article] Stratigraphy, depositional environments, and diagenesis of the Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations in the White Pine, Egan, and Schell Creek Ranges, White Pine County, Nevada

  The Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations provide examples of Cordilleran miogeosynclinal inner and middle shelf carbonate deposition that act in response to changes in eustasy, sedimentation, and tectonics. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stratigraphy, depositional environments, and diagenesis of the Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations in the White Pine, Egan, and Schell Creek Ranges, White Pine County, Nevada Author: DeDen, F. Michael The Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations provide examples of Cordilleran miogeosynclinal inner and middle shelf carbonate deposition that act in response to changes in eustasy, sedimentation, and tectonics. The Simonson Dolomite consists of four members that collectively record three distinct transgressive-regressive cycles. The Coarse Crystalline dolomudstone lithofacies represents restricted upper intertidal to supratidal sedimentation deposited on a distally steepened carbonate ramp. Evolution of the Cordilleran shelf occurred concurrent with deposition of the Lower Alternating cryptalgal dolomudstone lithofacies. A depositional rimmed margin developed recording lagoonal deposition, in the form of upward-shallowing sequences, across the entire Middle Devonian shelf. A continued relative sea-level rise is represented by the lower intertidal to subtidal stromatoporoidal biostromal bank buildups of the Simonson Brown Cliff Member. A relative sea-level fall is recorded by the intertidal to supratidal Upper Alternating dolomud-wackestone lithofacies. Four lithofacies and nine subfacies are differentiated for the Guilmette Formation, representing a broad spectrum of shallow subtidal to intertidal environments. Thick buildups of primarily wackestone and packstone lithofacies accumulated in response to a continued relative sea-level rise. The extensive lateral growth of stromatoporoidal biostromal bank buildups formed under open-marine conditions while more restricted lagoonal environments dominated the inner shelf. Acting in response to initial Antler orogenic foreland effects and in concert with a continuing rise of sea-level, the Guilmette lithotope was eliminated in the Late Devonian along with the Cordilleran depositional rimmed margin. Diagenetic fabric relationships observed in the Simonson and Guilmette reveal a complex history beginning with the early-submarine cementation of aragonite and/or high-Mg calcite. Neomorphic processes followed and resulted in the stabilization to low-Mg calcite. Diagenesis continued in the deep subsurface and included silica cementation and replacement events that both predated and act concurrently with pressure-solution stylolitization and dolomitization. Late diagenetic silicification postdated both burial dolomitization and secondary porosity evolution. Calcite pore and fracture-filling cementation postdated all diagenetic events. Diagenetic textures reflect deep-burial processes rather than the original depositional environment. Reservoir qualities have been enhanced by late-diagenetic dolomitization producing secondary intercrystalline porosity within dolomitic Guilmette horizons and especially in the Simonson Coarse Crystalline Member. Title: Stratigraphy, depositional environments, and diagenesis of the Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations in the White Pine, Egan, and Schell Creek Ranges, White Pine County, Nevada Author: DeDen, F. Michael The Devonian Simonson and Guilmette Formations provide examples of Cordilleran miogeosynclinal inner and middle shelf carbonate deposition that act in response to changes in eustasy, sedimentation, and tectonics. The Simonson Dolomite consists of four members that collectively record three distinct transgressive-regressive cycles. The Coarse Crystalline dolomudstone lithofacies represents restricted upper intertidal to supratidal sedimentation deposited on a distally steepened carbonate ramp. Evolution of the Cordilleran shelf occurred concurrent with deposition of the Lower Alternating cryptalgal dolomudstone lithofacies. A depositional rimmed margin developed recording lagoonal deposition, in the form of upward-shallowing sequences, across the entire Middle Devonian shelf. A continued relative sea-level rise is represented by the lower intertidal to subtidal stromatoporoidal biostromal bank buildups of the Simonson Brown Cliff Member. A relative sea-level fall is recorded by the intertidal to supratidal Upper Alternating dolomud-wackestone lithofacies. Four lithofacies and nine subfacies are differentiated for the Guilmette Formation, representing a broad spectrum of shallow subtidal to intertidal environments. Thick buildups of primarily wackestone and packstone lithofacies accumulated in response to a continued relative sea-level rise. The extensive lateral growth of stromatoporoidal biostromal bank buildups formed under open-marine conditions while more restricted lagoonal environments dominated the inner shelf. Acting in response to initial Antler orogenic foreland effects and in concert with a continuing rise of sea-level, the Guilmette lithotope was eliminated in the Late Devonian along with the Cordilleran depositional rimmed margin. Diagenetic fabric relationships observed in the Simonson and Guilmette reveal a complex history beginning with the early-submarine cementation of aragonite and/or high-Mg calcite. Neomorphic processes followed and resulted in the stabilization to low-Mg calcite. Diagenesis continued in the deep subsurface and included silica cementation and replacement events that both predated and act concurrently with pressure-solution stylolitization and dolomitization. Late diagenetic silicification postdated both burial dolomitization and secondary porosity evolution. Calcite pore and fracture-filling cementation postdated all diagenetic events. Diagenetic textures reflect deep-burial processes rather than the original depositional environment. Reservoir qualities have been enhanced by late-diagenetic dolomitization producing secondary intercrystalline porosity within dolomitic Guilmette horizons and especially in the Simonson Coarse Crystalline Member. Close

• 2203. [Article] Efficient Oblivious Access to Trees

  The outsourcing of data storage and related infrastructure to third-party services in the cloud is a trend that has gained considerable momentum in the last decade due to the savings it affords companies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficient Oblivious Access to Trees Author: Hackebeil, Gabriel A. The outsourcing of data storage and related infrastructure to third-party services in the cloud is a trend that has gained considerable momentum in the last decade due to the savings it affords companies in both capital and operational costs. Although encryption can alleviate some of the privacy concerns associated with cloud storage, it comes at the cost of decreased utility of data once it is in the cloud. For instance, cloud services for searching over a large set of files are useless when those files are encrypted using standard, randomized techniques. Moreover, even though the files are encrypted, the historical access pattern over a data set (e.g., file access times/frequency, memory read/write locations) can leak significant information to malicious parties that can be combined with other metadata to partially reveal the file contents. Two research thrusts that address these issues are Symmetric Searchable Encryption (SSE) and Oblivious RAM (ORAM). SSE schemes provide an efficient means for searching over encrypted data that is stored on an untrusted server. These schemes, however, are inherently susceptible to statistical attacks by observing the history of de- terministically encrypted search queries, along with the access pattern resulting from those queries. ORAM, by design, can prevents such leakages, but it introduces high communication overhead, among other challenges. In this work we introduce new ORAM schemes tailored for more efficient private access to tree data structures, which are commonly used as search indexes. We make multi-faceted contributions that include: (i) a formal definition for obliviousness in the relaxed setting where the external storage provider knows we are accessing a tree data structure, (ii) a formal proof showing that our schemes satisfy this definition, with an- alytical and empirical results showing that we reduce transmission overhead by several factors over state-of-the-art ORAM schemes, and (iii) a Python software package called PyORAM (Python-based Oblivious RAM) that provides researchers with a powerful set of tools to build upon current ORAM methods tailored for the cloud storage set- ting. Our work has broad impacts for searchable encryption via private database search with reduced transmission requirements, which is vital for privacy-critical applications in governmental and healthcare systems. Title: Efficient Oblivious Access to Trees Author: Hackebeil, Gabriel A. The outsourcing of data storage and related infrastructure to third-party services in the cloud is a trend that has gained considerable momentum in the last decade due to the savings it affords companies in both capital and operational costs. Although encryption can alleviate some of the privacy concerns associated with cloud storage, it comes at the cost of decreased utility of data once it is in the cloud. For instance, cloud services for searching over a large set of files are useless when those files are encrypted using standard, randomized techniques. Moreover, even though the files are encrypted, the historical access pattern over a data set (e.g., file access times/frequency, memory read/write locations) can leak significant information to malicious parties that can be combined with other metadata to partially reveal the file contents. Two research thrusts that address these issues are Symmetric Searchable Encryption (SSE) and Oblivious RAM (ORAM). SSE schemes provide an efficient means for searching over encrypted data that is stored on an untrusted server. These schemes, however, are inherently susceptible to statistical attacks by observing the history of de- terministically encrypted search queries, along with the access pattern resulting from those queries. ORAM, by design, can prevents such leakages, but it introduces high communication overhead, among other challenges. In this work we introduce new ORAM schemes tailored for more efficient private access to tree data structures, which are commonly used as search indexes. We make multi-faceted contributions that include: (i) a formal definition for obliviousness in the relaxed setting where the external storage provider knows we are accessing a tree data structure, (ii) a formal proof showing that our schemes satisfy this definition, with an- alytical and empirical results showing that we reduce transmission overhead by several factors over state-of-the-art ORAM schemes, and (iii) a Python software package called PyORAM (Python-based Oblivious RAM) that provides researchers with a powerful set of tools to build upon current ORAM methods tailored for the cloud storage set- ting. Our work has broad impacts for searchable encryption via private database search with reduced transmission requirements, which is vital for privacy-critical applications in governmental and healthcare systems. Close

• 2204. [Article] Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks

  Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Close

• 2205. [Article] Conjuring September 11, 2001 : Midwest Narratives in the Time of Death

  Over the past fourteen years since the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Americans of varied political persuasions have continually identified the day as a defining moment in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conjuring September 11, 2001 : Midwest Narratives in the Time of Death Author: Josten, Jonathon M. Over the past fourteen years since the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Americans of varied political persuasions have continually identified the day as a defining moment in the history of the nation, which caused a rupture in the cultural rhythm and psyche. This sensibility is present in many narratives that considered the uniqueness of the day, with the majority of these set in New York City. However, for most Americans, the attacks were experienced in a non-local manner mediated through various technologies as well as reactionary policies of the Bush administration and retrospective accounts that followed from critics and authors. Given the disparity between narratives that surround eye-witness of the event and those perceived from afar, this thesis attempts to explore and reconcile these geographical and psychological differences by examining fictive works often described as "September 11", which are set in the Midwest. Through this investigation of place, technologies, and difference, we can trace the development of the cultural memory of these events from catastrophe to commemoration as the analysis moves through nationalism, terrorism, and what might be defined as heartland American conservatism. Ultimately, I argue that though September 11 functioned as a catastrophic event, Americans moved to restore normalcy shortly after the attacks. That is not to say that Americans forgot September 11; instead, pre-September 11 normalcy coexisted within post- September 11 uncertainty. To support this argument, this thesis examines four texts that offer several different perspectives on the event, from the incident itself to the ways in which the attack was ordered. These pieces are, respectively, David Foster Wallace's non-fiction essay "The View from Mrs. Thompson's", Jonathan Franzen's novel Freedom, and Richard Powers' novel The Echo Maker. Despite their differing subject matter and approaches, each of these works ultimately rejects the common notion that September 11 caused an irrevocable break in the cultural rhythm of American ideology in the second half of the twentieth century. If we select Midwestern narratives as representative of September 11 experience, then instead of unique commemoration, we find an American culture of misidentification. Title: Conjuring September 11, 2001 : Midwest Narratives in the Time of Death Author: Josten, Jonathon M. Over the past fourteen years since the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Americans of varied political persuasions have continually identified the day as a defining moment in the history of the nation, which caused a rupture in the cultural rhythm and psyche. This sensibility is present in many narratives that considered the uniqueness of the day, with the majority of these set in New York City. However, for most Americans, the attacks were experienced in a non-local manner mediated through various technologies as well as reactionary policies of the Bush administration and retrospective accounts that followed from critics and authors. Given the disparity between narratives that surround eye-witness of the event and those perceived from afar, this thesis attempts to explore and reconcile these geographical and psychological differences by examining fictive works often described as "September 11", which are set in the Midwest. Through this investigation of place, technologies, and difference, we can trace the development of the cultural memory of these events from catastrophe to commemoration as the analysis moves through nationalism, terrorism, and what might be defined as heartland American conservatism. Ultimately, I argue that though September 11 functioned as a catastrophic event, Americans moved to restore normalcy shortly after the attacks. That is not to say that Americans forgot September 11; instead, pre-September 11 normalcy coexisted within post- September 11 uncertainty. To support this argument, this thesis examines four texts that offer several different perspectives on the event, from the incident itself to the ways in which the attack was ordered. These pieces are, respectively, David Foster Wallace's non-fiction essay "The View from Mrs. Thompson's", Jonathan Franzen's novel Freedom, and Richard Powers' novel The Echo Maker. Despite their differing subject matter and approaches, each of these works ultimately rejects the common notion that September 11 caused an irrevocable break in the cultural rhythm of American ideology in the second half of the twentieth century. If we select Midwestern narratives as representative of September 11 experience, then instead of unique commemoration, we find an American culture of misidentification. Close

• 2206. [Article] The utilization of multiple dimensions in quality judgments of master's degree programs

  The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a multidimensional approach to quality assessment of master's programs in the context of the human judgment process. Specific steps included: (1) selecting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The utilization of multiple dimensions in quality judgments of master's degree programs Author: Jackson, Kent Lee The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a multidimensional approach to quality assessment of master's programs in the context of the human judgment process. Specific steps included: (1) selecting general dimensions of quality; (2) selecting specific measures to define dimensions; (3) use of a research model to examine the importance of dimensions in judgment patterns of four subject groups; and (4) consideration of the implications of such a study for quality assessment at the master's level, traditional and non-traditional programs and students, student services, and further research. The literature review considered the history and development of the master's degree, duality assessment techniques, and the iudgment research model employed in this study. It was concluded that the master's degree is assuming an increasingly important role in higher education, and that a corresponding need for improved methods of quality assessment is indicated. In addition to the multidimensional approach adapted to the purposes of this study, the lens model was chosen as the experimental paradigm for examining the human judgment process in quality assessment. Seven general quality dimensions were selected including faculty, students, resources, environment, offerings, alumni, and overall program. A panel of experts assisted in the selection of specific measures to define each dimension. The final instrument included a set of instructions followed by 35 program profiles. Profiles consisted of a bar graph with each bar representing one of the seven quality dimensions. Subjects reviewed each program profile and rendered a judgment of the program's quality on a separate response sheet. Subjects included 15 master's candidates completing degrees through external programs, 15 master's candidates completing degrees through resident programs, 15 faculty members serving on university councils responsible for reviewing master's programs, and 13 academic administrators. Subjects were tested individually over the 35 judgment tasks. Profiles included in the tasks were developed with the following considerations in mind: to test for averaging and consistency tendencies; to examine influences of major variations in certain dimensions on the judgment patterns of subjects; and to present profiles that reflected random settings for each of the dimensions. The separate response sheet contained 35 criterion scales ranging from one to nine with nine representing the highest level of quality. The subject's use of quality dimensions was determined by computing individual product-moment correlations. These correlations measured the extent to which judgments of quality varied systematically with the level of each of the dimensions in the profiles. Correlations were converted to z values and subjected to a four by seven (groups by dimensions) repeated measurements ANOVA. A judgment analysis procedure was employed to identify natural clusters of subjects sharing similar dimension utilization patterns in their judgments. Results revealed no significant interaction effects between groups and dimensions, nor significant differences between the four subject groups. The judgment analysis procedure did, however, reveal two natural groups with dissimilar dimension utilization patterns. The first group utilized all dimensions in a more balanced fashion than did the second group. Finally, significant differences were observed in comparing the extent to which each dimension was used by all groups. Dimensions concerned with the quality of faculty, alumni, resources and overall program were used significantly more than those concerned with quality of students, environments, and offerings. Title: The utilization of multiple dimensions in quality judgments of master's degree programs Author: Jackson, Kent Lee The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a multidimensional approach to quality assessment of master's programs in the context of the human judgment process. Specific steps included: (1) selecting general dimensions of quality; (2) selecting specific measures to define dimensions; (3) use of a research model to examine the importance of dimensions in judgment patterns of four subject groups; and (4) consideration of the implications of such a study for quality assessment at the master's level, traditional and non-traditional programs and students, student services, and further research. The literature review considered the history and development of the master's degree, duality assessment techniques, and the iudgment research model employed in this study. It was concluded that the master's degree is assuming an increasingly important role in higher education, and that a corresponding need for improved methods of quality assessment is indicated. In addition to the multidimensional approach adapted to the purposes of this study, the lens model was chosen as the experimental paradigm for examining the human judgment process in quality assessment. Seven general quality dimensions were selected including faculty, students, resources, environment, offerings, alumni, and overall program. A panel of experts assisted in the selection of specific measures to define each dimension. The final instrument included a set of instructions followed by 35 program profiles. Profiles consisted of a bar graph with each bar representing one of the seven quality dimensions. Subjects reviewed each program profile and rendered a judgment of the program's quality on a separate response sheet. Subjects included 15 master's candidates completing degrees through external programs, 15 master's candidates completing degrees through resident programs, 15 faculty members serving on university councils responsible for reviewing master's programs, and 13 academic administrators. Subjects were tested individually over the 35 judgment tasks. Profiles included in the tasks were developed with the following considerations in mind: to test for averaging and consistency tendencies; to examine influences of major variations in certain dimensions on the judgment patterns of subjects; and to present profiles that reflected random settings for each of the dimensions. The separate response sheet contained 35 criterion scales ranging from one to nine with nine representing the highest level of quality. The subject's use of quality dimensions was determined by computing individual product-moment correlations. These correlations measured the extent to which judgments of quality varied systematically with the level of each of the dimensions in the profiles. Correlations were converted to z values and subjected to a four by seven (groups by dimensions) repeated measurements ANOVA. A judgment analysis procedure was employed to identify natural clusters of subjects sharing similar dimension utilization patterns in their judgments. Results revealed no significant interaction effects between groups and dimensions, nor significant differences between the four subject groups. The judgment analysis procedure did, however, reveal two natural groups with dissimilar dimension utilization patterns. The first group utilized all dimensions in a more balanced fashion than did the second group. Finally, significant differences were observed in comparing the extent to which each dimension was used by all groups. Dimensions concerned with the quality of faculty, alumni, resources and overall program were used significantly more than those concerned with quality of students, environments, and offerings. Close

• 2207. [Article] Infection of stressed ponderosa pines by Armillariella mellea from indigenous and artificial inoculum sources

  Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr. ) Karst. was grown aseptically in hazel stems (Corylus cornuta var. californica) which were used in the forest to infect 290 ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Infection of stressed ponderosa pines by Armillariella mellea from indigenous and artificial inoculum sources Author: Fuller, Lloyd Randolph Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr. ) Karst. was grown aseptically in hazel stems (Corylus cornuta var. californica) which were used in the forest to infect 290 ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) which had been "stressed" in five different manners plus two control groups. All trees were inoculated twice giving a total of 580 inoculation attempts. Stress treatments consisted of: 1) girdling lateral roots; 2) severing distal portions of lateral roots; 3) removal of fifty-percent of the cross-sectional area of the lateral roots; ) removal of the bottom two-thirds of the biomass of the live crown; and 5) stressing the roots by felling the tree. Controls consisted of inoculations of the lateral roots and root collars of unstressed trees. Infection occurred at one-hundred ten (19%) of the inoculation points, of these 97 were by the indigenous population of A. mellea rhizomorphs. Significantly more trees were infected at the root collar than at lateral roots, but lesion size was uninfluenced by location or treatment. More infections occurred on trees of excellent than poor vigor, but no differences in susceptibility could be detected based on position of the crown ( overtopped, intermediate, codominant, dominant). Once attacked, lateral roots or root collars showed similar resistance to A. mellea, even while under stress. During the earlier stages of infection establishment, disease is little influenced by stress, crown position and decreased host vigor. Prevalence of rhizomorphs of A. mellea in eight ponderosa pine stands was found to be influenced by silvicultural histories of the stands. The highest quantities were on sites clearcut in 1965 and sprayed for shrub control. Fewest occurred in young pole-sized stands about 70-years old. The results suggest that A. mellea rhizomorphs will increase with increasing manipulations by man. The greatest increase will occur when a stand is clearcut and little increase will be observed when a stand is thinned. Internal mycoflora of healthy and declining lateral roots of ponderosa pine respond to changes in host vigor before visual changes are apparent. Microfungi were observed in apparently healthy cambial and xylem tissues. As lateral roots declined in health the mycofloral populations changed. One-hundred twelve days after felling of the tree ten-percent of the xylem and five-percent of the cambium was sterile. The majority of the microfungi isolated from the healthy and declining lateral roots showed no antagonism towards A. mellea in culture. Title: Infection of stressed ponderosa pines by Armillariella mellea from indigenous and artificial inoculum sources Author: Fuller, Lloyd Randolph Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr. ) Karst. was grown aseptically in hazel stems (Corylus cornuta var. californica) which were used in the forest to infect 290 ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) which had been "stressed" in five different manners plus two control groups. All trees were inoculated twice giving a total of 580 inoculation attempts. Stress treatments consisted of: 1) girdling lateral roots; 2) severing distal portions of lateral roots; 3) removal of fifty-percent of the cross-sectional area of the lateral roots; ) removal of the bottom two-thirds of the biomass of the live crown; and 5) stressing the roots by felling the tree. Controls consisted of inoculations of the lateral roots and root collars of unstressed trees. Infection occurred at one-hundred ten (19%) of the inoculation points, of these 97 were by the indigenous population of A. mellea rhizomorphs. Significantly more trees were infected at the root collar than at lateral roots, but lesion size was uninfluenced by location or treatment. More infections occurred on trees of excellent than poor vigor, but no differences in susceptibility could be detected based on position of the crown ( overtopped, intermediate, codominant, dominant). Once attacked, lateral roots or root collars showed similar resistance to A. mellea, even while under stress. During the earlier stages of infection establishment, disease is little influenced by stress, crown position and decreased host vigor. Prevalence of rhizomorphs of A. mellea in eight ponderosa pine stands was found to be influenced by silvicultural histories of the stands. The highest quantities were on sites clearcut in 1965 and sprayed for shrub control. Fewest occurred in young pole-sized stands about 70-years old. The results suggest that A. mellea rhizomorphs will increase with increasing manipulations by man. The greatest increase will occur when a stand is clearcut and little increase will be observed when a stand is thinned. Internal mycoflora of healthy and declining lateral roots of ponderosa pine respond to changes in host vigor before visual changes are apparent. Microfungi were observed in apparently healthy cambial and xylem tissues. As lateral roots declined in health the mycofloral populations changed. One-hundred twelve days after felling of the tree ten-percent of the xylem and five-percent of the cambium was sterile. The majority of the microfungi isolated from the healthy and declining lateral roots showed no antagonism towards A. mellea in culture. Close

• 2208. [Article] Modeling of the thermal behavior of irradiated sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel

  Several fuels are being investigated for fast breeder reactor applications. One promising concept is sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel. As a part of the development of this fuel concept it is necessary to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of the thermal behavior of irradiated sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel Author: Ades, Maurice Several fuels are being investigated for fast breeder reactor applications. One promising concept is sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel. As a part of the development of this fuel concept it is necessary to determine the behavior of the irradiated fuel for safe and reliable operation on a sound economic basis. It is with the thermal aspect of this behavior that the current investigation is concerned. With a view to predicting the overall thermal behavior of the fuel pin during irradiation, theoretical models for various phenomena have been developed so that the various interrelated thermal components can be determined. These components include the thermal conductivity of the fuel in its initial configuration and during restructuring, the restructuring boundary, the temperature distribution, the extent of restructuring due to sintering, grain growth and porosity redistribution, fuel swelling and gas release, and the behavior of the fill gas in the free volume of the fuel pin. A two-dimensional unit cell model is developed to evaluate the effective conductivity of the fuel in its initial configuration. By implementing descriptions of sintering mechanisms on this model, the effective conductivity of the fuel during restructuring is evaluated. The restructuring boundary at each axial section is determined based on a thermal conductivity criteria. Under certain conditions the initial fuel configuration in the inner fuel regions is lost and is replaced by a porous pellet-shaped region. In the outer regions, however, fuel restructuring is not completed. The radial temperature distribution is evaluated by finite differences at a discrete number of axial sections. The local heat source has previously been computed for each section. Allowance is made for axial asymetry as well as power histories. The porosity redistribution in the inner fuel regions which have completed restructuring is evaluated by using a model describing the conservation of pores migrating up the thermal gradient. Swelling and gas release are modeled allowing for bubble nucleation, bubble and pore growth and re-solution of gas atoms. Gas release occurs through diffusion of individual gas atoms in the fuel matrix and follows the subsequent buildup of contiguous intergranular bubbles. Allowance is made for changes in the fuel microstructure due to restructuring and thermally-activated grain growth. Following gas release, the temperature and pressure of the free gas are evaluated. The models describing the various thermal behavior components were embodied into the computer code SPECKLE-I to predict the thermal response of the irradiated fuel pin. Results computed from SPECKLE -I indicate that the effective fuel conductivity increases with temperature, fill gas pressure and with the extent of sintering occuring between the fuel spheres. As gas release occurs, the effective conductivity is altered by the fission gas and the pressure buildup in the free volume. The fuel temperature, initially high, decreases significantly due to restructuring and is affected by the compensating effects of gas release and pressure buildup. The extent of restructuring and porosity redistribution increases with the fuel power. Fuel swelling and gas release are essentially controlled by the fuel microstructure and porosity. The results indicate that the extent of fuel restructuring affects swelling and gas release. As gas release occurs, the pressure of the fill gas increases significantly, its temperature remaining almost constant. Results from SPECKLE-I were compared with several fuel irradiations. The agreement obtained between predicted and measured thermal components suggests that SPECKLE-I is a valuable first step for evaluating the thermal response of irradiated sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel. The performance of this code, however, can be improved by further model development and experimental studies of phenomena not fully characterized. Title: Modeling of the thermal behavior of irradiated sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel Author: Ades, Maurice Several fuels are being investigated for fast breeder reactor applications. One promising concept is sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel. As a part of the development of this fuel concept it is necessary to determine the behavior of the irradiated fuel for safe and reliable operation on a sound economic basis. It is with the thermal aspect of this behavior that the current investigation is concerned. With a view to predicting the overall thermal behavior of the fuel pin during irradiation, theoretical models for various phenomena have been developed so that the various interrelated thermal components can be determined. These components include the thermal conductivity of the fuel in its initial configuration and during restructuring, the restructuring boundary, the temperature distribution, the extent of restructuring due to sintering, grain growth and porosity redistribution, fuel swelling and gas release, and the behavior of the fill gas in the free volume of the fuel pin. A two-dimensional unit cell model is developed to evaluate the effective conductivity of the fuel in its initial configuration. By implementing descriptions of sintering mechanisms on this model, the effective conductivity of the fuel during restructuring is evaluated. The restructuring boundary at each axial section is determined based on a thermal conductivity criteria. Under certain conditions the initial fuel configuration in the inner fuel regions is lost and is replaced by a porous pellet-shaped region. In the outer regions, however, fuel restructuring is not completed. The radial temperature distribution is evaluated by finite differences at a discrete number of axial sections. The local heat source has previously been computed for each section. Allowance is made for axial asymetry as well as power histories. The porosity redistribution in the inner fuel regions which have completed restructuring is evaluated by using a model describing the conservation of pores migrating up the thermal gradient. Swelling and gas release are modeled allowing for bubble nucleation, bubble and pore growth and re-solution of gas atoms. Gas release occurs through diffusion of individual gas atoms in the fuel matrix and follows the subsequent buildup of contiguous intergranular bubbles. Allowance is made for changes in the fuel microstructure due to restructuring and thermally-activated grain growth. Following gas release, the temperature and pressure of the free gas are evaluated. The models describing the various thermal behavior components were embodied into the computer code SPECKLE-I to predict the thermal response of the irradiated fuel pin. Results computed from SPECKLE -I indicate that the effective fuel conductivity increases with temperature, fill gas pressure and with the extent of sintering occuring between the fuel spheres. As gas release occurs, the effective conductivity is altered by the fission gas and the pressure buildup in the free volume. The fuel temperature, initially high, decreases significantly due to restructuring and is affected by the compensating effects of gas release and pressure buildup. The extent of restructuring and porosity redistribution increases with the fuel power. Fuel swelling and gas release are essentially controlled by the fuel microstructure and porosity. The results indicate that the extent of fuel restructuring affects swelling and gas release. As gas release occurs, the pressure of the fill gas increases significantly, its temperature remaining almost constant. Results from SPECKLE-I were compared with several fuel irradiations. The agreement obtained between predicted and measured thermal components suggests that SPECKLE-I is a valuable first step for evaluating the thermal response of irradiated sphere-pac mixed carbide fuel. The performance of this code, however, can be improved by further model development and experimental studies of phenomena not fully characterized. Close

• 2209. [Article] Genetic and phenotypic variation associated with the resistance gene SOD1 in Biomphalaria glabrata, an important intermediate host of Schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis afflicts 200 million people and is responsible for 200,000 deaths per year. The infection is caused by a digenean trematode in the genus Schistosoma. The parasite must cycle through both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetic and phenotypic variation associated with the resistance gene SOD1 in Biomphalaria glabrata, an important intermediate host of Schistosomiasis Author: Bonner, Kaitlin M. Schistosomiasis afflicts 200 million people and is responsible for 200,000 deaths per year. The infection is caused by a digenean trematode in the genus Schistosoma. The parasite must cycle through both a vertebrate (human) and invertebrate (snail) host to complete the life cycle. My dissertation focuses on the genetic mechanisms of resistance in the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Understanding the underlying mechanisms controlling resistance in the intermediate host is essential for elucidating transmission dynamics and the development of appropriate biological control techniques. Much of what we know about the resistance of the intermediate host has been determined using established laboratory strains of both the snail and trematode species. The B. glabrata/S. mansoni system serves as a model system for studying schistosomiasis. Resistance to parasite infection in the snail is highly heritable. While many genes have been implicated, allelic variation correlating with resistance has only been observed at a single gene, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). SOD1 is functionally relevant because it catalyzes the conversion of the highly reactive superoxide into the less reactive hydrogen peroxide and water. In the snail, hydrogen peroxide is released as part of the immune response to the invading parasite. The goal of my dissertation was to further evaluate SOD1 as a resistance locus. In the second chapter I examined allelic variation at SOD1 and looked for evidence of selection on SOD1 in natural populations of B. glabrata. To determine the utility of SOD1 as a resistance locus in natural populations, we needed to first determine if there was indeed allelic variation in natural population of B. glabrata. This is important because if the alleles do not co-occur in natural populations, then the relative selective advantage of one allele over another in terms of resistance would be of little ecological relevance in natural transmission zones. Variation at SOD1 in natural populations cannot be assumed because the initial study describing the correlation between resistance to infection and allelic variation used a hybrid laboratory strain of B. glabrata (13-16-R1). Therefore, we did not know if the co-occurrence of particular alleles at SOD1 in the 13-16-R1 lab strain was a natural phenomenon or is an artifact of the breeding history of the strain. In this study we were able to identify the likely geographic origins of the alleles in the lab strain 13-16-R1 and determine that different alleles do co-occur in some natural populations. Additionally, we found heterozygote excess at SOD1 in all the populations segregating for the allele that confers highest resistance in 13-16-R1. This result raises the possibility that overdominance is acting at SOD1 or some locus closely linked to it. Title: Genetic and phenotypic variation associated with the resistance gene SOD1 in Biomphalaria glabrata, an important intermediate host of Schistosomiasis Author: Bonner, Kaitlin M. Schistosomiasis afflicts 200 million people and is responsible for 200,000 deaths per year. The infection is caused by a digenean trematode in the genus Schistosoma. The parasite must cycle through both a vertebrate (human) and invertebrate (snail) host to complete the life cycle. My dissertation focuses on the genetic mechanisms of resistance in the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Understanding the underlying mechanisms controlling resistance in the intermediate host is essential for elucidating transmission dynamics and the development of appropriate biological control techniques. Much of what we know about the resistance of the intermediate host has been determined using established laboratory strains of both the snail and trematode species. The B. glabrata/S. mansoni system serves as a model system for studying schistosomiasis. Resistance to parasite infection in the snail is highly heritable. While many genes have been implicated, allelic variation correlating with resistance has only been observed at a single gene, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). SOD1 is functionally relevant because it catalyzes the conversion of the highly reactive superoxide into the less reactive hydrogen peroxide and water. In the snail, hydrogen peroxide is released as part of the immune response to the invading parasite. The goal of my dissertation was to further evaluate SOD1 as a resistance locus. In the second chapter I examined allelic variation at SOD1 and looked for evidence of selection on SOD1 in natural populations of B. glabrata. To determine the utility of SOD1 as a resistance locus in natural populations, we needed to first determine if there was indeed allelic variation in natural population of B. glabrata. This is important because if the alleles do not co-occur in natural populations, then the relative selective advantage of one allele over another in terms of resistance would be of little ecological relevance in natural transmission zones. Variation at SOD1 in natural populations cannot be assumed because the initial study describing the correlation between resistance to infection and allelic variation used a hybrid laboratory strain of B. glabrata (13-16-R1). Therefore, we did not know if the co-occurrence of particular alleles at SOD1 in the 13-16-R1 lab strain was a natural phenomenon or is an artifact of the breeding history of the strain. In this study we were able to identify the likely geographic origins of the alleles in the lab strain 13-16-R1 and determine that different alleles do co-occur in some natural populations. Additionally, we found heterozygote excess at SOD1 in all the populations segregating for the allele that confers highest resistance in 13-16-R1. This result raises the possibility that overdominance is acting at SOD1 or some locus closely linked to it. Close

• 2210. [Article] New insights on an old topic : understanding the effects of forest harvest on trout in the context of climate

  Studies of the effects of forest harvest on streams and fish have a long history in the Pacific Northwest. Results of this work have prompted development of new forest harvest practices that are more protective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New insights on an old topic : understanding the effects of forest harvest on trout in the context of climate Author: Penaluna, Brooke E. Studies of the effects of forest harvest on streams and fish have a long history in the Pacific Northwest. Results of this work have prompted development of new forest harvest practices that are more protective of these resources, but the effectiveness of these new practices has not been fully evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of contemporary forest harvest in the context of climate change are poorly understood. To address these issues, my overall research goal was to understand how water quality, water quantity, and instream habitat influence individuals and corresponding population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). My work was designed to complement field results from a new generation of watershed studies currently underway in western Oregon. I combined semi-natural experiments with modeling based on field observations to understand fundamental causes and processes influencing trout. This multifaceted approach provided a novel process-based perspective on issues related to forest harvest and climate. In Chapter 2, I evaluated individual- and population-level responses of coastal cutthroat trout to instream cover. Although the influences of forest harvest on stream flow, temperature, and turbidity are often the focus, instream cover may be strongly influenced by forest harvest. In addition, restoration of instream cover is now a common practice, but the importance of cover itself to stream-living fishes is still a major question. To address this issue, I conducted large-scale manipulative experiments in outdoor semi-natural stream units to approximate conditions experienced by trout in headwater streams in western Oregon. I determined that infrequent cover use by trout leads to emigration. Next, I built upon key ideas within stream ecology related to the importance of location within a landscape to aquatic biota, which have been explored and debated extensively. The variability in population responses across similar locations within a landscape is less understood. My objective in Chapter 3 was to understand the variability in population biomass of coastal cutthroat trout across headwater streams by understanding of the relative roles of two general classes of variables that occur in headwater streams: dynamic environmental regimes and relatively fixed habitat structure. I provided evidence that environmental regimes contribute to biomass variability while also being constrained by the habitat structure, given the range of conditions that I was able to simulate. Although the effects of contemporary forest harvest and climate change occur simultaneously, they are not typically considered together, as they are in Chapter 4. Here, I tracked population responses of trout, including biomass, survival, growth, and timing of emergence during six decades across four modeled headwater streams using the same individual-based trout model as in Chapter 3. I modeled four scenarios: 1) baseline conditions (simulation of existing conditions); 2) effects of contemporary forest harvest; 3) effects of climate change; and 4) the combined effects of forest harvest and climate change. Differences among scenarios were tied to changes in flow and temperature regimes. Here, I found that there was a high degree of local variability in the responses that I simulated. Whereas localized responses to forest harvest have been observed, my findings contrast with the vast majority of work on species responses to climate change, most of which reports relatively synchronous or uniform responses. I highlighted the role of individual variability of trout and local variability of streams, which ultimately suggest that some individuals and populations of trout may be more vulnerable than others to the effects of forest harvest, climate change, or both processes together. Title: New insights on an old topic : understanding the effects of forest harvest on trout in the context of climate Author: Penaluna, Brooke E. Studies of the effects of forest harvest on streams and fish have a long history in the Pacific Northwest. Results of this work have prompted development of new forest harvest practices that are more protective of these resources, but the effectiveness of these new practices has not been fully evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of contemporary forest harvest in the context of climate change are poorly understood. To address these issues, my overall research goal was to understand how water quality, water quantity, and instream habitat influence individuals and corresponding population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). My work was designed to complement field results from a new generation of watershed studies currently underway in western Oregon. I combined semi-natural experiments with modeling based on field observations to understand fundamental causes and processes influencing trout. This multifaceted approach provided a novel process-based perspective on issues related to forest harvest and climate. In Chapter 2, I evaluated individual- and population-level responses of coastal cutthroat trout to instream cover. Although the influences of forest harvest on stream flow, temperature, and turbidity are often the focus, instream cover may be strongly influenced by forest harvest. In addition, restoration of instream cover is now a common practice, but the importance of cover itself to stream-living fishes is still a major question. To address this issue, I conducted large-scale manipulative experiments in outdoor semi-natural stream units to approximate conditions experienced by trout in headwater streams in western Oregon. I determined that infrequent cover use by trout leads to emigration. Next, I built upon key ideas within stream ecology related to the importance of location within a landscape to aquatic biota, which have been explored and debated extensively. The variability in population responses across similar locations within a landscape is less understood. My objective in Chapter 3 was to understand the variability in population biomass of coastal cutthroat trout across headwater streams by understanding of the relative roles of two general classes of variables that occur in headwater streams: dynamic environmental regimes and relatively fixed habitat structure. I provided evidence that environmental regimes contribute to biomass variability while also being constrained by the habitat structure, given the range of conditions that I was able to simulate. Although the effects of contemporary forest harvest and climate change occur simultaneously, they are not typically considered together, as they are in Chapter 4. Here, I tracked population responses of trout, including biomass, survival, growth, and timing of emergence during six decades across four modeled headwater streams using the same individual-based trout model as in Chapter 3. I modeled four scenarios: 1) baseline conditions (simulation of existing conditions); 2) effects of contemporary forest harvest; 3) effects of climate change; and 4) the combined effects of forest harvest and climate change. Differences among scenarios were tied to changes in flow and temperature regimes. Here, I found that there was a high degree of local variability in the responses that I simulated. Whereas localized responses to forest harvest have been observed, my findings contrast with the vast majority of work on species responses to climate change, most of which reports relatively synchronous or uniform responses. I highlighted the role of individual variability of trout and local variability of streams, which ultimately suggest that some individuals and populations of trout may be more vulnerable than others to the effects of forest harvest, climate change, or both processes together. Close