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• 2121. [Article] Surface and subsurface geology of the Simi Valley area, Ventura County, California

  Surface and subsurface mapping are combined to determine the structure and geologic history of the eastern half of the Simi fault in the Simi Valley area. Upper Cretaceous rocks exposed south and east ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface and subsurface geology of the Simi Valley area, Ventura County, California Author: Hanson, David Wayne Surface and subsurface mapping are combined to determine the structure and geologic history of the eastern half of the Simi fault in the Simi Valley area. Upper Cretaceous rocks exposed south and east of the Simi Valley are overlain unconformably by the nonmarine Simi Conglomerate of Paleocene age. The Marine Paleocene unit conformably overlies and is locally interbedded with the Simi Conglomerate; it is composed of Simi Conglomerate clasts that were reworked during a marine transgression. Siltstone of the Santa Susana Formation conformably overlies the Marine Paleocene unit, disconformably overlies the Simi Conglomerate, and was deposited in a deepening marine basin. The overlying Llajas Formation was deposited during a marine regressive-transgressive-regressive cycle. The latter regression continued in late Eocene time with deposition of the overlying nonmarine Sespe Formation. Extension and normal faulting followed deposition of the Sespe, with the early Miocene Vaqueros Formation being deposited unconformably over the Sespe. Formation of the Simi anticline and Simi fault occurred after deposition of the Vaqueros and prior to the deposition of the Conejo Volcanics, and resulted in 3850 feet (1173 m) of separation along the Simi fault in the western part of the study area. The Conejo Volcanics were erupted into a structurally controlled marine basin in the Santa Monica Mountains-Conejo Hills area during the middle Miocene. The flows extended northward over the Simi fault to the southwest flank of Big Mountain. Sedimentary rocks of the Topanga Formation were deposited prior to, during, and after deposition of the Conejo Volcanics. The Neogene Topanga, Modelo, and Pico Formations in the Simi Valley area are thin, discontinuous, and bounded by unconformities, with the late Miocene to early Pliocene Towsley Formation being entirely absent. This implies that the Neogene in the Simi Valley area was characterized by shallow-water sedimentation interrupted by periods of nondeposition and erosion, and is in contrast to the conformable, predominately deep-water Neogene sequence present in the East Ventura basin. The Neogene sequence contains evidence that the Simi Valley became a structural high during the early Miocene and remained elevated through the Pliocene. Formation of the south-dipping Marr, Brugher, Llajas, Ybarra Canyon, and possibly the Corredo faults is assumed to have occurred during Pico deposition, coincident with the formation of the south-dipping Frew fault in the Aliso Canyon area. Movement along the present trace of the Simi fault truncated the Marr fault and is assumed to have occurred subsequent to Pico deposition. The northdipping C.D.L.B., Strathearn, and Joughin faults are inferred to have formed at this time, and ceased movement prior to the deposition of the Saugus Formation. Folding of the Happy Camp syncline occurred after deposition of the Saugus, possibly in response to the same northeast-southwest-oriented stressfield that formed the Santa Susana fault. The Simi fault cuts older alluvium east of Tapo Canyon, but does not cut slump blocks of Conejo Volcanic that overlie the fault north of Tierra Rejada Valley. Title: Surface and subsurface geology of the Simi Valley area, Ventura County, California Author: Hanson, David Wayne Surface and subsurface mapping are combined to determine the structure and geologic history of the eastern half of the Simi fault in the Simi Valley area. Upper Cretaceous rocks exposed south and east of the Simi Valley are overlain unconformably by the nonmarine Simi Conglomerate of Paleocene age. The Marine Paleocene unit conformably overlies and is locally interbedded with the Simi Conglomerate; it is composed of Simi Conglomerate clasts that were reworked during a marine transgression. Siltstone of the Santa Susana Formation conformably overlies the Marine Paleocene unit, disconformably overlies the Simi Conglomerate, and was deposited in a deepening marine basin. The overlying Llajas Formation was deposited during a marine regressive-transgressive-regressive cycle. The latter regression continued in late Eocene time with deposition of the overlying nonmarine Sespe Formation. Extension and normal faulting followed deposition of the Sespe, with the early Miocene Vaqueros Formation being deposited unconformably over the Sespe. Formation of the Simi anticline and Simi fault occurred after deposition of the Vaqueros and prior to the deposition of the Conejo Volcanics, and resulted in 3850 feet (1173 m) of separation along the Simi fault in the western part of the study area. The Conejo Volcanics were erupted into a structurally controlled marine basin in the Santa Monica Mountains-Conejo Hills area during the middle Miocene. The flows extended northward over the Simi fault to the southwest flank of Big Mountain. Sedimentary rocks of the Topanga Formation were deposited prior to, during, and after deposition of the Conejo Volcanics. The Neogene Topanga, Modelo, and Pico Formations in the Simi Valley area are thin, discontinuous, and bounded by unconformities, with the late Miocene to early Pliocene Towsley Formation being entirely absent. This implies that the Neogene in the Simi Valley area was characterized by shallow-water sedimentation interrupted by periods of nondeposition and erosion, and is in contrast to the conformable, predominately deep-water Neogene sequence present in the East Ventura basin. The Neogene sequence contains evidence that the Simi Valley became a structural high during the early Miocene and remained elevated through the Pliocene. Formation of the south-dipping Marr, Brugher, Llajas, Ybarra Canyon, and possibly the Corredo faults is assumed to have occurred during Pico deposition, coincident with the formation of the south-dipping Frew fault in the Aliso Canyon area. Movement along the present trace of the Simi fault truncated the Marr fault and is assumed to have occurred subsequent to Pico deposition. The northdipping C.D.L.B., Strathearn, and Joughin faults are inferred to have formed at this time, and ceased movement prior to the deposition of the Saugus Formation. Folding of the Happy Camp syncline occurred after deposition of the Saugus, possibly in response to the same northeast-southwest-oriented stressfield that formed the Santa Susana fault. The Simi fault cuts older alluvium east of Tapo Canyon, but does not cut slump blocks of Conejo Volcanic that overlie the fault north of Tierra Rejada Valley. Close

• 2122. [Article] Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District

  Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Close

• 2123. [Article] Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report

  Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T., Noone, Matthew D. Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program. Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 mapping and monitoring report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T., Noone, Matthew D. Report from the Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University. Pacific Northwest Landscape Assessment and Mapping Program. Close

• 2124. [Article] Measure 37 report and recommendations to Sen. Floyd J. Prozanski, Jr., Rep. Gregory H. Macpherson, Co-Chairs, Joint Special Committee on Land Use Fairness, 2007 Legislative Session

  In summary, as detailed below in Section III, we recommend the 2007 Legislature put Measure 37 back on the track of fair and honest compensation for all claimants, and corral the threat to Willamette Valley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measure 37 report and recommendations to Sen. Floyd J. Prozanski, Jr., Rep. Gregory H. Macpherson, Co-Chairs, Joint Special Committee on Land Use Fairness, 2007 Legislative Session Author: Atiyeh, Victor, Roberts, Barbara, 1936-, Gray, John D. (John Delton), 1919- In summary, as detailed below in Section III, we recommend the 2007 Legislature put Measure 37 back on the track of fair and honest compensation for all claimants, and corral the threat to Willamette Valley agriculture at the same time, by providing as follows: • Whether in the form of a payment of money or in the form of a waiver, compensation should be based on losses landowners actually experienced; • Waivers approved on that basis should be transferable; • Compensation should be based on the proposal by Oregonians in Action submitted to the Oregon Supreme Court on December 5, 2005 (Appendix A), i.e. compensation should equal the reduction in value caused by the enforcement of a land use regulation at the time of its enforcement, plus interest paid on that loss, from the date of enforcement to the date the claim is filed; • The value of a prohibited development right, like a farm homesite, is compensable, notwithstanding strongly rising farm land market values; • The size of waivers should be based on loss of value, not an arbitrary “cap;” • Compensation should take into account property tax reductions for farm and forest land received since 1974; • A landowner who could build a house when a tract of land was purchased may build a house on that tract today, despite a later adopted land use regulation; • Counties and DLCD should be given an extension of time to process the recent flood of claims; • No “freeze” or “suspension” for filed claims or building permits demanding 2-9 home sites until a statewide vote on the Legislature’s changes to Measure 37; • Filed claims demanding 2-9 lots will be given extensions to amend claims to show reduction in value, and that the waiver sought is equal in value to the owner’s loss; claims and permits may then proceed; • For certain claimants who filed claims and incurred certain expenses, a tax credit could provide for recoupment of documented expenses up to $5,000; • The 28% of claims seeking subdivisions of 10-500 lots or more will be suspended pending voter approval of the Legislature’s adjustments to Measure 37; if the measure is approved, such claims may be amended to show reduction in value as recommended here; • The Legislature should refer modifications to Measure 37 to the September 2007 ballot. In developing this report, we acknowledge assistance provided by Henry R. Richmond, Executive Director, American Land Institute; professors Andrew J. Plantinga and William K. Jaeger, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University; and Dr. Sheila M. Martin, Director, and Erik Rundell, Graduate Research Assistant, Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies, Portland State University. Title: Measure 37 report and recommendations to Sen. Floyd J. Prozanski, Jr., Rep. Gregory H. Macpherson, Co-Chairs, Joint Special Committee on Land Use Fairness, 2007 Legislative Session Author: Atiyeh, Victor, Roberts, Barbara, 1936-, Gray, John D. (John Delton), 1919- In summary, as detailed below in Section III, we recommend the 2007 Legislature put Measure 37 back on the track of fair and honest compensation for all claimants, and corral the threat to Willamette Valley agriculture at the same time, by providing as follows: • Whether in the form of a payment of money or in the form of a waiver, compensation should be based on losses landowners actually experienced; • Waivers approved on that basis should be transferable; • Compensation should be based on the proposal by Oregonians in Action submitted to the Oregon Supreme Court on December 5, 2005 (Appendix A), i.e. compensation should equal the reduction in value caused by the enforcement of a land use regulation at the time of its enforcement, plus interest paid on that loss, from the date of enforcement to the date the claim is filed; • The value of a prohibited development right, like a farm homesite, is compensable, notwithstanding strongly rising farm land market values; • The size of waivers should be based on loss of value, not an arbitrary “cap;” • Compensation should take into account property tax reductions for farm and forest land received since 1974; • A landowner who could build a house when a tract of land was purchased may build a house on that tract today, despite a later adopted land use regulation; • Counties and DLCD should be given an extension of time to process the recent flood of claims; • No “freeze” or “suspension” for filed claims or building permits demanding 2-9 home sites until a statewide vote on the Legislature’s changes to Measure 37; • Filed claims demanding 2-9 lots will be given extensions to amend claims to show reduction in value, and that the waiver sought is equal in value to the owner’s loss; claims and permits may then proceed; • For certain claimants who filed claims and incurred certain expenses, a tax credit could provide for recoupment of documented expenses up to $5,000; • The 28% of claims seeking subdivisions of 10-500 lots or more will be suspended pending voter approval of the Legislature’s adjustments to Measure 37; if the measure is approved, such claims may be amended to show reduction in value as recommended here; • The Legislature should refer modifications to Measure 37 to the September 2007 ballot. In developing this report, we acknowledge assistance provided by Henry R. Richmond, Executive Director, American Land Institute; professors Andrew J. Plantinga and William K. Jaeger, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University; and Dr. Sheila M. Martin, Director, and Erik Rundell, Graduate Research Assistant, Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies, Portland State University. Close

• 2125. [Article] A study of the application of Judicious discipline, a constitutional perspective for school rules and decisions in selected Oregon school districts

  The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of teachers at the elementary, middle, and high school levels toward student rights and classroom management. Specifically this study was designed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the application of Judicious discipline, a constitutional perspective for school rules and decisions in selected Oregon school districts Author: McEwan, Barbara The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of teachers at the elementary, middle, and high school levels toward student rights and classroom management. Specifically this study was designed to analyze the effect Judicious Discipline: A Constitutional Perspective for School Rules and Decisions had upon teacher attitudes toward student rights and behaviors in the classroom. The instrument to measure teacher attitudes toward student rights and classroom management was constructed from two separate attitude inventories: the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory (Cook, Leeds, and Callis, 1952) and the Questionnaire on Teacher Attitudes (Menacker and Pascarella, 1983). The attitude inventory was field-tested and submitted to the DELPHI panel to establish content validity. Participants in this study included the teaching staffs of ten elementary schools, four middle schools, and five high schools located in Corvallis, Carlton, Beaverton, and Lincoln County, Oregon. Respondents to the study were inservice teachers who attended workshops based on the concepts of Judicious Discipline and presented by the author, Dr. Forrest Gathercoal. Pretest inventories were administered immediately prior to the presentations. Posttest inventories were administered six months after the workshop. Two null hypotheses were tested to determine whether there was a significant difference in attitudes toward student rights and classroom management among elementary, middle, and high school teachers and between pretest and posttest data. The hypotheses were tested for significance at the .05 level. Null hypothesis one which stated there was no significant difference among elementary, middle, and high school teachers in attitudes toward student rights and classroom management was retained. Null hypothesis two which stated there was no significant difference between data gathered on the pretest and postest was retained. Descriptive data gathered through interviews did reveal an attitudinal change in some respondents as a result of workshops reviewing concepts of Judicious Discipline: A Constitutional Perspective for School Rules and Decisions, (Gathercoal, 1987). All respondents to the survey were provided with copies of Judicious Discipline to be used as a reference during time of the study. Trends manifested by analysis of means from elementary, middle, and high school teachers failed to indicate consistent differences at the .05 level among the three groups. Similarly, trends manifested by analysis of pretest and posttest results did not reveal significant differences at the .05 level. However, descriptive data collected through interviews with respondents indicated high levels of interest and practical applicability of Judicious Discipline (Gathercoal, 1986). Title: A study of the application of Judicious discipline, a constitutional perspective for school rules and decisions in selected Oregon school districts Author: McEwan, Barbara The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of teachers at the elementary, middle, and high school levels toward student rights and classroom management. Specifically this study was designed to analyze the effect Judicious Discipline: A Constitutional Perspective for School Rules and Decisions had upon teacher attitudes toward student rights and behaviors in the classroom. The instrument to measure teacher attitudes toward student rights and classroom management was constructed from two separate attitude inventories: the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory (Cook, Leeds, and Callis, 1952) and the Questionnaire on Teacher Attitudes (Menacker and Pascarella, 1983). The attitude inventory was field-tested and submitted to the DELPHI panel to establish content validity. Participants in this study included the teaching staffs of ten elementary schools, four middle schools, and five high schools located in Corvallis, Carlton, Beaverton, and Lincoln County, Oregon. Respondents to the study were inservice teachers who attended workshops based on the concepts of Judicious Discipline and presented by the author, Dr. Forrest Gathercoal. Pretest inventories were administered immediately prior to the presentations. Posttest inventories were administered six months after the workshop. Two null hypotheses were tested to determine whether there was a significant difference in attitudes toward student rights and classroom management among elementary, middle, and high school teachers and between pretest and posttest data. The hypotheses were tested for significance at the .05 level. Null hypothesis one which stated there was no significant difference among elementary, middle, and high school teachers in attitudes toward student rights and classroom management was retained. Null hypothesis two which stated there was no significant difference between data gathered on the pretest and postest was retained. Descriptive data gathered through interviews did reveal an attitudinal change in some respondents as a result of workshops reviewing concepts of Judicious Discipline: A Constitutional Perspective for School Rules and Decisions, (Gathercoal, 1987). All respondents to the survey were provided with copies of Judicious Discipline to be used as a reference during time of the study. Trends manifested by analysis of means from elementary, middle, and high school teachers failed to indicate consistent differences at the .05 level among the three groups. Similarly, trends manifested by analysis of pretest and posttest results did not reveal significant differences at the .05 level. However, descriptive data collected through interviews with respondents indicated high levels of interest and practical applicability of Judicious Discipline (Gathercoal, 1986). Close

• 2126. [Article] Public perceptions of wave energy on the Oregon coast

  Oregon’s coastal communities grew from the booming logging and fishing industries of the 19th century, but in recent decades have faced not only major declines in both timber and fish resources but also ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public perceptions of wave energy on the Oregon coast Author: Hunter, Daniel A. Oregon’s coastal communities grew from the booming logging and fishing industries of the 19th century, but in recent decades have faced not only major declines in both timber and fish resources but also an increasing reliance on tourists and retirees and the resultant glut of seasonal service-sector jobs. As a burgeoning new industry, wave energy development promises not only a renaissance of family-wage jobs for coastal residents but also the opportunity to fulfill the mandate of the state’s Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) of 2006. However, not all coastal residents express enthusiasm for wave energy, and some feel directly threatened by specific development proposals. This study examines public perceptions of the wave energy development process among six categories of coastal stakeholders including local government, commercial fishing, tourism enterprises, recreation, environmentalists, and general citizenry (including retirees and residents not included in the above categories). Forty-seven residents across three coastal counties facing potential development were asked a set of questions during semi-structured interviews to assess: 1) an emic definition of the concept of “community well-being,” 2) the nature of residents’ knowledge and understanding of wave energy technology, and 3) the perceived potential impacts of wave energy technology on community well-being. Impacts were organized into five categories (environmental, economic, aesthetic, vocational, and psychological) utilizing an opportunity-threat analysis framework. The degree to which impacts were viewed as either threats or opportunities primarily reflected individuals’ cognitive orientation toward near-term effects in local systems or long-term effects in global systems, respectively. Findings suggest that proponents should focus outreach efforts through local newspapers and online resources to dispel unrealistic expectations of potential benefits and exaggerated predictions of potentially negative community impacts. Title: Public perceptions of wave energy on the Oregon coast Author: Hunter, Daniel A. Oregon’s coastal communities grew from the booming logging and fishing industries of the 19th century, but in recent decades have faced not only major declines in both timber and fish resources but also an increasing reliance on tourists and retirees and the resultant glut of seasonal service-sector jobs. As a burgeoning new industry, wave energy development promises not only a renaissance of family-wage jobs for coastal residents but also the opportunity to fulfill the mandate of the state’s Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) of 2006. However, not all coastal residents express enthusiasm for wave energy, and some feel directly threatened by specific development proposals. This study examines public perceptions of the wave energy development process among six categories of coastal stakeholders including local government, commercial fishing, tourism enterprises, recreation, environmentalists, and general citizenry (including retirees and residents not included in the above categories). Forty-seven residents across three coastal counties facing potential development were asked a set of questions during semi-structured interviews to assess: 1) an emic definition of the concept of “community well-being,” 2) the nature of residents’ knowledge and understanding of wave energy technology, and 3) the perceived potential impacts of wave energy technology on community well-being. Impacts were organized into five categories (environmental, economic, aesthetic, vocational, and psychological) utilizing an opportunity-threat analysis framework. The degree to which impacts were viewed as either threats or opportunities primarily reflected individuals’ cognitive orientation toward near-term effects in local systems or long-term effects in global systems, respectively. Findings suggest that proponents should focus outreach efforts through local newspapers and online resources to dispel unrealistic expectations of potential benefits and exaggerated predictions of potentially negative community impacts. Close

• 2127. [Article] A comparison of the attitudes of three groups toward released time for religious instruction in Oregon

  Objectives of the Study: On June 30, 1977, Oregon passed a law authorizing five hours per week of released time for religious instruction on the high school level. The purpose of this study was to seek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of the attitudes of three groups toward released time for religious instruction in Oregon Author: Arnold, Richard Jennings Objectives of the Study: On June 30, 1977, Oregon passed a law authorizing five hours per week of released time for religious instruction on the high school level. The purpose of this study was to seek answers to five general questions: (1) What was the level of awareness of released-time programs? (2) What level of interest existed for the establishment of extended programs of released time for religious instruction? (3) What might be the impact of extended released time on the public high school? (4) What might be the impact of establishing extended released- time programs on churches? (5) What impact might released-time programs have on church-school interaction? Research Procedures: Three groups selected from Polk and Marion counties were administered a questionnaire which was developed for this research. The three groups were: citizens, public high school teachers, and church leaders. Of the 1,978 questionnaires distributed, 830 useable returns were received. This was a response rate of 43.4 percent. Because of this low response rate, generalizations beyond the actual respondents should be made with extreme care. The one-way analysis of variance statistic (F test) was used to determine significant differences among the responses of the three groups to the questionnaire.* The Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistic was used to identify where these differences occurred. An analysis of variance according to selected demographic data was also conducted. The demographic areas were: sex, age, marital status, annual income, highest education level completed, personal enrollment in released time programs, enrollment of children in released time programs, religious preference, and extent of church activity. For teachers, an analysis was conducted based on size of faculty at the high school where they were teaching. Conclusions: All five of the null hypotheses were rejected at the .05 level of significance. There were significant differences among the three groups for each of the five areas of this study. Specifically this study found: 1. Teachers are less in favor of released time than are citizens or church leaders. 2. Church leaders are more in favor of released time than are teachers or citizens. 3. There was a general lack of awareness of released time programs. 4. There was considerable interest expressed toward the implementation of released time programs. 5. Males were more favorable toward released time programs than were females. 6. Those with children currently enrolled in released time programs were more favorable toward these programs than those who did not have children currently enrolled in released time programs. 7. Latter-Day Saints were more favorable toward released time programs than were other religious groups. 8. Respondents who were very active in their churches were more favorable toward released time programs than were those who were moderately active, slightly active, or inactive. 9. There were no differences in the responses of teachers toward released time programs based on the size of the faculty where they taught. * The .05 level was used as the level of significance. Title: A comparison of the attitudes of three groups toward released time for religious instruction in Oregon Author: Arnold, Richard Jennings Objectives of the Study: On June 30, 1977, Oregon passed a law authorizing five hours per week of released time for religious instruction on the high school level. The purpose of this study was to seek answers to five general questions: (1) What was the level of awareness of released-time programs? (2) What level of interest existed for the establishment of extended programs of released time for religious instruction? (3) What might be the impact of extended released time on the public high school? (4) What might be the impact of establishing extended released- time programs on churches? (5) What impact might released-time programs have on church-school interaction? Research Procedures: Three groups selected from Polk and Marion counties were administered a questionnaire which was developed for this research. The three groups were: citizens, public high school teachers, and church leaders. Of the 1,978 questionnaires distributed, 830 useable returns were received. This was a response rate of 43.4 percent. Because of this low response rate, generalizations beyond the actual respondents should be made with extreme care. The one-way analysis of variance statistic (F test) was used to determine significant differences among the responses of the three groups to the questionnaire.* The Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistic was used to identify where these differences occurred. An analysis of variance according to selected demographic data was also conducted. The demographic areas were: sex, age, marital status, annual income, highest education level completed, personal enrollment in released time programs, enrollment of children in released time programs, religious preference, and extent of church activity. For teachers, an analysis was conducted based on size of faculty at the high school where they were teaching. Conclusions: All five of the null hypotheses were rejected at the .05 level of significance. There were significant differences among the three groups for each of the five areas of this study. Specifically this study found: 1. Teachers are less in favor of released time than are citizens or church leaders. 2. Church leaders are more in favor of released time than are teachers or citizens. 3. There was a general lack of awareness of released time programs. 4. There was considerable interest expressed toward the implementation of released time programs. 5. Males were more favorable toward released time programs than were females. 6. Those with children currently enrolled in released time programs were more favorable toward these programs than those who did not have children currently enrolled in released time programs. 7. Latter-Day Saints were more favorable toward released time programs than were other religious groups. 8. Respondents who were very active in their churches were more favorable toward released time programs than were those who were moderately active, slightly active, or inactive. 9. There were no differences in the responses of teachers toward released time programs based on the size of the faculty where they taught. * The .05 level was used as the level of significance. Close

• 2128. [Article] Molecular and Kinetic Characterization of Anammox Bacteria Enrichments and Determination of the Suitability of Anammox for Landfill Leachate Treatment

  Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has recently appeared as a promising approach for removing nitrogen from landfill leachates because it requires less oxygen and no organic carbon compared to traditional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular and Kinetic Characterization of Anammox Bacteria Enrichments and Determination of the Suitability of Anammox for Landfill Leachate Treatment Author: Sultana, Sharmin Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has recently appeared as a promising approach for removing nitrogen from landfill leachates because it requires less oxygen and no organic carbon compared to traditional nitrification-denitrification system, and it produces low sludge volumes, thereby reducing operating and biological sludge disposal costs by over 60%. Anammox bacteria anaerobically oxidize ammonia with nitrite to form dinitrogen gas, which is bubbled out of the system. When combined with partial nitrification (the aerobic oxidation of half the ammonia to nitrite), anammox bacteria can be an efficient and sustainable solution to treat landfill leachate. However, leachate loading rates to the anammox reactor are critical due to the high concentrations of potential anammox inhibitors, including heterogenous organic carbon, heavy metals, pesticides and nitrite. In this study, anammox bacteria were enriched from two sources; sludge from the world’s first full-scale anammox plant (Dokhaven wastewater treatment plant) in Rotterdam, Netherlands and sludge from the Virginia Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) wastewater treatment facility, the first full-scale anammox plant in the United States. The sludge was enriched over 14 months in two sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and about a year period in a novel carbon nanotube membrane upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) reactor. Of the two systems, SBR and MUASB, the MUASB was much more effective at enriching anammox bacteria due to its ability to capture planktonic anammox cells and enhance the anammox granulation process. First-order, Grau second-order, Stover-Kincannon kinetic models were developed for both SBRs, with the second order Grau and Stover-Kincannon kinetic models describing the SBRs most accurately. To determine the effect of landfill leachate loading rates on anammox activity, partially nitrified Coffin Butte landfill leachate (Benton County, OR) was fed to MUASB reactor over a variety of nitrogen loading and hydraulic retention times. A Stover-Kincannon model was developed for the MUASB reactor with and without leachate present in the anammox media. It was observed that the Stover-Kincannon model constants were affected and decreased in presence of leachate in the media. The maximum substrate utilization rate (U[subscript max])decreased by the factor of 11 and saturation constant (K[subscript B]) decreased by the factor of 29. Therefore, the inhibition observed here is most likely best described by mixed inhibition kinetics, and organic carbon present in the leachate was suspected to be a major cause of the observed anammox inhibition. The leachate was pretreated with a FeCl₃. 6H₂O coagulation process to help alleviate the observed anammox inhibition. This process removed 40% of the organic carbon from the leachate. However, the pretreated leachate still induced a 40% inhibition of the anammox processes. This suggests that the FeCl₃. 6H₂O pretreatment process did not remove enough of the organic carbon to prevent inhibition from occurring. Title: Molecular and Kinetic Characterization of Anammox Bacteria Enrichments and Determination of the Suitability of Anammox for Landfill Leachate Treatment Author: Sultana, Sharmin Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has recently appeared as a promising approach for removing nitrogen from landfill leachates because it requires less oxygen and no organic carbon compared to traditional nitrification-denitrification system, and it produces low sludge volumes, thereby reducing operating and biological sludge disposal costs by over 60%. Anammox bacteria anaerobically oxidize ammonia with nitrite to form dinitrogen gas, which is bubbled out of the system. When combined with partial nitrification (the aerobic oxidation of half the ammonia to nitrite), anammox bacteria can be an efficient and sustainable solution to treat landfill leachate. However, leachate loading rates to the anammox reactor are critical due to the high concentrations of potential anammox inhibitors, including heterogenous organic carbon, heavy metals, pesticides and nitrite. In this study, anammox bacteria were enriched from two sources; sludge from the world’s first full-scale anammox plant (Dokhaven wastewater treatment plant) in Rotterdam, Netherlands and sludge from the Virginia Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) wastewater treatment facility, the first full-scale anammox plant in the United States. The sludge was enriched over 14 months in two sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and about a year period in a novel carbon nanotube membrane upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) reactor. Of the two systems, SBR and MUASB, the MUASB was much more effective at enriching anammox bacteria due to its ability to capture planktonic anammox cells and enhance the anammox granulation process. First-order, Grau second-order, Stover-Kincannon kinetic models were developed for both SBRs, with the second order Grau and Stover-Kincannon kinetic models describing the SBRs most accurately. To determine the effect of landfill leachate loading rates on anammox activity, partially nitrified Coffin Butte landfill leachate (Benton County, OR) was fed to MUASB reactor over a variety of nitrogen loading and hydraulic retention times. A Stover-Kincannon model was developed for the MUASB reactor with and without leachate present in the anammox media. It was observed that the Stover-Kincannon model constants were affected and decreased in presence of leachate in the media. The maximum substrate utilization rate (U[subscript max])decreased by the factor of 11 and saturation constant (K[subscript B]) decreased by the factor of 29. Therefore, the inhibition observed here is most likely best described by mixed inhibition kinetics, and organic carbon present in the leachate was suspected to be a major cause of the observed anammox inhibition. The leachate was pretreated with a FeCl₃. 6H₂O coagulation process to help alleviate the observed anammox inhibition. This process removed 40% of the organic carbon from the leachate. However, the pretreated leachate still induced a 40% inhibition of the anammox processes. This suggests that the FeCl₃. 6H₂O pretreatment process did not remove enough of the organic carbon to prevent inhibition from occurring. Close

• 2129. [Article] The parasite complex of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on alfalfa in western Oregon

  This study was initiated in the Spring of 1966 for the purpose of determining the present status and effectiveness of imported parasitic wasps of the pea aphid in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The parasite complex of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on alfalfa in western Oregon Author: Dickie, Alfred Gordon This study was initiated in the Spring of 1966 for the purpose of determining the present status and effectiveness of imported parasitic wasps of the pea aphid in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. The pea aphid is a serious pest throughout the pea and alfalfa growing regions of the United States and Canada. In the Willamette Valley of western Oregon it is common on alfalfa, red clover and vetch. Since the use of pesticides to control the pea aphid is attended by serious difficulties, it has long been felt that biological control methods are necessary. These rely on parasites to control the aphid populations. In recent years, the importation, augmentation and re. lease of small parasitic wasps belonging to the genus Aphidius has been done on a wide scale throughout the legume growing regions of North America. Beginning in 1961 several introductions were made locally in the Willamette Valley. The European species Aphidius avenae and Aphidius urticae (=Aphidius ervi ervi); and the eastern variety of the native parasite, Aphidius pisivorus (=Aphidius ervi pulcher) were released at the Hyslop Agronomy Experiment Farm near Corvallis in 1961. Recoveries of specimens identified as Aphidius pisivorus (=Aphidius ervi pulcher) were made at the Hyslop Farm in 1963. Releases of the Indian wasp Aphidius smithi were made at Dayton in Yamhill County in 1961 but no recoveries of this species were reported prior to the start of this investigation. Field data in regard to aphids, parasites, and predators were collected at weekly intervals from the experimental alfalfa plots at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm and the parasites from these collections were reared and identified. In addition to the Hyslop collections, parasites were collected and reared from other localities in the Willamette Valley which included the original release site of Aphidius smithi near Dayton. For purposes of comparison, experimental plots of alfalfa at Klamath Falls were also sampled on several occasions throughout the summer of 1966. The results of collections made in the Willamette Valley during the summer of 1966 showed that the imported Indian wasp Aphidius smithi was well established as a parasite of the pea aphid. The imported European species, Aphidius ervi ervi was also established but in much smaller numbers. The native variety, Aphidius ervi pulcher was rarely encountered and appears not to be exclusively specific on the pea aphid. In conjunction with other control factors, particularly predators, the Indian wasp is an effective control agent and has come to occupy a previously unfilled ecological niche in the pea aphid-parasitepredator complex in the Willamette Valley. A survey of the hyper-parasites indicated that they were of minor importance during the 1966 season. Title: The parasite complex of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on alfalfa in western Oregon Author: Dickie, Alfred Gordon This study was initiated in the Spring of 1966 for the purpose of determining the present status and effectiveness of imported parasitic wasps of the pea aphid in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. The pea aphid is a serious pest throughout the pea and alfalfa growing regions of the United States and Canada. In the Willamette Valley of western Oregon it is common on alfalfa, red clover and vetch. Since the use of pesticides to control the pea aphid is attended by serious difficulties, it has long been felt that biological control methods are necessary. These rely on parasites to control the aphid populations. In recent years, the importation, augmentation and re. lease of small parasitic wasps belonging to the genus Aphidius has been done on a wide scale throughout the legume growing regions of North America. Beginning in 1961 several introductions were made locally in the Willamette Valley. The European species Aphidius avenae and Aphidius urticae (=Aphidius ervi ervi); and the eastern variety of the native parasite, Aphidius pisivorus (=Aphidius ervi pulcher) were released at the Hyslop Agronomy Experiment Farm near Corvallis in 1961. Recoveries of specimens identified as Aphidius pisivorus (=Aphidius ervi pulcher) were made at the Hyslop Farm in 1963. Releases of the Indian wasp Aphidius smithi were made at Dayton in Yamhill County in 1961 but no recoveries of this species were reported prior to the start of this investigation. Field data in regard to aphids, parasites, and predators were collected at weekly intervals from the experimental alfalfa plots at the Hyslop Agronomy Farm and the parasites from these collections were reared and identified. In addition to the Hyslop collections, parasites were collected and reared from other localities in the Willamette Valley which included the original release site of Aphidius smithi near Dayton. For purposes of comparison, experimental plots of alfalfa at Klamath Falls were also sampled on several occasions throughout the summer of 1966. The results of collections made in the Willamette Valley during the summer of 1966 showed that the imported Indian wasp Aphidius smithi was well established as a parasite of the pea aphid. The imported European species, Aphidius ervi ervi was also established but in much smaller numbers. The native variety, Aphidius ervi pulcher was rarely encountered and appears not to be exclusively specific on the pea aphid. In conjunction with other control factors, particularly predators, the Indian wasp is an effective control agent and has come to occupy a previously unfilled ecological niche in the pea aphid-parasitepredator complex in the Willamette Valley. A survey of the hyper-parasites indicated that they were of minor importance during the 1966 season. Close

• 2130. [Article] Spring, summer and fall use by cattle and big game on foothill rangelands

  The objectives of this study were to evaluate environmental factors influencing use of several plant communities by cattle, elk and deer; determine under story production by plant species and the amount ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spring, summer and fall use by cattle and big game on foothill rangelands Author: Miller, Richard F. The objectives of this study were to evaluate environmental factors influencing use of several plant communities by cattle, elk and deer; determine under story production by plant species and the amount utilized by cattle, elk and deer in certain plant communities; evaluate the interactions of range use between cattle, elk and deer; and look closely at potential and use of seeded clearcut forest communities during the spring, summer and fall on the Hall Ranch of the Northeastern Oregon Experiment Station, in Union County. Understory production was classified into three significant groups: the bunchgrass, forest, and clearcut groups. Soil depth and tree canopy cover accounted for 96 percent of the variability in understory production. Forested communities had a high potential for producing forage after logging. The Grand fir - pachistima habitat type had the greatest potential for producing quality seeded forage. The vegetation group most heavily utilized during spring and summer by deer, elk, and cattle was the clearcut. The four logged stands provided 66 percent of the forage consumed by deer and elk, and 63 percent of the forage consumed by cattle. Seeded grasses on the clearcut accounted for 30 percent of the big game diet and 55 percent of the cattle diet. Grass species generally did not have high preference indices for big game or cattle. Shrubs and forbs tended to have a high preference ratings for big game during spring and early summer. Forbs were generally unavailable for cattle by mid-summer, Browse preference indices for cattle were low. Factors having the greatest effect on pounds and percent of forage removed by big game during spring and early summer were pounds of palatable species produced per acre, soil depth, canopy cover and distance to water. Factors highly correlated with utilization by cattle during summer were distance to salt and water, soil depth and canopy cover. Big game pellet groups did not correlate with forage use among plant communities. Logged communities provided 66 percent of the total forage consumed by big game while they accounted for only 20 percent of the big game pellet groups. Cattle and big game animals utilized the study area during different seasons of the year. Big game were primarily present on the pasture during the winter, spring and early summer, By mid-summer elk and the majority of deer had moved to higher elevations. Cattle were present during mid- and late summer. Utilization measurements during the spring, summer and fall indicated no direct forage competition occurred between cattle and big game. Combined utilization by big game and cattle on forage species did not exceed acceptable levels. Title: Spring, summer and fall use by cattle and big game on foothill rangelands Author: Miller, Richard F. The objectives of this study were to evaluate environmental factors influencing use of several plant communities by cattle, elk and deer; determine under story production by plant species and the amount utilized by cattle, elk and deer in certain plant communities; evaluate the interactions of range use between cattle, elk and deer; and look closely at potential and use of seeded clearcut forest communities during the spring, summer and fall on the Hall Ranch of the Northeastern Oregon Experiment Station, in Union County. Understory production was classified into three significant groups: the bunchgrass, forest, and clearcut groups. Soil depth and tree canopy cover accounted for 96 percent of the variability in understory production. Forested communities had a high potential for producing forage after logging. The Grand fir - pachistima habitat type had the greatest potential for producing quality seeded forage. The vegetation group most heavily utilized during spring and summer by deer, elk, and cattle was the clearcut. The four logged stands provided 66 percent of the forage consumed by deer and elk, and 63 percent of the forage consumed by cattle. Seeded grasses on the clearcut accounted for 30 percent of the big game diet and 55 percent of the cattle diet. Grass species generally did not have high preference indices for big game or cattle. Shrubs and forbs tended to have a high preference ratings for big game during spring and early summer. Forbs were generally unavailable for cattle by mid-summer, Browse preference indices for cattle were low. Factors having the greatest effect on pounds and percent of forage removed by big game during spring and early summer were pounds of palatable species produced per acre, soil depth, canopy cover and distance to water. Factors highly correlated with utilization by cattle during summer were distance to salt and water, soil depth and canopy cover. Big game pellet groups did not correlate with forage use among plant communities. Logged communities provided 66 percent of the total forage consumed by big game while they accounted for only 20 percent of the big game pellet groups. Cattle and big game animals utilized the study area during different seasons of the year. Big game were primarily present on the pasture during the winter, spring and early summer, By mid-summer elk and the majority of deer had moved to higher elevations. Cattle were present during mid- and late summer. Utilization measurements during the spring, summer and fall indicated no direct forage competition occurred between cattle and big game. Combined utilization by big game and cattle on forage species did not exceed acceptable levels. Close