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• 2101. [Article] A follow-up study of Crater High School graduates

  Changes in educational programs should be implemented only after a careful evaluation of the product. Information about the product in education is often not available to planners of vocational education programs. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A follow-up study of Crater High School graduates Author: Elden, Robert Harrison Changes in educational programs should be implemented only after a careful evaluation of the product. Information about the product in education is often not available to planners of vocational education programs. A follow-up study of former students is a means by which information about graduates may be collected and used as a basis for making curriculum changes. The purpose of this study was to determine if the present program of vocational agriculture is meeting the occupational needs of Crater High School students. A total of 121 former male students from Crater High School, covering a three year period from 1965 through 1967, were selected to participate in a follow-up study through a mailed questionnaire interview. Seventy-six former students with two or more years of agricultural training were compared with a group of 45 students without agricultural training. The specific criteria on which the comparisons between the two groups are based were: occupational status, post high school training, job satisfaction, value of high school training, income, and the number of jobs held. Also being analyzed were persons influencing graduates occupational choice, value of additional vocational training, and the location of employment. The following conclusions are based on the findings of the study. 1. Agricultural students do become employed in agricultural occupations with most of them entering business and lumbering occupations in agriculture, while over one-half of the comparison group entered the agricultural occupations of lumbering. 2. The current program of vocational agriculture at Crater High School is serving 75 percent of the students entering agricultural occupations. 3. Less than 42 percent of the male Crater High School former students have obtained some type of civilian post high school education. 4. Students trained in agriculture are more satisfied with their jobs than students with no specific vocational training. 5. Vocational agriculture is a meaningful program for students planning to enter agricultural occupations. 6. Study results indicate that counselors are not actively influential in directing patterns of occupational choice for students. 7. Former students of Crater High School feel that additional vocational training would be helpful to them in their jobs. 8. Agricultural graduates of Crater High School do remain in Jackson County for employment. Title: A follow-up study of Crater High School graduates Author: Elden, Robert Harrison Changes in educational programs should be implemented only after a careful evaluation of the product. Information about the product in education is often not available to planners of vocational education programs. A follow-up study of former students is a means by which information about graduates may be collected and used as a basis for making curriculum changes. The purpose of this study was to determine if the present program of vocational agriculture is meeting the occupational needs of Crater High School students. A total of 121 former male students from Crater High School, covering a three year period from 1965 through 1967, were selected to participate in a follow-up study through a mailed questionnaire interview. Seventy-six former students with two or more years of agricultural training were compared with a group of 45 students without agricultural training. The specific criteria on which the comparisons between the two groups are based were: occupational status, post high school training, job satisfaction, value of high school training, income, and the number of jobs held. Also being analyzed were persons influencing graduates occupational choice, value of additional vocational training, and the location of employment. The following conclusions are based on the findings of the study. 1. Agricultural students do become employed in agricultural occupations with most of them entering business and lumbering occupations in agriculture, while over one-half of the comparison group entered the agricultural occupations of lumbering. 2. The current program of vocational agriculture at Crater High School is serving 75 percent of the students entering agricultural occupations. 3. Less than 42 percent of the male Crater High School former students have obtained some type of civilian post high school education. 4. Students trained in agriculture are more satisfied with their jobs than students with no specific vocational training. 5. Vocational agriculture is a meaningful program for students planning to enter agricultural occupations. 6. Study results indicate that counselors are not actively influential in directing patterns of occupational choice for students. 7. Former students of Crater High School feel that additional vocational training would be helpful to them in their jobs. 8. Agricultural graduates of Crater High School do remain in Jackson County for employment. Close

• 2102. [Article] A study of the effects of various characteristics upon enrollee achievement in the Neighborhood Youth Corps program operating in the rural counties of Oregon

  Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was (1) to identify the educational and socio-economic characteristics of enrollees in the In-School Neighborhood Youth Corps Program and (2) to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the effects of various characteristics upon enrollee achievement in the Neighborhood Youth Corps program operating in the rural counties of Oregon Author: Sparks, Lanny, 1941- Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was (1) to identify the educational and socio-economic characteristics of enrollees in the In-School Neighborhood Youth Corps Program and (2) to determine those educational and socio-economic characteristics that would predict potential achievement in the In-School Neighborhood Youth Corps Program. Procedures A total of 126 enrollees was included in the sample for this study. Each enrollee had been enrolled in the program for at least five months and their achievement rated monthly by the supervisor during their period of enrollment. The amount of achievement accomplished by the enrollee was determined by the difference between the initial and final rating. Socio-economic characteristics of each enrollee were obtained from their application, termination and monthly time report forms. Educational characteristics were obtained from their school records. Classification analyses were performed on the socio-economic and educational characteristics to determine which of those were associated with enrollees showing a significant change in achievement. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify those characteristics contributing most significantly to achievement. Four of the seven characteristics identified by linear regression analyses as contributing most significantly to achievement were employed to construct a prediction equation. Findings 1. The classification analyses identified three variables: (a) Previous work experience. Those enrollees with previous work experience showed a smaller percentage of their group losing significantly in achievement than those rated average or high. (b) Initial recommendation rating. Those enrollees rated low on the initial recommendation rating showed a higher percentage of their group gaining significantly in achievement than those rated average or high. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Enrollees stating an occupational goal showed significant gains in achievement at a rate approximately five times greater than those not stating an occupational goal. 2. The seven variables identified by linear regression analyses were: (a) Age. Younger enrollees showed a greater percentage of their group losing in achievement than older enrollees. (b) Resides with guardian. Enrollees residing with a guardian showed a greater tendency to gain in achievement than those residing with their parent(s). (c) Counseling. There was a larger percentage of enrollees receiving counseling that showed loss in achievement compared to those not receiving counseling. (d) Work assignment. Those enrollees assigned as educational aides, food service aides and library aides showed a tendency to gain in achievement in contrast to other enrollees placed on different work-sites. (e) Initial achievement rating. Those enrollees rated low in achievement initially tended to gain in achievement compared to those rated higher. Those rated higher tended to lose in achievement. 3. An equation was constructed for predicting potential achievement of in-school enrollees. The variables age, resides with guardian, counseling and initial achievement rating were employed in the construction of the prediction equation. Title: A study of the effects of various characteristics upon enrollee achievement in the Neighborhood Youth Corps program operating in the rural counties of Oregon Author: Sparks, Lanny, 1941- Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was (1) to identify the educational and socio-economic characteristics of enrollees in the In-School Neighborhood Youth Corps Program and (2) to determine those educational and socio-economic characteristics that would predict potential achievement in the In-School Neighborhood Youth Corps Program. Procedures A total of 126 enrollees was included in the sample for this study. Each enrollee had been enrolled in the program for at least five months and their achievement rated monthly by the supervisor during their period of enrollment. The amount of achievement accomplished by the enrollee was determined by the difference between the initial and final rating. Socio-economic characteristics of each enrollee were obtained from their application, termination and monthly time report forms. Educational characteristics were obtained from their school records. Classification analyses were performed on the socio-economic and educational characteristics to determine which of those were associated with enrollees showing a significant change in achievement. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify those characteristics contributing most significantly to achievement. Four of the seven characteristics identified by linear regression analyses as contributing most significantly to achievement were employed to construct a prediction equation. Findings 1. The classification analyses identified three variables: (a) Previous work experience. Those enrollees with previous work experience showed a smaller percentage of their group losing significantly in achievement than those rated average or high. (b) Initial recommendation rating. Those enrollees rated low on the initial recommendation rating showed a higher percentage of their group gaining significantly in achievement than those rated average or high. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Enrollees stating an occupational goal showed significant gains in achievement at a rate approximately five times greater than those not stating an occupational goal. 2. The seven variables identified by linear regression analyses were: (a) Age. Younger enrollees showed a greater percentage of their group losing in achievement than older enrollees. (b) Resides with guardian. Enrollees residing with a guardian showed a greater tendency to gain in achievement than those residing with their parent(s). (c) Counseling. There was a larger percentage of enrollees receiving counseling that showed loss in achievement compared to those not receiving counseling. (d) Work assignment. Those enrollees assigned as educational aides, food service aides and library aides showed a tendency to gain in achievement in contrast to other enrollees placed on different work-sites. (e) Initial achievement rating. Those enrollees rated low in achievement initially tended to gain in achievement compared to those rated higher. Those rated higher tended to lose in achievement. 3. An equation was constructed for predicting potential achievement of in-school enrollees. The variables age, resides with guardian, counseling and initial achievement rating were employed in the construction of the prediction equation. Close

• 2103. [Article] Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems

  The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Close

• 2104. [Article] Returning grain to the lower-Willamette Valley : prospects and barriers for local food security

  A critical link is missing between food production and food consumption. This gap can be overcome by encouraging the production of staple food crops and emphasizing regional and community consumption of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Returning grain to the lower-Willamette Valley : prospects and barriers for local food security Author: Malone, Chevelle P. A critical link is missing between food production and food consumption. This gap can be overcome by encouraging the production of staple food crops and emphasizing regional and community consumption of locally produced food. In order to re-establish local food security in the Willamette Valley, it is imperative that essential infrastructure be re-established in support of local food production and processing. To increase local food security, production of food crops within agricultural communities must increase, and grain infrastructure must be built to efficiently process locally grown grain. Using the case of the lower-Willamette Valley, this research seeks to answer three questions: 1) how has the agricultural history of grain crops and grass-seed in the lower-Willamette Valley changed since the European immigration, and does this history support a transition to grain crops; 2) what are the barriers to transitioning to grain crops in support of increased food security in this region; and 3) how does grain production, processing and infrastructure fit into the region's long-term food security and sustainability goals. These questions are answered by conducting a literature review to reveal the rise and fall of both grain and grass-seed in the region, and additionally using remotely sensed images to visually expound on the changed agricultural landscape of the lower-Willamette Valley for three consecutive decades. Interviews and focus groups with regional grass-seed and grain farmers illuminate numerous barriers to transitioning to grain crops. Lack of grain infrastructure was noted as a major barrier to increasing food security through local food production. In order to illustrate the connection between grain infrastructure and food security, ArcGIS is used to map out grain infrastructure within the study area. Lastly, the imagery of the changing landscape and the grain infrastructure map are examined in conjunction with community food security and sustainability goals in the cities of Eugene and Corvallis, Oregon to assist these communities in reaching their food security and sustainability goals. This research determines that re-energizing the Willamette Valley grain-market by way of the local food security and community sustainability efforts is only effective if done collaboratively between farmers, local businesses, city and county leadership and the community because of the innate difference between the national-international market where grass-seed is prevalent and the local-regional market of grain. Title: Returning grain to the lower-Willamette Valley : prospects and barriers for local food security Author: Malone, Chevelle P. A critical link is missing between food production and food consumption. This gap can be overcome by encouraging the production of staple food crops and emphasizing regional and community consumption of locally produced food. In order to re-establish local food security in the Willamette Valley, it is imperative that essential infrastructure be re-established in support of local food production and processing. To increase local food security, production of food crops within agricultural communities must increase, and grain infrastructure must be built to efficiently process locally grown grain. Using the case of the lower-Willamette Valley, this research seeks to answer three questions: 1) how has the agricultural history of grain crops and grass-seed in the lower-Willamette Valley changed since the European immigration, and does this history support a transition to grain crops; 2) what are the barriers to transitioning to grain crops in support of increased food security in this region; and 3) how does grain production, processing and infrastructure fit into the region's long-term food security and sustainability goals. These questions are answered by conducting a literature review to reveal the rise and fall of both grain and grass-seed in the region, and additionally using remotely sensed images to visually expound on the changed agricultural landscape of the lower-Willamette Valley for three consecutive decades. Interviews and focus groups with regional grass-seed and grain farmers illuminate numerous barriers to transitioning to grain crops. Lack of grain infrastructure was noted as a major barrier to increasing food security through local food production. In order to illustrate the connection between grain infrastructure and food security, ArcGIS is used to map out grain infrastructure within the study area. Lastly, the imagery of the changing landscape and the grain infrastructure map are examined in conjunction with community food security and sustainability goals in the cities of Eugene and Corvallis, Oregon to assist these communities in reaching their food security and sustainability goals. This research determines that re-energizing the Willamette Valley grain-market by way of the local food security and community sustainability efforts is only effective if done collaboratively between farmers, local businesses, city and county leadership and the community because of the innate difference between the national-international market where grass-seed is prevalent and the local-regional market of grain. Close

• 2105. [Article] Preferences for Local, Wild-Harvested Shrimp Among Coastal Tourists in South Carolina

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preferences for Local, Wild-Harvested Shrimp Among Coastal Tourists in South Carolina Author: Woosnam, Kyle M., Norman, William C., Jodice, Laura, Shenoy, Sajna Research Paper Title: Preferences for Local, Wild-Harvested Shrimp Among Coastal Tourists in South Carolina Author: Woosnam, Kyle M., Norman, William C., Jodice, Laura, Shenoy, Sajna Research Paper Close

• 2106. [Article] Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon

  Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 2107. [Article] Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program

  This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Title: Community conflict : a case study of the implementation of a bilingual education program Author: Guzmán, Juan This research project is an historical case study of the conflict which evolved from the deliberations and subsequent implementation of bilingual education in Central School District 13J, Independence, Oregon. The time period under consideration spans 35 months, beginning in August 1974, when district officials first proposed bilingual education, and ending in June 1977, when the first year of bilingual education in the district was completed. Investigation of the conflict in Independence was guided by the following questions. 1. What is the nature of the conflict resulting from the bilingual education issue in Independence, Oregon? 2. To what extent does this conflict affect educational policy? 3. What is the nature of community influence regarding school decisions and educational policy? The investigation of these questions required that two types of data be gathered. The first type--news media reporting, county and school district surveys, personal correspondence, government records--provided an historical perspective for considering the district's decision to implement bilingual education. The second type of data--personal interviews and informal conversations--addressed the need for bilingual education in Independence, the policy making process, and community involvement in decision-making. Conclusions: The conflict which surfaced in the small community of Independence is rooted in the value conflict--assimilation vs. cultural pluralism. Two conflicting views have emerged in Independence regarding the role of public education as a transmitter of culture. One perspective endorses pluralism in society and encourages bilingual education as one means of accommodating pluralism. An opposing viewpoint supports traditional educational practices which support the assimilation of ethnic and racial minorities through the promotion of a single language and culture. The question of whether public education is responsible for promoting cultural homogeneity or the lesser accepted concept of cultural pluralism still remains unresolved in Independence as in other parts of the nation. Supporters for each viewpoint seem unwilling to compromise, thus prolonging the value conflict in the community. The value conflict existing in Independence has not been recognized as such by the community. Rather, this conflict is being viewed as mere misunderstandings due to poor communications between supporters of pluralism and defenders of assimilation. By refusing to recognize the existence of value conflict, the school district, Chicano parents, and the community at large have avoided any real confrontation with the status quo regarding bilingual education. Because the value conflict which presently exists within the Independence community is not acknowledged, it can have no effect on educational policy per se. Throughout its existence, the bilingual education program has not prompted community activism either for or against the program. The sporadic and limited nature of community participation and influence in decision-making has not changed because of bilingual education, and it appears that maintaining the status quo regarding bilingual education in School District 13J has become preferable to seeking change through district policy. Close

• 2108. [Article] Life history studies of Cinygma integrum Eaton (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae) and other mayflies associated with wood substrates in Oregon streams

  Wood debris serves an important substrate for macroinvertebrates in streams. Particle size reduction due to feeding and other activities can be an important role of the fauna in wood degradation. In this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history studies of Cinygma integrum Eaton (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae) and other mayflies associated with wood substrates in Oregon streams Author: Pereira, Christine Rosabelle Dolores Wood debris serves an important substrate for macroinvertebrates in streams. Particle size reduction due to feeding and other activities can be an important role of the fauna in wood degradation. In this study the Ephemeroptera associated with wood were investigated, with the objective of assessing their impact in the degradation process. Emphasis was placed on Cinygma integrum Eaton which appeared to be the only mayfly that showed a predilection for wood substrates. The abundance of mayfly larvae on wood at Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon was compared with that on stones and composite substrates (kick samples) for one year. Nine taxa were encountered. Proportions on wood compared with other substrates were: C. integrum, 76%; Baetis, 46%; Ironodes nitidus (Eaton), 43%. Although Baetis was the most abundant species on wood, it was also common on the other substrates. It uses wood for attachment and as an emergence platform--activities that have little effect on wood degradation. C. integrum and I. nitidus showed feeding habits that are related to wood decomposition. Their mouth parts are adapted for scraping the aufwuchs on wood substrates. Epeorus (Iron), Cinygmula and Rhithrogena were less associated with wood substrates, apparently exploiting similar food resources on mineral substrates. Three methods of analysis revealed that C. integrum had a univoltine, slow seasonal (S1) type of life cycle (Hynes, 1970). I. nitidus had a univoltine, fast seasonal (F1) type. These differences are perhaps related to differential effects of temperature on developmental stages. Eggs of I. nitidus were the only stage present in the summer and appeared to undergo a period of quiescence. C. integrum eggs apparently hatched over a longer period. Both species were cool adapted with the majority of growth occurring from November to February. Three millimeter larvae of C. integrum were reared to adults using a constant temperature of 9°C, 12 hours daylength and a restricted diet of only the aufwuchs present on wood. Success at rearing indicated that this species is perhaps a suitable candidate for future ecological, physiological and biochemical laboratory investigations of wood decomposition. Mayfly feeding activity appears to be responsible for some biological degradation of wood. Superficial layers of wood that have been partially degraded by microbial activity are ingested and wood particles up to a millimeter in length were present in the guts. Ingestion of wood particles probably accompanies the ingestion of the aufwuchs layer. Fungal mycelia and spores were commonly ingested. C. integrum showed maximum consumption of fungi with I. nitidus second to it. Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Ascomycetes and Luteromycetes spores were present in the gut and fecal material, indicating a potential role of spore dispersal. Seasonal periodicity of mycelial ingestion occurred, with a maximum in winter. Small larvae of C. integrum consumed more detritus than did the mature larvae which had large quantities of fungal material in their guts. Annual productivity for C. integrum was 0.28g/m² (dry weight). Larvae ingested an average of 53% of their body weight of mycelia per day. An annual estimate of mycelial ingestion by the woodassociated mayfly complex was about lg/m². Mycophagy in woodassociated mayfly larvae thus make a contribution (although an indirect one) to wood processing and mineralization in aquatic habitats. Removal of senescent populations of fungi make available fresh areas for further fungal colonization. Benefits accrued by mayflies from an association with wood are related to emergence, shelter and feeding. As a result of these biological activities, particularly the latter, this group plays both an indirect and direct ecological role in wood decomposition in aquatic habitats. Title: Life history studies of Cinygma integrum Eaton (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae) and other mayflies associated with wood substrates in Oregon streams Author: Pereira, Christine Rosabelle Dolores Wood debris serves an important substrate for macroinvertebrates in streams. Particle size reduction due to feeding and other activities can be an important role of the fauna in wood degradation. In this study the Ephemeroptera associated with wood were investigated, with the objective of assessing their impact in the degradation process. Emphasis was placed on Cinygma integrum Eaton which appeared to be the only mayfly that showed a predilection for wood substrates. The abundance of mayfly larvae on wood at Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon was compared with that on stones and composite substrates (kick samples) for one year. Nine taxa were encountered. Proportions on wood compared with other substrates were: C. integrum, 76%; Baetis, 46%; Ironodes nitidus (Eaton), 43%. Although Baetis was the most abundant species on wood, it was also common on the other substrates. It uses wood for attachment and as an emergence platform--activities that have little effect on wood degradation. C. integrum and I. nitidus showed feeding habits that are related to wood decomposition. Their mouth parts are adapted for scraping the aufwuchs on wood substrates. Epeorus (Iron), Cinygmula and Rhithrogena were less associated with wood substrates, apparently exploiting similar food resources on mineral substrates. Three methods of analysis revealed that C. integrum had a univoltine, slow seasonal (S1) type of life cycle (Hynes, 1970). I. nitidus had a univoltine, fast seasonal (F1) type. These differences are perhaps related to differential effects of temperature on developmental stages. Eggs of I. nitidus were the only stage present in the summer and appeared to undergo a period of quiescence. C. integrum eggs apparently hatched over a longer period. Both species were cool adapted with the majority of growth occurring from November to February. Three millimeter larvae of C. integrum were reared to adults using a constant temperature of 9°C, 12 hours daylength and a restricted diet of only the aufwuchs present on wood. Success at rearing indicated that this species is perhaps a suitable candidate for future ecological, physiological and biochemical laboratory investigations of wood decomposition. Mayfly feeding activity appears to be responsible for some biological degradation of wood. Superficial layers of wood that have been partially degraded by microbial activity are ingested and wood particles up to a millimeter in length were present in the guts. Ingestion of wood particles probably accompanies the ingestion of the aufwuchs layer. Fungal mycelia and spores were commonly ingested. C. integrum showed maximum consumption of fungi with I. nitidus second to it. Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Ascomycetes and Luteromycetes spores were present in the gut and fecal material, indicating a potential role of spore dispersal. Seasonal periodicity of mycelial ingestion occurred, with a maximum in winter. Small larvae of C. integrum consumed more detritus than did the mature larvae which had large quantities of fungal material in their guts. Annual productivity for C. integrum was 0.28g/m² (dry weight). Larvae ingested an average of 53% of their body weight of mycelia per day. An annual estimate of mycelial ingestion by the woodassociated mayfly complex was about lg/m². Mycophagy in woodassociated mayfly larvae thus make a contribution (although an indirect one) to wood processing and mineralization in aquatic habitats. Removal of senescent populations of fungi make available fresh areas for further fungal colonization. Benefits accrued by mayflies from an association with wood are related to emergence, shelter and feeding. As a result of these biological activities, particularly the latter, this group plays both an indirect and direct ecological role in wood decomposition in aquatic habitats. Close

• 2109. [Article] Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households

  Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Bradford, Nancy Ellen Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts of travel time as well as mode of transportation was also examined. The study used the Oregon data from the Northeast Regional Research Project, NE-113, "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. " A sample of 210 families divided into 5 groups by age of the youngest child was selected. The sample consisted of 105 rural Linn and Benton County families and 105 urban Portland families with a 59% completion rate and 41% refusal rate for the rural portion. Seventy-three percent of the urban portion had a completion rate of 41% and a 59% refusal rate. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 and 35 years, respectively. One hundred and forty-four homemakers (69%) were not employed outside the household while two hundred and two spouses (96%) reported employment outside the household. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and time charts. Families recorded the time use in specified activities of members over the age of six for two days, with the first day being charted by recall and the second by record. In general, the rural households spent a greater amount of total time on travel, with a weighted mean of 460 minutes per day, than did the urban households with a weighted mean of 346 minutes per day. Both urban and rural homemakers spent more time on travel in relation to household activities than did urban and rural spouses while the spouses used more time on travel to and from paid work. Social and recreational travel activity accounted for the greatest proportion of urban and rural homemaker's travel time. Women in the total sample used less time for daily travel than did the men. Using a stepwise regression model, age of the youngest child showed a positive significant relationship (p < . 05) while age of the spouse showed a negative significant relationship (p < . 05) to amount of household travel time used. A positive significant relationship was also established using an analysis of variance between age stratum of the youngest child and amount of household travel time used. There was a significant relationship (p <. 05) between area of residence and amount of household travel time used when a t-test was applied, i. e. rural households are more likely to use greater amounts of travel time than urban households. The family car was the most frequently used mode of transportation, with school bus and company car second and third, respectively. The city taxi was the least used mode. There was a significant relationship (p < . 05) between age of youngest child and the major mode of transportation used by the household when an analysis of variance was applied, i. e. age had an effect on what type of transportation was used. However, further statistical investigation was conducted and it was found that the age of the youngest child had an effect upon the rate of use within a specified mode of transportation, but there was no relationship between modes. There was a significant relationship (p < 05) between area of residence and the major mode of transportation used by the household when a Chi-square Test of Independence was applied, i. e. area of residence made a difference in the major mode of transportation used by the household. This researcher concluded that there were distinct rural/urban, male/female, and stage-in-the-family-life-cycle differences in the travel behavior of the households studied. Title: Travel time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Bradford, Nancy Ellen Uses of travel time and mode of transportation in selected two-parent, two-child Oregon households was researched in this study. The relationship between a number of demographic characteristics and amounts of travel time as well as mode of transportation was also examined. The study used the Oregon data from the Northeast Regional Research Project, NE-113, "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. " A sample of 210 families divided into 5 groups by age of the youngest child was selected. The sample consisted of 105 rural Linn and Benton County families and 105 urban Portland families with a 59% completion rate and 41% refusal rate for the rural portion. Seventy-three percent of the urban portion had a completion rate of 41% and a 59% refusal rate. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 and 35 years, respectively. One hundred and forty-four homemakers (69%) were not employed outside the household while two hundred and two spouses (96%) reported employment outside the household. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and time charts. Families recorded the time use in specified activities of members over the age of six for two days, with the first day being charted by recall and the second by record. In general, the rural households spent a greater amount of total time on travel, with a weighted mean of 460 minutes per day, than did the urban households with a weighted mean of 346 minutes per day. Both urban and rural homemakers spent more time on travel in relation to household activities than did urban and rural spouses while the spouses used more time on travel to and from paid work. Social and recreational travel activity accounted for the greatest proportion of urban and rural homemaker's travel time. Women in the total sample used less time for daily travel than did the men. Using a stepwise regression model, age of the youngest child showed a positive significant relationship (p < . 05) while age of the spouse showed a negative significant relationship (p < . 05) to amount of household travel time used. A positive significant relationship was also established using an analysis of variance between age stratum of the youngest child and amount of household travel time used. There was a significant relationship (p <. 05) between area of residence and amount of household travel time used when a t-test was applied, i. e. rural households are more likely to use greater amounts of travel time than urban households. The family car was the most frequently used mode of transportation, with school bus and company car second and third, respectively. The city taxi was the least used mode. There was a significant relationship (p < . 05) between age of youngest child and the major mode of transportation used by the household when an analysis of variance was applied, i. e. age had an effect on what type of transportation was used. However, further statistical investigation was conducted and it was found that the age of the youngest child had an effect upon the rate of use within a specified mode of transportation, but there was no relationship between modes. There was a significant relationship (p < 05) between area of residence and the major mode of transportation used by the household when a Chi-square Test of Independence was applied, i. e. area of residence made a difference in the major mode of transportation used by the household. This researcher concluded that there were distinct rural/urban, male/female, and stage-in-the-family-life-cycle differences in the travel behavior of the households studied. Close

• 2110. [Article] Beyond random acts of conservation : an institutional analysis of the Natural Resource Conservation Service's Agricultural Water Enhancement Program

  Irrigated agriculture accounts for 90 percent of consumptive use of freshwater in the western US and is considered the largest contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. The diffuse nature of most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond random acts of conservation : an institutional analysis of the Natural Resource Conservation Service's Agricultural Water Enhancement Program Author: Burright, Harmony S. J. Irrigated agriculture accounts for 90 percent of consumptive use of freshwater in the western US and is considered the largest contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. The diffuse nature of most water quality and quantity challenges necessitates institutions that can more effectively engage agricultural producers in strategic, integrated, watershed-scale approaches to water management such as those associated with Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). With approximately 9,400 professionals working in nearly every one of the nation's 3,071 counties and an emphasis on voluntary, incentives-based approaches to conservation, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is well poised to influence land and water management on private working lands. NRCS conservation programs, however, have been criticized as "random acts of conservation" that lack a strategic vision for addressing natural resource challenges at-scale. Using NRCS's new Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP) as a case study, this paper seeks to examine the factors that enable or inhibit NRCS from promoting an integrated approach to water management consistent with IWRM principles. Following the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework this paper traces the development of AWEP and examines how the rules established at the national level impact implementation at the national, state and local levels. The paper then evaluates AWEP based on a set of six IWRM design principles to determine (a) the extent to which AWEP represents an IWRM approach, and (b) the institutional factors that facilitate or inhibit NRCS from taking a more integrated approach to water management. I found that institutional factors vary greatly between levels of analysis depending on the specific context, but did identify several consistent enablers and barriers. The three most significant factors that facilitate an IWRM approach are: (1) AWEP's focus on priority resource concerns within a defined hydrographic area; (2) AWEP's emphasis on pursuing a partnership-based approach; and (3) increased local involvement in defining projects. The three most significant factors that inhibit an IWRM approach are: (1) a lack of clarity concerning partner roles and responsibilities and constraints on partner involvement; (2) limited flexibility of existing program rules; and (3) limited local capacity to engage with landowners and implement projects. The paper offers institutional recommendations for facilitating an IWRM approach within NRCS, and concludes with a consideration of the utility of IWRM design principles and the IAD framework for analyzing water management institutions. Title: Beyond random acts of conservation : an institutional analysis of the Natural Resource Conservation Service's Agricultural Water Enhancement Program Author: Burright, Harmony S. J. Irrigated agriculture accounts for 90 percent of consumptive use of freshwater in the western US and is considered the largest contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. The diffuse nature of most water quality and quantity challenges necessitates institutions that can more effectively engage agricultural producers in strategic, integrated, watershed-scale approaches to water management such as those associated with Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). With approximately 9,400 professionals working in nearly every one of the nation's 3,071 counties and an emphasis on voluntary, incentives-based approaches to conservation, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is well poised to influence land and water management on private working lands. NRCS conservation programs, however, have been criticized as "random acts of conservation" that lack a strategic vision for addressing natural resource challenges at-scale. Using NRCS's new Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP) as a case study, this paper seeks to examine the factors that enable or inhibit NRCS from promoting an integrated approach to water management consistent with IWRM principles. Following the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework this paper traces the development of AWEP and examines how the rules established at the national level impact implementation at the national, state and local levels. The paper then evaluates AWEP based on a set of six IWRM design principles to determine (a) the extent to which AWEP represents an IWRM approach, and (b) the institutional factors that facilitate or inhibit NRCS from taking a more integrated approach to water management. I found that institutional factors vary greatly between levels of analysis depending on the specific context, but did identify several consistent enablers and barriers. The three most significant factors that facilitate an IWRM approach are: (1) AWEP's focus on priority resource concerns within a defined hydrographic area; (2) AWEP's emphasis on pursuing a partnership-based approach; and (3) increased local involvement in defining projects. The three most significant factors that inhibit an IWRM approach are: (1) a lack of clarity concerning partner roles and responsibilities and constraints on partner involvement; (2) limited flexibility of existing program rules; and (3) limited local capacity to engage with landowners and implement projects. The paper offers institutional recommendations for facilitating an IWRM approach within NRCS, and concludes with a consideration of the utility of IWRM design principles and the IAD framework for analyzing water management institutions. Close