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• 2181. [Article] Isolation and partial characterization of bovine rumen muscle proteins

  Investigations were conducted to determine the nature, type, functional properties and the amounts of different proteins found in bovine rumen tissue. Data concerning the effect of pH and salt concentration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isolation and partial characterization of bovine rumen muscle proteins Author: Perera, Conrad Ostwald Investigations were conducted to determine the nature, type, functional properties and the amounts of different proteins found in bovine rumen tissue. Data concerning the effect of pH and salt concentration on the extractability of proteins from rumen tissue indicated that 92% of the proteins could be extracted in aqueous solutions at either pH 3.0 or 10.0. Rumen tissue proteins showed the least solubility in the pH range of 5 to 6. Two protein isolates having distinct compositional differences were obtained from the pH 10.0 aqueous extract by successively lowering the pH to 7.0 and 5.4. The supernatant remaining from the isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.4 contained one major sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoretic band corresponding to a subunit molecular weight of 67,000. However, bands corresponding to the four major contractile proteins were not detected. SDS-gel electrophoresis was used to identify the proteins in fresh rumen tissue, in the various extracts and in the protein isolates. The gels were subjected to densitometric analysis to obtain an estimate of the contractile proteins contained in the various samples. The protein isolate obtained at an isoelectric precipitation of pH 7.0 contained 28% myosin, 65% actin and 7% unidentified proteins but no troponin or tropomyosin. The isolate obtained at pH 5.4 contained 20% myosin, 40% actin, 19% troponin, 11% tropomyosin and 10% unidentified proteins. The protein extract at pH 10.0 contained 12% myosin, 35% actin, 9.5% troponin, 13% tropomyosin and 30.5% unidentified proteins. Based on 92% protein extractability at pH 10.0 and assuming only the stroma proteins to be insoluble at this pH, the protein composition of the fresh bovine rumen tissue was calculated to be 11% myosin, 32% actin, 9% troponin, 12% tropomyosin, 8% stroma, and 28% unidentified proteins. When the rumen tissue was homogenized in distilled water at neutral pH, 5% of the total soluble protein was myosin, 45% actin, 22% troponin and 20% tropomyosin. However, once the contractile proteins of the rumen tissue were purified, their solubility properties were similar to those of skeletal muscle contractile proteins. Contractile proteins purified from rumen and skeletal muscle yielded identical R [subscript m] values on SDS gel electrophoresis, and their estimated molecular weights were similar. Myosin from both rumen and skeletal muscle gave similar elution patterns on DEAE Sephadex A-50 columns. In each case, the major myosin peak emerged at a KC1 concentration of about 0.1 M. The ATPase activity of rumen myosin was lower at low ionic strengths but higher at high ionic strengths than that of skeletal myosin. The activity of both types of myosin was stimulated by Ca⁺⁺ and EDTA but inhibited by Mg⁺⁺. Amino acid analysis of rumen and skeletal myosins were similar, although rumen myosin had lower levels of lysine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine, and higher levels of glycine, valine, methionine and tyrosine, than skeletal myosin. Rumen and skeletal actin differed somewhat in amino acid composition. The most notable differences were the higher contents of glutamic acid and lysine in the rumen actin. The emulsifying capacity of the two rumen protein isolates were about 30% lower than that of the skeletal muscle proteins. However, the rumen protein isolates showed excellent stability and consistency which were judged to be comparable to those of skeletal muscle proteins. Rumen protein extracts and isolates showed excellent whippability and foam stability characteristics that were found to be equivalent to dried, reconstituted egg albumen. Title: Isolation and partial characterization of bovine rumen muscle proteins Author: Perera, Conrad Ostwald Investigations were conducted to determine the nature, type, functional properties and the amounts of different proteins found in bovine rumen tissue. Data concerning the effect of pH and salt concentration on the extractability of proteins from rumen tissue indicated that 92% of the proteins could be extracted in aqueous solutions at either pH 3.0 or 10.0. Rumen tissue proteins showed the least solubility in the pH range of 5 to 6. Two protein isolates having distinct compositional differences were obtained from the pH 10.0 aqueous extract by successively lowering the pH to 7.0 and 5.4. The supernatant remaining from the isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.4 contained one major sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoretic band corresponding to a subunit molecular weight of 67,000. However, bands corresponding to the four major contractile proteins were not detected. SDS-gel electrophoresis was used to identify the proteins in fresh rumen tissue, in the various extracts and in the protein isolates. The gels were subjected to densitometric analysis to obtain an estimate of the contractile proteins contained in the various samples. The protein isolate obtained at an isoelectric precipitation of pH 7.0 contained 28% myosin, 65% actin and 7% unidentified proteins but no troponin or tropomyosin. The isolate obtained at pH 5.4 contained 20% myosin, 40% actin, 19% troponin, 11% tropomyosin and 10% unidentified proteins. The protein extract at pH 10.0 contained 12% myosin, 35% actin, 9.5% troponin, 13% tropomyosin and 30.5% unidentified proteins. Based on 92% protein extractability at pH 10.0 and assuming only the stroma proteins to be insoluble at this pH, the protein composition of the fresh bovine rumen tissue was calculated to be 11% myosin, 32% actin, 9% troponin, 12% tropomyosin, 8% stroma, and 28% unidentified proteins. When the rumen tissue was homogenized in distilled water at neutral pH, 5% of the total soluble protein was myosin, 45% actin, 22% troponin and 20% tropomyosin. However, once the contractile proteins of the rumen tissue were purified, their solubility properties were similar to those of skeletal muscle contractile proteins. Contractile proteins purified from rumen and skeletal muscle yielded identical R [subscript m] values on SDS gel electrophoresis, and their estimated molecular weights were similar. Myosin from both rumen and skeletal muscle gave similar elution patterns on DEAE Sephadex A-50 columns. In each case, the major myosin peak emerged at a KC1 concentration of about 0.1 M. The ATPase activity of rumen myosin was lower at low ionic strengths but higher at high ionic strengths than that of skeletal myosin. The activity of both types of myosin was stimulated by Ca⁺⁺ and EDTA but inhibited by Mg⁺⁺. Amino acid analysis of rumen and skeletal myosins were similar, although rumen myosin had lower levels of lysine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine, and higher levels of glycine, valine, methionine and tyrosine, than skeletal myosin. Rumen and skeletal actin differed somewhat in amino acid composition. The most notable differences were the higher contents of glutamic acid and lysine in the rumen actin. The emulsifying capacity of the two rumen protein isolates were about 30% lower than that of the skeletal muscle proteins. However, the rumen protein isolates showed excellent stability and consistency which were judged to be comparable to those of skeletal muscle proteins. Rumen protein extracts and isolates showed excellent whippability and foam stability characteristics that were found to be equivalent to dried, reconstituted egg albumen. Close

• 2182. [Article] Some effects of sulfur fertilization on the nutrient value of subclover-grass forage

  Pastures consisting of mixtures of subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) and grasses have responded to sulfur fertilization on many sites in Douglas County, Oregon. The objectives of this study were to examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some effects of sulfur fertilization on the nutrient value of subclover-grass forage Author: McCarthy, Michael J. Pastures consisting of mixtures of subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) and grasses have responded to sulfur fertilization on many sites in Douglas County, Oregon. The objectives of this study were to examine specific changes in forage quality which occur as sulfur is applied in excess of the amount required for maximum yield of dry matter. Plant samples and yield data were obtained from field plots treated with 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 pounds of sulfur per acre in the form of gypsum. Samples were then examined for species composition, total nitrogen, total sulfur and in vitro digestibility. Dry matter yields were not significantly increased by sulfur application. However, the percentage of clover in the forage changed significantly. The amount of clover increased from 42% in the check plot to 81% when 20 pounds of sulfur per acre was applied. As the sulfur rate increased up to 160 pounds per acre, the percentage of subclover declined to 65%. Subclover has a higher requirement for sulfur than the grasses. This is reflected by the sharp increase in clover with the application of 20 pounds of sulfur per acre. At higher rates of sulfur application, the companion grasses became competitive with the clover, apparently due to the addition of nitrogen to the plant community through biological fixation. The increase in nitrogen and sulfur content with increasing sulfur fertilization was highly significant for both the grass and clover. The increase in the nitrogen content of the grass from 1. 2% in the check plot to 1.8% at the rate of 160 pounds of sulfur is attributed to underground transfer of nitrogen from the clover to the grass. The sulfur content increased at a more rapid rate than did the nitrogen content which resulted in a narrowing of the nitrogen to sulfur ratio. The nitrogen to sulfur ratio narrowed from 14:1 to 9:1 in the grass, from 22:1 to 13:1 in the clover and from 18:1 to 12:1 in the forage as sulfur application was increased from 0 to 160 pounds per acre. Average digestibility as measured with the in vitro technique was 36 and 49% respectively for grass and clover. Digestibility of the forage increased significantly with sulfur applications, while the digestibility of the grass or clover measured separately was not changed. In summary, sulfur fertilization influences the quality of subclover-grass forage largely through changes in species composition, nitrogen content, and by narrowing the nitrogen to sulfur ratio. The increase in forage digestibility is due primarily to the change in species composition and nitrogen content. Title: Some effects of sulfur fertilization on the nutrient value of subclover-grass forage Author: McCarthy, Michael J. Pastures consisting of mixtures of subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) and grasses have responded to sulfur fertilization on many sites in Douglas County, Oregon. The objectives of this study were to examine specific changes in forage quality which occur as sulfur is applied in excess of the amount required for maximum yield of dry matter. Plant samples and yield data were obtained from field plots treated with 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 pounds of sulfur per acre in the form of gypsum. Samples were then examined for species composition, total nitrogen, total sulfur and in vitro digestibility. Dry matter yields were not significantly increased by sulfur application. However, the percentage of clover in the forage changed significantly. The amount of clover increased from 42% in the check plot to 81% when 20 pounds of sulfur per acre was applied. As the sulfur rate increased up to 160 pounds per acre, the percentage of subclover declined to 65%. Subclover has a higher requirement for sulfur than the grasses. This is reflected by the sharp increase in clover with the application of 20 pounds of sulfur per acre. At higher rates of sulfur application, the companion grasses became competitive with the clover, apparently due to the addition of nitrogen to the plant community through biological fixation. The increase in nitrogen and sulfur content with increasing sulfur fertilization was highly significant for both the grass and clover. The increase in the nitrogen content of the grass from 1. 2% in the check plot to 1.8% at the rate of 160 pounds of sulfur is attributed to underground transfer of nitrogen from the clover to the grass. The sulfur content increased at a more rapid rate than did the nitrogen content which resulted in a narrowing of the nitrogen to sulfur ratio. The nitrogen to sulfur ratio narrowed from 14:1 to 9:1 in the grass, from 22:1 to 13:1 in the clover and from 18:1 to 12:1 in the forage as sulfur application was increased from 0 to 160 pounds per acre. Average digestibility as measured with the in vitro technique was 36 and 49% respectively for grass and clover. Digestibility of the forage increased significantly with sulfur applications, while the digestibility of the grass or clover measured separately was not changed. In summary, sulfur fertilization influences the quality of subclover-grass forage largely through changes in species composition, nitrogen content, and by narrowing the nitrogen to sulfur ratio. The increase in forage digestibility is due primarily to the change in species composition and nitrogen content. Close

• 2183. [Article] Identification of potential copper and molybdenum livestock nutrition problems with forage analysis

  Copper deficiency and Mo-induced Cu deficiency are nutrition problems of ruminant livestock in the Burns and Klamath Falls area of Oregon. Chemical analysis of plant and soil samples was used to survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification of potential copper and molybdenum livestock nutrition problems with forage analysis Author: Kresge, Paul Owen Copper deficiency and Mo-induced Cu deficiency are nutrition problems of ruminant livestock in the Burns and Klamath Falls area of Oregon. Chemical analysis of plant and soil samples was used to survey Cu and Mo levels in forage in these areas. The objectives were to assess the possibility of animal nutrition problems and to study the relationship between forage levels of Cu and Mo and plant species, stage of plant maturity, time of growing season, management factors, and soil characteristics. A total of approximately 400 plant samples was collected during the 1972 grazing season. The samples from Burns were taken from an alfalfa maturity experiment, improved pastures, native meadows, and a forage nursery. The legumes sampled were alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Ladino clover (Trifolium repens), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia). Grasses sampled were Fawn tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manchar brome (Bromus inermis), Greenar and Oahe intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium), wildrye (Elymus triticoides), Rush (Juncus sp.), and Sedge (Carex sp.). The Klamath samples were from an Alta tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)-quack-grass (Agropyron repens) comparison and from 13 sites on a variety of pastures throughout the area. In addition to alfalfa, clover, sedge, rush, Alta fescue and quackgrass, the species sampled were Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and meadow foxtail (Alopecuris pratensis). Most of the sites were clipped periodically to simulate grazing and were sampled at two week intervals from May through August. Plant analysis was valuable for indicating the type of livestock nutrition problem encountered in a particular area. The Burns forage contained high levels of Mo and a Mo-induced Cu deficiency is probable. The survey in the Klamath area identified two sites on muck soils with potentially toxic Mo levels. Several sites had such low Cu levels that uncomplicated Cu deficiency may be a problem in livestock. A wide range of values was encountered and forage analysis would be valuable for identifying problems on a local basis. Large differences were found in Cu and Mo levels between plant species. Legumes contained much higher levels of Cu and Mo than did grasses. Changes in maturity, or clipping interval, had different effects on Cu and Mo content for grasses and legumes. Alfalfa was found to decrease in Cu and Mo content with increased maturity. However, legumes in pastures maintained relatively constant levels through the grazing season. Many grasses were found to decrease markedly in Cu levels, and some to increase in Mo levels as the season progressed. This may result in a reduction in the Cu/Mo ratio through the season. Forage analysis was shown to be a valuable technique for identifying potential Cu and Mo livestock nutrition problems and for investigating environmental and management factors which may regulate Cu and Mo levels in forage plants. Title: Identification of potential copper and molybdenum livestock nutrition problems with forage analysis Author: Kresge, Paul Owen Copper deficiency and Mo-induced Cu deficiency are nutrition problems of ruminant livestock in the Burns and Klamath Falls area of Oregon. Chemical analysis of plant and soil samples was used to survey Cu and Mo levels in forage in these areas. The objectives were to assess the possibility of animal nutrition problems and to study the relationship between forage levels of Cu and Mo and plant species, stage of plant maturity, time of growing season, management factors, and soil characteristics. A total of approximately 400 plant samples was collected during the 1972 grazing season. The samples from Burns were taken from an alfalfa maturity experiment, improved pastures, native meadows, and a forage nursery. The legumes sampled were alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Ladino clover (Trifolium repens), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia). Grasses sampled were Fawn tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manchar brome (Bromus inermis), Greenar and Oahe intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium), wildrye (Elymus triticoides), Rush (Juncus sp.), and Sedge (Carex sp.). The Klamath samples were from an Alta tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)-quack-grass (Agropyron repens) comparison and from 13 sites on a variety of pastures throughout the area. In addition to alfalfa, clover, sedge, rush, Alta fescue and quackgrass, the species sampled were Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), and meadow foxtail (Alopecuris pratensis). Most of the sites were clipped periodically to simulate grazing and were sampled at two week intervals from May through August. Plant analysis was valuable for indicating the type of livestock nutrition problem encountered in a particular area. The Burns forage contained high levels of Mo and a Mo-induced Cu deficiency is probable. The survey in the Klamath area identified two sites on muck soils with potentially toxic Mo levels. Several sites had such low Cu levels that uncomplicated Cu deficiency may be a problem in livestock. A wide range of values was encountered and forage analysis would be valuable for identifying problems on a local basis. Large differences were found in Cu and Mo levels between plant species. Legumes contained much higher levels of Cu and Mo than did grasses. Changes in maturity, or clipping interval, had different effects on Cu and Mo content for grasses and legumes. Alfalfa was found to decrease in Cu and Mo content with increased maturity. However, legumes in pastures maintained relatively constant levels through the grazing season. Many grasses were found to decrease markedly in Cu levels, and some to increase in Mo levels as the season progressed. This may result in a reduction in the Cu/Mo ratio through the season. Forage analysis was shown to be a valuable technique for identifying potential Cu and Mo livestock nutrition problems and for investigating environmental and management factors which may regulate Cu and Mo levels in forage plants. Close

• 2184. [Article] A follow-up of the graduates of Agricultural Education at Oregon State Univeristy

  Agricultural education at the high school level, like all vocational programs, is expanding vertically as well as horizontally. With this increased emphasis placed on vocational agriculture, the shortage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A follow-up of the graduates of Agricultural Education at Oregon State Univeristy Author: Ferguson, John Marshall Agricultural education at the high school level, like all vocational programs, is expanding vertically as well as horizontally. With this increased emphasis placed on vocational agriculture, the shortage of teachers is already being felt and the situation will, in all probability, become more critical. The expansion of the programs to include off-farm agricultural businesses is placing additional pressures on the men in the field who received their training a number of years ago. The primary purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the men who majored in Agricultural Education, Oregon State University, have been placed in teaching and to gather information which will be of value to the Agricultural Education Department in order that continuing evaluation studies can be made. Information dealing with retention of teacher were given particular attention. The graduates of the period January 1950 through June 1964 were divided into two separate groups. The men who had remained in the teaching profession were designated as group 1; the men who left the profession were placed in group 2. Two separate questionnaires were used. The first page of both questionnaires and was designed to gather information common to both groups. The second page was designed to gather information according to the group the individual graduate was placed in. There were two mailings of questionnaires used in the study. The first mailing was sent in April 1962 to the graduates of the period January 1950 through June 1959. In January 1966 questionnaires were again circulated. This mailing included all the respondents of the first mailing who were still teaching vocational agriculture. It also included those graduates of the period January 1960 through June 1964. The findings of the study were: 1. Most (81.2 percent) graduates of the Agricultural Education, Oregon State University do enter teaching vocational agriculture the first year. 2. Oregon's drop-out rate after the first year of teaching is well below the national average. 3. The greater the age of the graduate upon entry, the less likely he is to stay with vocational agriculture. 4. Opportunity seems to be the most important factor in a graduate's making the final decision to stay with teaching vocational agriculture or to use it as a stepping stone to another occupation. 5. There appears to be some indication that the entry school plays a part in causing a graduate to remain in the profession longer or to drop out. 6. The median length of service at the entry school was found to be 3.82 years. 7. The mean number of years of service was found to be 5.25 and the median to be 4.5 years. 8. The most significant fact revealed by the rankings of those leaving the profession was the monetary gain was more important to them than service. This in an opposite viewpoint from those remaining in the profession. 9.The largest group of graduates who leave the profession stay in the field of education either as classroom teachers of other subject matter areas or as administrators. Title: A follow-up of the graduates of Agricultural Education at Oregon State Univeristy Author: Ferguson, John Marshall Agricultural education at the high school level, like all vocational programs, is expanding vertically as well as horizontally. With this increased emphasis placed on vocational agriculture, the shortage of teachers is already being felt and the situation will, in all probability, become more critical. The expansion of the programs to include off-farm agricultural businesses is placing additional pressures on the men in the field who received their training a number of years ago. The primary purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the men who majored in Agricultural Education, Oregon State University, have been placed in teaching and to gather information which will be of value to the Agricultural Education Department in order that continuing evaluation studies can be made. Information dealing with retention of teacher were given particular attention. The graduates of the period January 1950 through June 1964 were divided into two separate groups. The men who had remained in the teaching profession were designated as group 1; the men who left the profession were placed in group 2. Two separate questionnaires were used. The first page of both questionnaires and was designed to gather information common to both groups. The second page was designed to gather information according to the group the individual graduate was placed in. There were two mailings of questionnaires used in the study. The first mailing was sent in April 1962 to the graduates of the period January 1950 through June 1959. In January 1966 questionnaires were again circulated. This mailing included all the respondents of the first mailing who were still teaching vocational agriculture. It also included those graduates of the period January 1960 through June 1964. The findings of the study were: 1. Most (81.2 percent) graduates of the Agricultural Education, Oregon State University do enter teaching vocational agriculture the first year. 2. Oregon's drop-out rate after the first year of teaching is well below the national average. 3. The greater the age of the graduate upon entry, the less likely he is to stay with vocational agriculture. 4. Opportunity seems to be the most important factor in a graduate's making the final decision to stay with teaching vocational agriculture or to use it as a stepping stone to another occupation. 5. There appears to be some indication that the entry school plays a part in causing a graduate to remain in the profession longer or to drop out. 6. The median length of service at the entry school was found to be 3.82 years. 7. The mean number of years of service was found to be 5.25 and the median to be 4.5 years. 8. The most significant fact revealed by the rankings of those leaving the profession was the monetary gain was more important to them than service. This in an opposite viewpoint from those remaining in the profession. 9.The largest group of graduates who leave the profession stay in the field of education either as classroom teachers of other subject matter areas or as administrators. Close

• 2185. [Article] Part I: Synthesis and evaluation of synosutine as an inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters Part II: Asymmetric approach to the tetracyclic core of neomangicol A

  Part I: Racemic and asymmetric syntheses of a new substance with prospective antidepressant properties were achieved. In vitro assays with synthetic racemates (±)-25 and (±)-26 suggested that the former ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Part I: Synthesis and evaluation of synosutine as an inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters Part II: Asymmetric approach to the tetracyclic core of neomangicol A Author: Juniku, Rajan B. Part I: Racemic and asymmetric syntheses of a new substance with prospective antidepressant properties were achieved. In vitro assays with synthetic racemates (±)-25 and (±)-26 suggested that the former is a relatively selective inhibitor of serotonin transporter whereas the latter is a more balanced inhibitor of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporter. An initial approach to enantiomers of 25 and 26 via resolution of carboxylic acids 21 and 22 was unsuccessful but a de novo strategy which introduced asymmetry by means of Charette enantioselective cyclopropanation led to (+)-25, (-)-25, (+)-26 and (-)-26. In vitro assays with (+)-26, now known as synosutine synthesis/OSU), indicate that this substance is a highly effective dual inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter. With IC₅₀ and K[subscript i] values in the 1-2 nM range, (+)-26 compares favorably with Eli Lilly's duloxetine (Cymbalta®) as a dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine and is thus a potential candidate for development as a drug for treatment of clinical depression. Synosutine was also assayed in vivo for its binding to human monoamine transporters. These studies indicate that synosutine, with a K[subscript i] of 1.2 nM for norepinephrine and 2.1 nM for serotonin, is a more balanced inhibitor than duloxetin. Part II: Synthetic studies towards the tetracyclic core structure of neomangicol A (129) led to advanced intermediate 245 which bears rings A and D of the neomangicol nucleus. This bicylic enone carries the correct stereochemical imprint for tetracycle 129 at C5, C6 and C14 and it contains all of carbon atoms needed to assemble the remaining two rings. Synthesis of bicyclic lactone 170, the precursor for ring A, was accomplished from the monoterpene (S)-(+)-carvone via radical cyclization and a series of Baeyer-Villiger oxidations as the key steps. Alkylation of 170 with alkyl iodide 217, obtained from the monoterpene (S)-(-)-citronellol furnished advanced intermediate 218 which was converted into diene 244. Ring closing metathesis of 244 with Grubbs-Hoveyda second generation catalyst afforded 245. Exploratory functionalization of 245 was carried out for the purpose of assembling rings B and C of the complete neomangicol skeleton. Title: Part I: Synthesis and evaluation of synosutine as an inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters Part II: Asymmetric approach to the tetracyclic core of neomangicol A Author: Juniku, Rajan B. Part I: Racemic and asymmetric syntheses of a new substance with prospective antidepressant properties were achieved. In vitro assays with synthetic racemates (±)-25 and (±)-26 suggested that the former is a relatively selective inhibitor of serotonin transporter whereas the latter is a more balanced inhibitor of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporter. An initial approach to enantiomers of 25 and 26 via resolution of carboxylic acids 21 and 22 was unsuccessful but a de novo strategy which introduced asymmetry by means of Charette enantioselective cyclopropanation led to (+)-25, (-)-25, (+)-26 and (-)-26. In vitro assays with (+)-26, now known as synosutine synthesis/OSU), indicate that this substance is a highly effective dual inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter. With IC₅₀ and K[subscript i] values in the 1-2 nM range, (+)-26 compares favorably with Eli Lilly's duloxetine (Cymbalta®) as a dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine and is thus a potential candidate for development as a drug for treatment of clinical depression. Synosutine was also assayed in vivo for its binding to human monoamine transporters. These studies indicate that synosutine, with a K[subscript i] of 1.2 nM for norepinephrine and 2.1 nM for serotonin, is a more balanced inhibitor than duloxetin. Part II: Synthetic studies towards the tetracyclic core structure of neomangicol A (129) led to advanced intermediate 245 which bears rings A and D of the neomangicol nucleus. This bicylic enone carries the correct stereochemical imprint for tetracycle 129 at C5, C6 and C14 and it contains all of carbon atoms needed to assemble the remaining two rings. Synthesis of bicyclic lactone 170, the precursor for ring A, was accomplished from the monoterpene (S)-(+)-carvone via radical cyclization and a series of Baeyer-Villiger oxidations as the key steps. Alkylation of 170 with alkyl iodide 217, obtained from the monoterpene (S)-(-)-citronellol furnished advanced intermediate 218 which was converted into diene 244. Ring closing metathesis of 244 with Grubbs-Hoveyda second generation catalyst afforded 245. Exploratory functionalization of 245 was carried out for the purpose of assembling rings B and C of the complete neomangicol skeleton. Close

• 2186. [Article] The Cerro Guacha caldera complex : an upper Miocene-Pliocene polycyclic volcano-tectonic structure in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes of Bolivia

  Four multicyclic complex calderas and smaller ignimbrite shields located within the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes (APVC) erupted 13000 km³ of magma within the last 11 Ma. One of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cerro Guacha caldera complex : an upper Miocene-Pliocene polycyclic volcano-tectonic structure in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes of Bolivia Author: Iriarte, Rodrigo Four multicyclic complex calderas and smaller ignimbrite shields located within the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes (APVC) erupted 13000 km³ of magma within the last 11 Ma. One of the largest and most complex of these is the Cerro Guacha Caldera. Ar-Ar age determinations and paleomagnetic directions suggest that the Cerro Guacha Caldera was formed by two major eruptions, caldera collapse, resurgence cycles and several smaller eruptions. Two major ignimbrites (> 600 km³) are found with ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar from biotites and sanidines of 5.65 ± 0.01Ma for the 1300 km³ (magma volume) Guacha ignimbrite and 3.49 ± 0.01Ma for the 800 km³ Tara Ignimbrite. The last major eruption occurred on the western flank producing the 1.72 ± 0.02 Ma Puripica Chico Ignimbrite with a volume of approximately 10 km³. Characteristic remanent magnetization data (ChRM) for these ignimbrites show that the Guacha has reverse polarity, while the Tara is normally polarized and the magnetic fingerprints have allowed their current full extents to be identified. A conspicuous lineament of volcanic structures in the eastern part of the caldera, bordering a caldera moat, filled out welded ignimbrites and sedimentary lacustrine sequences suggest an earlier 60x40 km outer collapse associated with the Guacha explosive episode. A central graben formed on the Guacha welded ignimbrite is related to a first episode of resurgence. Evidence of a second 30 x15 km inner collapse includes offset of welded Guacha ignimbrites and alignment of lava domes associated with the Tara ignimbrite. A second resurgence episode is suggested by the presence of an uplifted central block consisting primarily of welded Tara ignimbrite. As a whole the three ignimbrites (Guacha, Tara and Puripica Chico) share the same petrological and geochemical characteristics: high-K series, compositional ranges from dacite to rhyolite, with andesitic members present as lavas (for the Guacha and Puripica Chico Ignimbrites) and as pumices (for the Tara Ignimbrite). Highest silica content is found in the Chajnantor dome. Rayleigh modeling for Ba, Rb and Sr suggests at least 60% of crystal fractionation to account for the compositional variation between the Guacha andesite and the Chajnantor dome. Dy/Hb ratio increases with time from the Guacha andesite to the Negreal andesite suggesting stabilization of garnet owing to crustal thickening. Fe-Ti exchange geothermometry for the Tara Ignimbrite yielded log fO₂ values ranging from -13.06 to -13.38 and temperatures of 714° to 801°C. Amphibole geobarometry yielded pressures ranging from 150 to 180 MPa equivalent to 5.3 and 6.4 km depth respectively for the Tara Ignimbrite; the pressures range between 133 to 242 MPa, equivalent to 5.0 to 9.2 km depth for the Guacha Ignimbrite. The zircon saturation method yielded saturation temperatures of 716° and 705°C for the Guacha and Chajnantor dome respectively and 784°C for the Tara Ignimbrite. The zircon crystallization range for the magmas of the Cerro Guacha Caldera is 1.25 Ma for the Guacha Ignimbrite; 1.09 Ma for the Puripica Chico Ignimbrite and 0.95 Ma for the Tara Ignimbrite. Recycling of antecrystic zircons within the caldera magmas is continuos through time. Title: The Cerro Guacha caldera complex : an upper Miocene-Pliocene polycyclic volcano-tectonic structure in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes of Bolivia Author: Iriarte, Rodrigo Four multicyclic complex calderas and smaller ignimbrite shields located within the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes (APVC) erupted 13000 km³ of magma within the last 11 Ma. One of the largest and most complex of these is the Cerro Guacha Caldera. Ar-Ar age determinations and paleomagnetic directions suggest that the Cerro Guacha Caldera was formed by two major eruptions, caldera collapse, resurgence cycles and several smaller eruptions. Two major ignimbrites (> 600 km³) are found with ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar from biotites and sanidines of 5.65 ± 0.01Ma for the 1300 km³ (magma volume) Guacha ignimbrite and 3.49 ± 0.01Ma for the 800 km³ Tara Ignimbrite. The last major eruption occurred on the western flank producing the 1.72 ± 0.02 Ma Puripica Chico Ignimbrite with a volume of approximately 10 km³. Characteristic remanent magnetization data (ChRM) for these ignimbrites show that the Guacha has reverse polarity, while the Tara is normally polarized and the magnetic fingerprints have allowed their current full extents to be identified. A conspicuous lineament of volcanic structures in the eastern part of the caldera, bordering a caldera moat, filled out welded ignimbrites and sedimentary lacustrine sequences suggest an earlier 60x40 km outer collapse associated with the Guacha explosive episode. A central graben formed on the Guacha welded ignimbrite is related to a first episode of resurgence. Evidence of a second 30 x15 km inner collapse includes offset of welded Guacha ignimbrites and alignment of lava domes associated with the Tara ignimbrite. A second resurgence episode is suggested by the presence of an uplifted central block consisting primarily of welded Tara ignimbrite. As a whole the three ignimbrites (Guacha, Tara and Puripica Chico) share the same petrological and geochemical characteristics: high-K series, compositional ranges from dacite to rhyolite, with andesitic members present as lavas (for the Guacha and Puripica Chico Ignimbrites) and as pumices (for the Tara Ignimbrite). Highest silica content is found in the Chajnantor dome. Rayleigh modeling for Ba, Rb and Sr suggests at least 60% of crystal fractionation to account for the compositional variation between the Guacha andesite and the Chajnantor dome. Dy/Hb ratio increases with time from the Guacha andesite to the Negreal andesite suggesting stabilization of garnet owing to crustal thickening. Fe-Ti exchange geothermometry for the Tara Ignimbrite yielded log fO₂ values ranging from -13.06 to -13.38 and temperatures of 714° to 801°C. Amphibole geobarometry yielded pressures ranging from 150 to 180 MPa equivalent to 5.3 and 6.4 km depth respectively for the Tara Ignimbrite; the pressures range between 133 to 242 MPa, equivalent to 5.0 to 9.2 km depth for the Guacha Ignimbrite. The zircon saturation method yielded saturation temperatures of 716° and 705°C for the Guacha and Chajnantor dome respectively and 784°C for the Tara Ignimbrite. The zircon crystallization range for the magmas of the Cerro Guacha Caldera is 1.25 Ma for the Guacha Ignimbrite; 1.09 Ma for the Puripica Chico Ignimbrite and 0.95 Ma for the Tara Ignimbrite. Recycling of antecrystic zircons within the caldera magmas is continuos through time. Close

• 2187. [Article] Initiation and spread of footrot of wheat caused by Cercosporella herpotrichoides

  Footrot of wheat (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron) is a major disease of winter wheat in certain areas of the world having a cool, damp winter and early spring climate. In Oregon, it is an economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Initiation and spread of footrot of wheat caused by Cercosporella herpotrichoides Author: Rowe, Randall Charles Footrot of wheat (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron) is a major disease of winter wheat in certain areas of the world having a cool, damp winter and early spring climate. In Oregon, it is an economic problem in the higher rainfall wheat-growing areas in the eastern portion of the state. This study was undertaken to obtain basic information concerning inoculum production, initiation of infection and epidemic development of this disease. The activity of the fungus is strongly controlled by its microclimate, requiring cool, damp conditions for optimal activity. Temperature is the primary factor regulating inoculum production, as abundant moisture is not usually a limiting factor under field conditions from late fall through early spring. Maximum sporulation occurred at 10 C, decreased to insignificant amounts above 20 C and ceased below 0 C and above 30 C. Under fluctuating temperatures, abundant sporulation continued when day temperatures were in the optimal range (8-12 C), as long as the duration of sub-0 C night temperatures (-5 C) did not exceed 14 hrs. A method of evaluating fluctuating temperature regimes was developed by calculating Daily Thermal Sporulation Coefficients (DTSC). The amount of sporulation is a function of the total hours of favorable and unfavorable temperatures that occur daily as reflected by DTSC values. Active sporulation periods are defined as periods of at least 2-3 weeks duration in which the humidity near the soil remains near saturation, the air temperature is above freezing for more than 8 hrs /day, and the average DTSC is above 50. Maximum sporulation levels can be maintained continuously up to 50 days under these conditions. Sporulation periods were identified from field temperature data and used to assess seasonal epidemic potential. The temperature range over which infection can occur is identical to that for sporulation. Infection requires free moisture and is stimulated by the presence of exogenous nutrients, while continued high humidity favors lesion development. All aerial plant tissues, including leaf blades, are susceptible to infection if these requirements are met; susceptibility increasing with tissue age. Infection occurs naturally at the base of the plant by colonization of senescent leaf sheaths, enabling the fungus to establish a food base and increase its infection potential. Rapid colonization of these tissues also provides a protected infection court free from moisture stress, enabling the fungus to overcome the resistance of underlying green tissues. Movement of infection from point sources of inoculum was evaluated in the field. Slopes of disease gradients calculated by plotting the log percent infection against the log distance from the inoculum source were less than slopes calculated from a rain splash model system and decreased throughout the growing season. The effective dispersal range of the fungus was only 3-4 feet. Plants located 3 feet from the inoculum source showed 50% infection 88 days later than those located 1 foot away. Apparent infection rates (r) were low (.005-.011) as compared with cereal rusts (. 100 -. 500). An increase in r was noted in mid-spring in plots with inoculum but not in plots where the inoculum was removed. This indicates that early spring as well as late fall is an important infection period. Analysis of the data fits Van der Plank's "simple interest" model which suggests no role for secondary inoculum in the disease cycle. This is supported by field observations showing abundant sporulation on stubble and negligible amounts on new lesions. Title: Initiation and spread of footrot of wheat caused by Cercosporella herpotrichoides Author: Rowe, Randall Charles Footrot of wheat (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron) is a major disease of winter wheat in certain areas of the world having a cool, damp winter and early spring climate. In Oregon, it is an economic problem in the higher rainfall wheat-growing areas in the eastern portion of the state. This study was undertaken to obtain basic information concerning inoculum production, initiation of infection and epidemic development of this disease. The activity of the fungus is strongly controlled by its microclimate, requiring cool, damp conditions for optimal activity. Temperature is the primary factor regulating inoculum production, as abundant moisture is not usually a limiting factor under field conditions from late fall through early spring. Maximum sporulation occurred at 10 C, decreased to insignificant amounts above 20 C and ceased below 0 C and above 30 C. Under fluctuating temperatures, abundant sporulation continued when day temperatures were in the optimal range (8-12 C), as long as the duration of sub-0 C night temperatures (-5 C) did not exceed 14 hrs. A method of evaluating fluctuating temperature regimes was developed by calculating Daily Thermal Sporulation Coefficients (DTSC). The amount of sporulation is a function of the total hours of favorable and unfavorable temperatures that occur daily as reflected by DTSC values. Active sporulation periods are defined as periods of at least 2-3 weeks duration in which the humidity near the soil remains near saturation, the air temperature is above freezing for more than 8 hrs /day, and the average DTSC is above 50. Maximum sporulation levels can be maintained continuously up to 50 days under these conditions. Sporulation periods were identified from field temperature data and used to assess seasonal epidemic potential. The temperature range over which infection can occur is identical to that for sporulation. Infection requires free moisture and is stimulated by the presence of exogenous nutrients, while continued high humidity favors lesion development. All aerial plant tissues, including leaf blades, are susceptible to infection if these requirements are met; susceptibility increasing with tissue age. Infection occurs naturally at the base of the plant by colonization of senescent leaf sheaths, enabling the fungus to establish a food base and increase its infection potential. Rapid colonization of these tissues also provides a protected infection court free from moisture stress, enabling the fungus to overcome the resistance of underlying green tissues. Movement of infection from point sources of inoculum was evaluated in the field. Slopes of disease gradients calculated by plotting the log percent infection against the log distance from the inoculum source were less than slopes calculated from a rain splash model system and decreased throughout the growing season. The effective dispersal range of the fungus was only 3-4 feet. Plants located 3 feet from the inoculum source showed 50% infection 88 days later than those located 1 foot away. Apparent infection rates (r) were low (.005-.011) as compared with cereal rusts (. 100 -. 500). An increase in r was noted in mid-spring in plots with inoculum but not in plots where the inoculum was removed. This indicates that early spring as well as late fall is an important infection period. Analysis of the data fits Van der Plank's "simple interest" model which suggests no role for secondary inoculum in the disease cycle. This is supported by field observations showing abundant sporulation on stubble and negligible amounts on new lesions. Close

• 2188. [Article] Characterizing Linkages Between the Climate, Cryosphere, and Impacts on Run-of-River Hydropower in Data-Sparse Mountain Environments

  In many regions of the world, a significant portion of the surface water originates in mountain headwaters where the timing and magnitude of streamflow is largely dictated by the seasonal storage of precipitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterizing Linkages Between the Climate, Cryosphere, and Impacts on Run-of-River Hydropower in Data-Sparse Mountain Environments Author: Mosier, Thomas M. In many regions of the world, a significant portion of the surface water originates in mountain headwaters where the timing and magnitude of streamflow is largely dictated by the seasonal storage of precipitation as snowpack and long-term storage as glaciers. Accumulation, persistence, and melt of snow and ice are functions of the climate in which they exist and therefore respond to changes in that climate. One important use of water in many regions is for hydropower energy production. While reservoir-based hydropower infrastructure has some ability to absorb changes in timing of streamflow, run-of-river hydropower infrastructure does not. Thus, in assessing the economic feasibility of new or existing run-of-river infrastructure, it is important to account for potential impacts climate change may have over the lifetime of the project. Projecting impacts of climate change on surface water resources, and in particular on run-of-river hydropower resource potential, requires robustly characterizing the linkages between the climate, cryosphere, and streamflow. Two obstacles to increasing our understanding of mountain systems are the sparsity of observation data and complexity of weather patterns. The first part of my research addresses the issue of climate data availability in mountain regions through development of statistical models to characterize the high-spatial resolution distribution of historic and projected future precipitation and temperature. I demonstrate these climate products through projecting long-term changes in snowfall for the Alaska Range, Alps, Central Andes, and Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges. I then present a framework for assessing conceptual cryosphere hydrology models and implement the framework for two long-term glacier study sites in Alaska, USA. Using this framework, I identify novel formulations for modeling the heat transfer and energy balance of snowpacks and glaciers that improve model robustness relative to the current generation of cryosphere hydrology models typically used in data-sparse mountain environments. I then demonstrate a method for understanding the impacts of projected future climate change on run-of-river hydropower resource potential, using Falls Creek in Oregon, USA as a test case. A core value of this work is producing models that can be straightforwardly applied to any region, thus decreasing the impacts of data disparities between regions on our ability to characterize climate change impacts on mountain regions. Title: Characterizing Linkages Between the Climate, Cryosphere, and Impacts on Run-of-River Hydropower in Data-Sparse Mountain Environments Author: Mosier, Thomas M. In many regions of the world, a significant portion of the surface water originates in mountain headwaters where the timing and magnitude of streamflow is largely dictated by the seasonal storage of precipitation as snowpack and long-term storage as glaciers. Accumulation, persistence, and melt of snow and ice are functions of the climate in which they exist and therefore respond to changes in that climate. One important use of water in many regions is for hydropower energy production. While reservoir-based hydropower infrastructure has some ability to absorb changes in timing of streamflow, run-of-river hydropower infrastructure does not. Thus, in assessing the economic feasibility of new or existing run-of-river infrastructure, it is important to account for potential impacts climate change may have over the lifetime of the project. Projecting impacts of climate change on surface water resources, and in particular on run-of-river hydropower resource potential, requires robustly characterizing the linkages between the climate, cryosphere, and streamflow. Two obstacles to increasing our understanding of mountain systems are the sparsity of observation data and complexity of weather patterns. The first part of my research addresses the issue of climate data availability in mountain regions through development of statistical models to characterize the high-spatial resolution distribution of historic and projected future precipitation and temperature. I demonstrate these climate products through projecting long-term changes in snowfall for the Alaska Range, Alps, Central Andes, and Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges. I then present a framework for assessing conceptual cryosphere hydrology models and implement the framework for two long-term glacier study sites in Alaska, USA. Using this framework, I identify novel formulations for modeling the heat transfer and energy balance of snowpacks and glaciers that improve model robustness relative to the current generation of cryosphere hydrology models typically used in data-sparse mountain environments. I then demonstrate a method for understanding the impacts of projected future climate change on run-of-river hydropower resource potential, using Falls Creek in Oregon, USA as a test case. A core value of this work is producing models that can be straightforwardly applied to any region, thus decreasing the impacts of data disparities between regions on our ability to characterize climate change impacts on mountain regions. Close

• 2189. [Article] Concepts and practices of career education in two elementary school districts in Oregon

  This study was conducted to discover whether two elementary school districts, one committed to career education and the other not committed, would show a significant difference in their response to 60 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Concepts and practices of career education in two elementary school districts in Oregon Author: Baker, John Harvard, 1934- This study was conducted to discover whether two elementary school districts, one committed to career education and the other not committed, would show a significant difference in their response to 60 statements about career education and its practice. The study was also designed to determine to what degree students and teachers would differ in their response. Other important objectives were to ascertain whether the integration of academic and vocational education is perceived as a viable career education method of instruction. Additional aims were discerning the characteristics which identify career education generally and career awareness specifically as well as identifying the various methodologies used for career awareness education. A questionnaire, refined by a jury panel of career educators and two field tests, was administered to 140 sixth grade students and 12 sixth grade teachers from each district. Responses were given on a five-point Likert type of scale. The readability level was set at early fifth grade using the Fry graph. Means and standard deviations were computed for each item and the data were analyzed to test three hypotheses: H₁ There is no school effect, H₂ There is no personal effect, and H₃ There is no interaction effect. The F statistic was the basis for computing the analysis of variance. The critical significance level was set at α = . 05. Five H₁ hypotheses were rejected, twenty H₂ hypotheses were rejected, and four H₃ hypotheses were rejected. The data showed that the career education district teachers were much more in agreement with identified career education concepts and practices than were the teachers in the non-career district. However, little congruity was indicated between all students and all teachers concerning career education concepts and practices, while considerable agreement between students was indicated. Both teacher groups showed less variability of response on their answers than did students. The literature indicated a broad definition for career education. Career awareness is defined with more agreement. Work preparedness was presented by most career education authors as central to the career education movement. An integration of various school disciplines was seen as an essential teaching method as was the assimilation of career education into all levels of the existing curriculum. In a total school articulation career awareness is presented as the time to become aware of the variety and value of work and the awareness of self within the knowledge of the possibilities in the world of work. It was recommended that this or similar studies be made on the elementary, junior and senior high levels to determine to what extent the findings of this study might be duplicated. The study also points out the need for teacher training institutions to provide more extensive pre- and in-service career education instruction dealing with both the concepts and practices (methodology) of career education. Title: Concepts and practices of career education in two elementary school districts in Oregon Author: Baker, John Harvard, 1934- This study was conducted to discover whether two elementary school districts, one committed to career education and the other not committed, would show a significant difference in their response to 60 statements about career education and its practice. The study was also designed to determine to what degree students and teachers would differ in their response. Other important objectives were to ascertain whether the integration of academic and vocational education is perceived as a viable career education method of instruction. Additional aims were discerning the characteristics which identify career education generally and career awareness specifically as well as identifying the various methodologies used for career awareness education. A questionnaire, refined by a jury panel of career educators and two field tests, was administered to 140 sixth grade students and 12 sixth grade teachers from each district. Responses were given on a five-point Likert type of scale. The readability level was set at early fifth grade using the Fry graph. Means and standard deviations were computed for each item and the data were analyzed to test three hypotheses: H₁ There is no school effect, H₂ There is no personal effect, and H₃ There is no interaction effect. The F statistic was the basis for computing the analysis of variance. The critical significance level was set at α = . 05. Five H₁ hypotheses were rejected, twenty H₂ hypotheses were rejected, and four H₃ hypotheses were rejected. The data showed that the career education district teachers were much more in agreement with identified career education concepts and practices than were the teachers in the non-career district. However, little congruity was indicated between all students and all teachers concerning career education concepts and practices, while considerable agreement between students was indicated. Both teacher groups showed less variability of response on their answers than did students. The literature indicated a broad definition for career education. Career awareness is defined with more agreement. Work preparedness was presented by most career education authors as central to the career education movement. An integration of various school disciplines was seen as an essential teaching method as was the assimilation of career education into all levels of the existing curriculum. In a total school articulation career awareness is presented as the time to become aware of the variety and value of work and the awareness of self within the knowledge of the possibilities in the world of work. It was recommended that this or similar studies be made on the elementary, junior and senior high levels to determine to what extent the findings of this study might be duplicated. The study also points out the need for teacher training institutions to provide more extensive pre- and in-service career education instruction dealing with both the concepts and practices (methodology) of career education. Close

• 2190. [Article] Bottom-up cost modeling for vanadium redox flow battery component manufacturing

  In the U.S. there are increasing energy demands that require an ever-increasing need for the large-scale use of new energy resources. Specifically, sporadic renewable energy sources are being incorporated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bottom-up cost modeling for vanadium redox flow battery component manufacturing Author: Southworth, Zachary J. In the U.S. there are increasing energy demands that require an ever-increasing need for the large-scale use of new energy resources. Specifically, sporadic renewable energy sources are being incorporated into utility energy portfolios. Thus, supporting stationary energy storage technologies are needed to make these renewable sources reliable and feasible for grid-scale use. Large-scale redox flow battery systems (RFB), such as the vanadium redox flow battery system (VRB), are being investigated to determine if they are capable of meeting these energy storage needs. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released 2015 performance cost targets for grid-scale energy and power needs. Cost models are able to accurately estimate component manufacturing costs, production system costs, and cost targets. There is a need for a new bottom-up cost modeling methodology to assess RFB components produced by continuous web production methods in order to investigate the feasibility of meeting cost targets, as well as to understand the cost drivers and trends that are directing RFB component costs. An existing bottom-up process-based method for discrete part manufacturing is modified for the development of this new methodology. Cost models are created for three VRB stack components: the bipolar plate, felt electrode, and proton exchange membrane. Key information used to create the cost models was obtained from equipment suppliers, experts, and the research literature. This involved researching manufacturing methods and determining details for 25 state-of-the-art production operations for each of these components. Over 50 equipment and raw material suppliers are also investigated to produce this work. Additionally, over 30 budgetary quotes are obtained, along with over 50 equipment and raw material cost values from literature, and 40 supplemental equipment costs posted on company websites. Results from the cost models show U.S. DOE performance cost targets can be met for the components and VRB network investigated. The primary cost drivers are found to be the raw material and utility costs. The most sensitive cost parameters for the bipolar plates, felt electrode, and proton exchange membrane are the raw graphite flake costs, web width, and Nafion® ionomer costs, respectively. Identified cost reduction opportunities include increasing the web widths, selecting alternative raw materials, and increasing the production rate of each manufacturing line. Alternative thermal processing operations and equipment should be investigated, as these accounted for over 30% of capital costs. These results indicate that Nafion® ionomer cost is the primary cost driver for the cell stack components investigated, even when speculative future high volume prices are used. Finally, the cost model results can be used to determine competitive cost strategies for the production of these components. Title: Bottom-up cost modeling for vanadium redox flow battery component manufacturing Author: Southworth, Zachary J. In the U.S. there are increasing energy demands that require an ever-increasing need for the large-scale use of new energy resources. Specifically, sporadic renewable energy sources are being incorporated into utility energy portfolios. Thus, supporting stationary energy storage technologies are needed to make these renewable sources reliable and feasible for grid-scale use. Large-scale redox flow battery systems (RFB), such as the vanadium redox flow battery system (VRB), are being investigated to determine if they are capable of meeting these energy storage needs. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released 2015 performance cost targets for grid-scale energy and power needs. Cost models are able to accurately estimate component manufacturing costs, production system costs, and cost targets. There is a need for a new bottom-up cost modeling methodology to assess RFB components produced by continuous web production methods in order to investigate the feasibility of meeting cost targets, as well as to understand the cost drivers and trends that are directing RFB component costs. An existing bottom-up process-based method for discrete part manufacturing is modified for the development of this new methodology. Cost models are created for three VRB stack components: the bipolar plate, felt electrode, and proton exchange membrane. Key information used to create the cost models was obtained from equipment suppliers, experts, and the research literature. This involved researching manufacturing methods and determining details for 25 state-of-the-art production operations for each of these components. Over 50 equipment and raw material suppliers are also investigated to produce this work. Additionally, over 30 budgetary quotes are obtained, along with over 50 equipment and raw material cost values from literature, and 40 supplemental equipment costs posted on company websites. Results from the cost models show U.S. DOE performance cost targets can be met for the components and VRB network investigated. The primary cost drivers are found to be the raw material and utility costs. The most sensitive cost parameters for the bipolar plates, felt electrode, and proton exchange membrane are the raw graphite flake costs, web width, and Nafion® ionomer costs, respectively. Identified cost reduction opportunities include increasing the web widths, selecting alternative raw materials, and increasing the production rate of each manufacturing line. Alternative thermal processing operations and equipment should be investigated, as these accounted for over 30% of capital costs. These results indicate that Nafion® ionomer cost is the primary cost driver for the cell stack components investigated, even when speculative future high volume prices are used. Finally, the cost model results can be used to determine competitive cost strategies for the production of these components. Close